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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Accommodation
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This is adaptation of the eye for near vision. It is accomplished by increasing the curvature of the lens through movement of the ciliary muscles.
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Acromegaly
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a chronic metabolic condition in adults caused by oversecretion of growth hormones by the pituitary gland. It is characterized by gradual, marked soft tissue enlargement and widening and thickening of skeletal bones in the face, jaw, hands, and feet. Hypertrophy of the vocal cords leads to deepening of the voice. Complications from increased growth hormone levels include atherosclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, hyperglycemia, airway obstruction, cardiomyopathy, and visceromegaly involving the salivary glands, liver, spleen, and kidneys. Treatment normally includes radiation, pharmacologic agents, or surgery, often involving partial resection of the pituitary gland
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Anisocoria
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an inequality of the diameter of the pupils of the two eyes.
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arcus senilis
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an opaque ring, gray to white in color, that surrounds the periphery of the cornea. It is caused by deposits of cholesterol in the cornea or hyaline degeneration and occurs primarily in older persons.
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Astigmatism
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an abnormal condition of the eye in which the light rays cannot be focused clearly in a point on the retina because the spheric curve of the cornea or lens is not equal in all meridians. Vision is typically blurred; if uncorrected, it often results in visual discomfort or asthenopia. The person cannot accommodate to correct the problem. The condition usually may be corrected with contact lenses or with eyeglasses ground to neutralize the condition
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Cataract
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an abnormal progressive condition of the lens of the eye, characterized by loss of transparency. A yellow, brown, or white opacity can be observed within the lens, behind the pupil.
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Cerumen
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a yellowish or brownish waxy secretion produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal.
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Chalazion
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- a small, nonmalignant, localized swelling of the eyelid resulting from obstruction and retained secretions of the meibomian glands. Treatment can include warm wet compresses, but the condition often requires surgery for correction.
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Conjunctivitis
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inflammation of the conjunctiva, caused by bacterial or viral infection, allergy, or environmental factors. Red eyes, thick discharge, sticky eyelids in the morning, and inflammation without pain are characteristic results of the most common cause, bacteria. The cause may be found by microscopic examination or bacteriologic culture of the discharge. Choice of treatment depends on the causative agent and may include antibacterial agents, antibiotics, or corticosteroids.
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corneal light reflex -
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(The Hirschberg Test) Assess the parallel alignment of the eye axes by shining a light toward the person's eyes. Direct the person to stare straight ahead as you hold the light about 30 cm (12 inches) away. Note the reflection of the light on the corneas; it should be in exactly the same spot on each eye.
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Epistaxis
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bleeding from the nose caused by local irritation of mucous membranes, violent sneezing, fragility of the mucous membrane or of the arterial walls, chronic infection, trauma, hypertension, leukemia, vitamin K deficiency, or, most often, picking the nose
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Facies
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an expression or appearance of the head and neck that, when taken together, are characteristic of a clinical condition or syndrome.
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glaucoma
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an abnormal condition of elevated pressure within an eye that occurs when aqueous production exceeds aqueous outflow, resulting in damage to the optic nerve.
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Goiter
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an enlarged thyroid gland, usually evident as a pronounced swelling in the neck. The enlargement may be associated with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or normal levels of thyroid function. It may be cystic or fibrous, containing nodules or an increased number of follicles.
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Hydrocephalus
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a pathologic condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid, usually under increased pressure, within the cranial vault and subsequent dilation of the ventricles. Interference with the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid may result from increased secretion of the fluid, obstruction within the ventricular system, or defective resorption from the cerebral subarachnoid space. May be caused by developmental anomalies, infection, trauma, or brain tumors.
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Laryngitis
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- inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the larynx, accompanied by edema of the vocal cords with hoarseness or loss of voice, occurring as an acute disorder caused by a cold, irritating fumes, or sudden temperature changes or as a chronic condition resulting from excessive use of the voice, heavy smoking, or exposure to irritating fumes.
