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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Significace for Managers and Policymakers
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1. health status of a population has bearing on utilization of health services
2. basic meaning of health, determinants of health, and health risk appraisal should be used to design appropriate educational, preventive, and therapeutic initiatives 3. growing emphasis on evaluating the effectiveness of health care organizations based on contributions they make to community/population health 4. exercise of justice and equity in making health care available to all americans remains a lingering concern 5. quantified measures of health status and utilization can be used by managers and policymakers to evaluate adequacy and effectiveness of existing programs, plan new strategies, measure progress and discontinue ineffective services |
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Medical Model
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defines health as the absence of illness or disease
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Medical Sociologists define health as?
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state of optimum capacity of an individual to perform his or hear expected social roles and tasks
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Society for Academic Emergency Medicine define health as?
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state of physical and mental well-being that facilitates the achievement of individual and societal goals
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World Health Organization defines health as?
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state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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Heatlh Care
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a variety of services believed to improve a person's health and well-being
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Holistic Health
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emphazises the well-being of every aspect of what makes a person whole and complete
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Holistic Medicine
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seeks to treat the individual as a whole person
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Four Dimensions of Holistic Health
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1. Physical
2. Social 3. Spiritual 4. Mental |
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Qualilty of Life
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capture the essence of overall satisfaction with life during and following a person's encounter with the health care delivery system
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Risk Factors
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attributes that increase the likelihood of developing a particular disease or negative health condition in the future
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Host
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organism that becomes sick
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Agent
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must be present for the host to become sick, but doesn't insure the disease will occur
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Environment
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external to the host and includes the physical, social, cultural, and economic aspects of the environment
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Acute Condition
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severe, episodic, and often treatable and subject to recovery
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Subacute Condition
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less severe phase of acute illness
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Chronic Condition
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one that persists over time, not severe, but generaly irreversible
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Rise of Chronic Conditions in the US
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1. new diagnostic methods, medical procedures, and pharmaceuticals have significantly improved the treatment of acute illnesses, surival rates, and longevity, but caused larger numbers of chronic illness
2. screening and diagnosis have expanded in scope, frequency, and accuracy 3. lifestyle choices are risk factors that contribute to devlopment of chronic diseases |
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Program of health promotion and disease prevention built on?
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1. understanding risk factors associated with host, agent, and environment
2. interventions for counteracting key risk factors (behavior modification towards healthier lifestyes, and therapeutic interventions) 3. adequate public health and social services |
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Health Risk Appraisal
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evaluate risk factors and thier health consequences
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Primary Prevention
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activities undertaken to reduce the probability that a disease will develop in the future
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Secondary Prevention
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early detection and treatment of disease
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Tertiary Prevention
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interventions that could prevent complications from chronic conditions and prevent further illness, injury or disability
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Iatrogenic Illnesses
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illnesses or injuries caused by process of health care
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Development
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growth in skill and capacity to function normally
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Early childhood development has important implications for health services delivery
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1. expectant mothers need adequate prenatal care
2. adequate child care is needed, during first few years of growth |
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Public Health
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broad societal concerns about ensuring conditions that promote optimum health for society as a whole
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Three main distinctions between practices of medicine and public health
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1. medicine focuses on individual patient, public health focuses on populations
2. emphasis in modern medicine are on biological causes of disease, public health focuses on identifying enviornmental, social and behavioral risk factors that cuase disease 3. medicine focuses on treatment of disease and recovery, whereas public health deals with various efforts to prevent disease and promote health |
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Environmental Health
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dealt with preventing spread of disease through water, air and food
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Bioterrorism
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use of chemical, biological and nuclear agents to cause harm to relatively large civilian populations
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Health Determinants
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major factors that affect the health and well-being of individuals
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Blum's four major inputs
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environment, lifestyle, heredity, and medical care
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Two questions with regard to how scarce health care resources should be used
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1. how much health care should be produced?
2. how should health care be distributed? |
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Market Justice
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ascribes the fair distribution of health care to the market forces in a free economy
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Deontology
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asserts that it is an individual's duty to do what is right
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Demand-Side Rationing
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uninsured and those who lock sufficient income face limitations in obtaining health care, and are referred to as rationing by ability to pay
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Social Justice
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equitable distribution of health care is a societal responsibility, best achieved by the government take over production and distribution of health care
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Social Justice Assumptions
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1. heatlh care is different from most other goods and services
2. responsibility for health is shared 3. society has an obligation to the collective good 4. government rather than the market can better decide through rational planning how much health care to produce, and how to distribute |
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Utilitarianism
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emphasizes happiness and welfare for the masses, ignores individual
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Supply-Side Rationing/Planned Rationing
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government makes deliberate attempts to limit supply of health care services
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Health Determinants
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major factors that affect the health and well-being of individuals
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Blum's four major inputs
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environment, lifestyle, heredity, and medical care
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Two questions with regard to how scarce health care resources should be used
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1. how much health care should be produced?
