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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
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nephron
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What is the bulk of the energy used for by the kidney?
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for active transport of sodium, and co-transport of electrolytes, and other substances
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Describe juxtomedullary nephrons
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nephrons that penetrate the entire length of the medulla
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What is absorbed in the proximal tubule?
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Glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, lactate, and water soluble vitamins
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The anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) acts on what structure in the kidney?
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the distal and collecting tubules
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Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of what?
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sodium (Na) and water
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Anti-diuretic hormone increases the reabsorption of what?
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water and potassium (K)
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What type of renal response is given for people who eat high-protein meals or have high glucose levels in their blood?
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increase in renal blood flow and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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Why is aspirin not recommended for pain relief in people with gouty arthritis?
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it decreases the secretion of uric acid into the renal tubules
(gout is caused by uric acid buildup so taking medicine that causes uric acid to collect (because it cant be expelled) is also bad!) |
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What are the endocrine functions of the kidney?
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the activation of vitamin D and the production of erythroprotein and renin
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What are the substances normally found in urine?
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creatinine
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Describe the urine specific gravity test.
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Also called osmolality.
It provides valuable index of hydration and functional ability of the kidneys. In other words, it assesses the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine |
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What blood test is used to indirectly detect the glomular filtration rate GFR) and renal function?
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serum creatinine
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What are the effects of kidney agenesis or hypoplasia if it affects one kidney in the body?
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few to none (because your body has two kidneys)
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Describe the cystic diseases of the kidney.
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tubular dilation caused by weakened tubule structure, tubular obstructions that increase intratubular pressure and change in the basement membrane of the renal tubules
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What is the most common inherited disease that affects the kidneys?
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polycystic kidney disease
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What is a characteristic sign of polycystic kidney disease?
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enlarged kidneys
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What is the most common complication with urinary tract obstruction?
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infection
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What usually causes kidney damage resulting from urinary tract obstruction?
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back pressure and ischemia
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What is the most common type of kidney stone in people with urinary tract infection?
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magnesium ammonium phosphate stones
(MAP stones) |
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What prevention measure can be used to prevent all types of kidney stones?
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increased fluid intake
(drinking lots of water, duh!) |
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Which population is LEAST susceptible for urinary tract infections?
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adolescent boys
(prob. b/c they play lots of sports or something so they end up drinking lots of water or something) |
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What is the most common cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections?
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catheterization (nosocomial = hospital originated)
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What is the symptoms of LOWER urinary tract infections (UTI) in children?
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enuresis, dysuria, suprapubic discomfort and frequency
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How is cranberry and blueberry juice thought to control and prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
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reduction in baterial adhesion to the epithelium of the urinary tract
(less bacteria = less chance of an infection) |
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Describe GLOMERULonephritis.
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inflammation involving the GLOMERULar structures
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What does glomerulonephritis result from?
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an immune response
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Describe acute proliferative glomerulonephritis.
acute = intense, great or serious proliferative = to grow, multiply |
increase in cellular components of the glomerulus edema, oliguria, proteinuria, and hematuria
glomerulus edema = accumulation of serous fluid in the glomerulus (capillaries in the nephrons of kidney) oliguria = abnormally small production of urine proteinuria = the presence of excessive protein in the urine hematuria = presence of blood in the urine |
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Edema that develops in people with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome indicates what?
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loss of plasma proteins
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Describe pyelonephritis.
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disorder involving tubular structures and interstitium of the kidneys.
dict: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, caused by bacterial infection |
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The most frequent causes of intrarenal failure...
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acute tubular necrosis, hypoxia-related renal failure, and exposure to nephro-toxic (poisonous) substances
acute = excessive, necrosis = death hypoxia = deficiency in amount of oxygen |
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What can cause the interruption of renal blood flow?
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trauma and shock
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Describe acute tubular necrosis.
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destructive changes in the tubular epithelium
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What causes the majority of acute tubular necrosis?
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it is often caused by ischemia or nephrotoxic agents
ischemia = decrease in the blood supply |
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END-stage renal DISEASE is characterized by what alternations?
alternations = changes |
Endocrine functions of the kidney, alteration in filtration and reabsorption
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What is the EARLY sign of renal FAILURE?
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An increase of nitrogenous wastes in the blood
(because if kidney fails, it can't filter blood) |
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Describe nocturia and its symptoms.
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(Excessive) urination at night; and loss of ability to concentrate urine
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What can cause anemia in people with chronic renal failure?
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Failure of the kidneys to activate or produce erythropoietin
erythropoietin = hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells |
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What is the overall function of the kidneys?
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contribution to the homeostasis of the internal environment of the body
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What can cause the development of hypertension in a person with renal failure?
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Increased intravascular fluid and rennin angiotensin mechanism
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What are the main levels of neurological control of bladder function?
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spinal reflex, cerebral cortex, pontine mictruition center
NOT HYPOTHALAMUS |
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The reflux control of bladder emptying occurs at level?
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thoracolumbar spinal cord
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What is the most common cause of urinary obstruction in males?
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benign prostatic hyperplasia
= (abnormal multiplication of the prostate gland cells) |
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What are the symptoms of early stages of obstruction in urine outflow from the bladder?
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frequency and urgency
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What can cause the failure to store urine?
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reflux bladder spasm, decrease of bladder volume, interference with motor innervation
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What can happen as a result of a stroke that affects the cortex or corticospinal pyramidal tract?
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The ability to perceive bladder filling is lost (voiding can occur without any warning)
voiding = excreting body wastes |
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Failure to empty the urine from the bladder or flaccid dysfunction is caused by what conditions?
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Interrupted afferent and efferent innervation of the bladder
afferent = carrying inward to a central organ efferent = carrying motor impulses away from a central organ |
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What is the main cause of flaccid bladder dysfunction?
flaccid bladder dysfunction = failure to empty the urine from the bladder |
spinal cord injury
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What is the most common sign of bladder cancer?
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painless hematurea
(hematurea = blood in urine) |
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What structure distal to the base of the bladder is responsible for continence?
continence = the ability to voluntarily control urinary and fecal discharge |
the external sphincter
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