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lid lag
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occurs with hyperthyroidism, the upper eyelid continues to overlap the superior part of the iris, even during downward movement. You should not see a white rim of sclera between the lid and the iris
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lymph nodes
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Using a gentle circular motion of your fingerpads, palpate the lymph nodes (Fig. 13-9). (Normally, the salivary glands are not palpable. When symptoms warrant, check for parotid tenderness by palpating in a line from the outer corner of the eye to the lobule of the ear.) Beginning with the preauricular lymph nodes in front of the ear, palpate the 10 groups of lymph nodes in a routine order. Many nodes are closely packed, so you must be systematic and thorough in your examination. Once you establish your sequence, do not vary or you may miss some small nodes
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Macrocephalic
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an enlarged head for age, or rapidly increasing in size (e.g., hydrocephalus increased cerebrospinal fluid]).
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Microcephalic
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head size below norms for age.
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Myopia
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a condition of nearsightedness caused by the elongation of the eyeball or by an error in refraction so that parallel rays are focused in front of the retina.
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Miosis
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Constricted and Fixed Pupils
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Mydriasis
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1.dilation of the pupil of the eye caused by contraction of the dilator muscle of the iris, a muscular sheath that radiates outward like the spokes of a wheel from the center of the iris around the pupil. With a decrease in light or the pharmacologic action of certain drugs, the dilator acts to pull the iris outward, enlarging the pupil. 2.an abnormal condition characterized by contraction of the dilator muscle, resulting in widely dilated pupils
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normocephalic
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is the term that denotes a round symmetric skull that is appropriately related to body size. Be aware that “normal” includes a wide range of sizes.
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Nystagmus
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involuntary, rhythmic movements of the eyes. The oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed.
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OD
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right eye
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OS
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left eye
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OU
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both eyes
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otitis externa
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- inflammation or infection of the external canal or the auricle of the external ear. Major causes are allergy, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and trauma. Allergy to nickel or chromium in earrings and to chemicals in hair sprays, cosmetics, hearing aids, and medications, particularly sulfonamides and neomycin, is common. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes are common bacterial causes. Herpes simplex and herpes zoster viruses are frequently implicated. Eczema, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis also may affect the external ear. Abrasions of the ear canal may become infected, and excessive swimming may wash out protective cerumen, remove skin lipids, and lead to secondary infection. It is more prevalent during hot, humid weather. Folliculitis is particularly painful in the external auditory meatus and is a common occupational hazard in nurses, caused by irritation from the earpieces of stethoscopes. Treatment includes oral analgesics, thorough local cleansing, topical antimicrobials to treat infection, and topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Prevention includes measures to reduce maceration of the skin and to avoid trauma.
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otitis media
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an inflammation or infection of the middle ear, common in early childhood. Acute form is most often caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae. Chronic form is usually caused by gram-negative bacteria such as Proteus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas. Allergy, Mycoplasma, and several viruses also may be causative factors. Is often preceded by an upper respiratory infection.
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palpebral folds
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the opening between the margins of the upper and lower eyelids.
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papilledema
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swelling of the optic disc, visible on ophthalmoscopic examination of the fundus of the eye, caused by increase in intracranial pressure. The meningeal sheaths that surround the optic nerves from the optic disc are continuous with the meninges of the brain; therefore increased intracranial pressure is transmitted forward from the brain to the optic disc in the eye to cause swelling.
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paranasal sinuses
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any one of the air cavities in various bones around the nose, such as the frontal sinus in the frontal bone lying deep to the medial part of the superciliary ridge and the maxillary sinus within the maxilla between the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the upper teeth.
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periorbital edema
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Lids are swollen and puffy. Lid tissues are loosely connected so excess fluid is easily apparent. This occurs with local infections; crying; and systemic conditions such as congestive heart failure, renal failure, allergy, hypothyroidism (myxedema).
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Pharyngitis
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inflammation or infection of the pharynx, usually causing a sore throat. Some causes are diphtheria, herpes simplex virus, infectious mononucleosis, and streptococcal infection.
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Photophobia
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abnormal sensitivity to light, especially of the eyes. The condition is prevalent in albinism and various diseases of the conjunctiva and cornea and may be a symptom of such disorders as measles, psittacosis, encephalitis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Reiter's syndrome.