2. how should health care be distributed? |
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Market Justice
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ascribes the fair distribution of health care to the market forces in a free economy
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Deontology
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asserts that it is an individual's duty to do what is right
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Demand-Side Rationing
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uninsured and those who lock sufficient income face limitations in obtaining health care, and are referred to as rationing by ability to pay
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Social Justice
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equitable distribution of health care is a societal responsibility, best achieved by the government take over production and distribution of health care
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Social Justice Assumptions
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1. heatlh care is different from most other goods and services
2. responsibility for health is shared 3. society has an obligation to the collective good 4. government rather than the market can better decide through rational planning how much health care to produce, and how to distribute |
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Utilitarianism
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emphasizes happiness and welfare for the masses, ignores individual
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Supply-Side Rationing/Planned Rationing
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government makes deliberate attempts to limit supply of health care services
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Limitations to Market Justice
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1. principles fail to rectify critical human concerns
2. does not always protect a society 3. does not work well in health care delivery |
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Community Health Assessment
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used to conduct broad assessments of populations at a local or state level
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Two goals of Health People 2010
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1. increase quality and years of healthy life
2. eliminate health disparities |
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Healthy People 2020 Goals
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1. attain high-quality, longer lives free of disease, disability, injury and premature death
2. achieve heatlh equality, eliminate disparities, and improve health of all groups 3. create social and phyiscal environments that promote good health 4. promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages |
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Action Model of Healthy People 2020 four levels
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1. individual
2. social, family and community 3. living and working conditions 4. boad social, economic, cultural, health and environmental conditions |
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Morbidity
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disease and disability rates
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Mortality
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death rates
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Life Expectancy
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prediction of how long a person will live
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Population at Risk
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all people in the same community or population who could aquire a disease or conditon
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Incidence
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counts number of new cases occuring in the population at risk within a certain period of time
Incidence= # of new cases during a specified period/population at risk |
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Epidemic
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large number of people who get a specific disease from a common source
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Prevalene
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determines total number of cases at a specific point in time
Prevlance=total # of cases at a specific point in time/specified population |
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Activities of Daily Living (ADL)
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appropriate for evaluating disability in both community-dwelling and institutionalized adults
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Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
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measures activities that are necessary for living independently in the community
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Crude Rates
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refer to total population, not specific to any age group of disease category
Cude Death Rate= total deaths/total population |
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Age specific mortality rate equation
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asmr= # of deaths within a certain age group/total # of persons in the age group
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Cause specific morality rate equation
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csmr= # of deaths from a specific disease/total population
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Infant mortality rate equation
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imr= # of deaths from birth to 1yo/# of live births during the same year
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Natality
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birth rate, useful in assessing influence of births on demographic change
crude birth rate= # of live births/total population |
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Fertility
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capacity of population to reproduce
Fertility rate= # of live births/# of females aged 15-44 |
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Migration
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geographic movement of populations between defined geographic units and involves a permanent change of residence
net migration rate=(# of immigrants-# of emigrants)/total population durion a specific time period |
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Immigration
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in migration
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Emigration
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out migration
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Social Contacts
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evaluated in terms of number of social contacts or social activities a person engages in within a specified period
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Social Resources
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refer to social contacts that can be relied on for support
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Utilization
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consumption of health care services and extent to which health care services are used
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Crude Measures of Utilization
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access to primary care services= # of persons in a given population who visited a primary care provider in a given year/size of population
utilization of primary care services= # of primary care visits by people in a given population in a given year/size of population |
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Specific Measures of Utilization
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utilization of targeted services= # of people using special services targeted at a specific population/size of targeted population
utilization of specific inpatient services= # of inpatient days/size of population |
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Measures of Institution-Specific Utilization
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average daily census= total # of inpatient days in a given time period/# of days in the same time period
occupancy rate= total # of inpatient days in a given time period/total # of available beds during the same time average length of stay= total # of inpatient days during a given time period/total # of patients served during the same time period |
