Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Highest rates of smoking are found among who?
|
1. Low SES
2. Aboriginals 3. non-immigrant Canadians |
|
|
Why do teens start smoking?
|
1. Parental modeling
2. Cigarette advertising 3. Peer influence (ie. movie stars) 4. Personal characteristics |
|
|
Positive-affect smoker =
|
smoke to attain positive affect (ie. increases stimulation, relaxation, gratification)
|
|
|
Negative-affect smoker =
|
smoke to reduce negative affects (ie. stress, fear, guilt)
|
|
|
Habitual smoker =
|
smoke without awareness
|
|
|
Addictive smoker =
|
realize when they are not smoking
|
|
|
Cigarettes contain what?
|
1. carbon monoxide
2. tars 3. nicotine |
|
|
What is the % of people who will quit smoking on their own without any professional help?
|
80%
|
|
|
3 ways of quitting smoking with therapy
|
1. nicotine-replacement therapy
2. aversion therapy 3. self-management strategies |
|
|
What is the primary reason for relapse (smokers)?
|
Stress
|
|
|
Abstinence-violation effect =
|
tendency to start smoking again after a lapse due to reduced self-efficacy for quitting
|
|
|
Is repeated relapses associated with successful quitting? Why?
|
Yes! Learn from previous attempts - know better now how to curb cravings
|
|
|
TTM and Smoking cessation: Hypothesis =
|
need to know individual stage to be more effective (not a "one size fits all model")
|
|
|
5 Stages of TTM:
|
1. Precomtemplation
2. comtemplation 3. preparation 4. action 5. maintain (6. relapse?) |
|
|
Bridle:
|
Stage-based intervention: good for short-term
fully-tailored intervention: long-term |
|
|
% of cancers related to diet:
|
20-35%
|
|
|
Dietary changes are particularly important for which types of patients?
|
CHD, diabetics, hypertension, cancer
|
|
|
BMI ratio - what is considered morbid obese?
|
BMI > 40
|
|
|
Which country has the highest ratings of overweight/obese people? The lowest?
|
Highest: U.S.A
Lowest: Japan |
|
|
What are risks of obesity?
|
1. surgery complications
2. premature death from: chronic diseases, CHD, hypertension, diabetes 3. depression |
|
|
Women: Better to be Apple or Pear shaped? Why?
|
Pear.
Visceral fats that accumulate around the organs (abdominal area) is not good. |
|
|
What is leptin?
|
Hormone secreted by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus to suppress appetite
|
|
|
What is set-point theory?
|
body is like a thermostat: is will adjust continuously to remain at its ideal weight
|
|
|
Is obesity contagious? Who has the greatest effect? WHY?
|
Yes.
Friends (57%) vs. spouse (37%) Similar environments |
|
|
How do obesity and thinness spread according to Fowler?
|
progressive change of social norms regarding eating and exercise
|
|
|
Internality-externality hypothesis =
|
Normal weight: hunger controlled by internally regulated cues (ie. hunger cramps, dehydration)
Obese weight: hunger driven by external cues (ie. sight, smell of food) --> uncontrolled eating |
|
|
Restraint dieters are more likely to consume more food than non-dieters? Why?
|
Yes. Deprivation makes them more susceptible to food cues and overindulgence. Correlated with lowered self-worth
|
|
|
False hope syndrome =
|
unfulfilled/unrealistic expectations of self-change
overconfidence --> failure |