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Presbyopia
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a refractive condition in which the accommodative ability of the eye cannot meet the accommodative demand for near work. It results from a loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye. The condition commonly develops with advancing age, with the first symptoms appearing about age 40
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Ptosis
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suffix meaning a “falling, dropping, or prolapse of an organ
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Rinitis
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inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose, usually accompanied by swelling of the mucosa and a nasal discharge. It may be complicated by sinusitis
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Rinne test
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compares air conduction and bone conduction sound (Fig. 15-11). Place the stem of the vibrating tuning fork on the person's mastoid process and ask him or her to signal when the sound goes away. Quickly invert the fork so the vibrating end is near the ear canal; the person should still hear a sound (Fig. 15-12). Normally the sound is heard twice as long by air conduction (next to ear canal) as by bone conduction (through the mastoid process). A normal response is a positive,or “AC. BC.” Repeat with the other ear.
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Scotoma
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a defect of vision in a defined area of the visual field in one or both eyes. A common prodromal symptom is a shimmering film appearing as an island in the visual field.
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Strabismus
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an abnormal ocular condition in which the visual axes of the eyes are not directed at the same point. There are two kinds of strabismus, paralytic and nonparalytic. Paralytic strabismus results from the inability of the ocular muscles to move the eye because of neurologic deficit or muscular dysfunction. The muscle that is dysfunctional may be identified by watching as the patient attempts to move the eyes to each of the cardinal positions of gaze. If the affected eye cannot be directed to a position, the examiner infers that the associated ocular muscle is the dysfunctional one. Because this kind of strabismus may be caused by tumor, infection, or injury to the brain or the eye, an ophthalmologic examination is recommended. Nonparalytic strabismus is a defect in the position of the two eyes in relation to each other. The condition may be inherited. The person cannot use the two eyes together but has to fixate with one or the other. The eye that looks straight at a given time is the fixing eye. Some people have alternating strabismus, using one eye and then the other; some have monocular strabismus, which affects only one eye. Visual acuity diminishes with diminished use of an eye, and suppression amblyopia may develop. Nonparalytic strabismus and suppression amblyopia are treated most successfully in early childhood. The primary treatment to prevent amblyopia consists mainly of covering the fixing eye, forcing the child to use the deviating eye. The earlier it is begun, the more rapid and effective is the treatment. The eyes might be straightened by surgery, but suppression amblyopia will not be corrected.
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Tinnitus
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a subjective noise sensation, often described as ringing, heard in one or both ears. It may be a sign of acoustic trauma, aspirin toxicity, multiple sclerosis, Ménière's disease, otosclerosis, presbycusis, or an accumulation of cerumen impinging on the eardrum or occluding the external auditory canal. It occasionally occurs for no apparent reason.
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Tragus
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- a small tongue-like projection of the auricular cartilage of the ear, anterior to the external meatus
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Turbinates
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1.pertaining to a scroll shape. 2.pertaining to the concha nasalis. the bony ridges curving down from the lateral walls. The superior ¬¬¬¬one will not be in your view, but the middle and inferior ones appear the same light red color as the nasal mucosa. Note any swelling but do not try to push the speculum past it. They are quite vascular and tender if touched
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Vértigo
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a sensation of instability, giddiness, loss of equilibrium, or rotation, caused by a disturbance in the semicircular canal of the inner ear or the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The sensation that one's body is rotating in space is called subjective vertigo, whereas the sensation that objects are spinning around the body is termed objective vertigo
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Weber test
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a method of screening auditory acuity. It is especially useful in determining whether a hearing loss in one ear is a conductive or a sensorineural loss. The test is performed by placing the stem of a vibrating tuning fork in the center of the person's forehead, or the midline vertex. The loudness of the sound is equal in both ears if hearing is normal or if there is a symmetric hearing loss. If the person has a sensorineural loss in one ear, the unaffected ear perceives the sound as louder. When conductive hearing loss is present in one ear, the sound is perceived as louder in that ear because it does not hear ordinary background noise conducted through the air and receives only vibrations by bone conduction.
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whisper test
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Test one ear at a time while masking hearing in the other ear to prevent sound transmission around the head. This is done by placing one finger on the tragus and rapidly pushing it in and out of the auditory meatus. Shield your lips so the person cannot compensate for a hearing loss (consciously or unconsciously) by lip reading or using the “good” ear. With your head 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) from the person's ear, exhale and whisper slowly some two-syllable words, such as Tuesday, armchair, baseball, and fourteen. Normally, the person repeats each word correctly after you say it.
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