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234 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the findings of atelectasis?
-lag expansion on affected side
-increase resp. rate & pulse
-decrease t.f.
-tracheal shift to the affected side
-dull area
-decrease in breath sounds
What are the signs and symptoms of bronchitis?
Hacking/rasping cough producing thick sputum
What are the findings of bronchitis?
-normal t.f.
-resonant
-normal voice sounds
-crackles(may wheeze)
What are the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis and what is a common cause?
-dyspnea
-fatigue
-cyanosis
-clubbing
-common cause=smoking
What is emphysema?
increase in airway resistance
hyperinflated lung
increase lung volume
cause=smoking
What are the findings of emphysema?
-use of accessory muscles
-tripod position
-DOE
-resp. distress
-tachypnea (fast not deep)
-decrease t.f.
-decrease chest expansion
-hyperresonant
-decrease breath sounds
What is asthma?
inflammation/edema in the walls of bronchioles and secretion of highly viscous mucous into airways (allergy)
What are the symptoms of asthma?
wheezing
dyspnea
chest tightness
What are the findings of asthma?
-increase resp. rate
-SOB w/wheeze
-accessory muscles
-cyanosis
-apprehension
-expiration prolonged
-decrease t.f.
-tachycardia
-resonant
-decrease air movement
-decrease breath and voice sounds
-bilateral wheezing(exp)
What are the stages of TB?
1. inflammatory
2.scar tissue forms; lesions calcify (xray)
3. reactivation of lesions; multiply
4. lesion erodes cause destruction forming air-filled cavity
APEX=MOST DAMAGE
initially asymptomatic (skin test, xray)
What are the findings of emphysema?
-use of accessory muscles
-tripod position
-DOE
-resp. distress
-tachypnea (fast not deep)
-decrease t.f.
-decrease chest expansion
-hyperresonant
-decrease breath sounds
What are the signs and symptoms of progressive TB?
-weight loss/anorexia
-easy fatigue
-low-grade afternoon fevers
-nigh sweats
-pleural effusion
-recurrent resp. inf.
What is asthma?
inflammation/edema in the walls of bronchioles and secretion of highly viscous mucous into airways (allergy)
What are the symptoms of asthma?
wheezing
dyspnea
chest tightness
What are the findings of emphysema?
-use of accessory muscles
-tripod position
-DOE
-resp. distress
-tachypnea (fast not deep)
-decrease t.f.
-decrease chest expansion
-hyperresonant
-decrease breath sounds
What are the findings of emphysema?
-use of accessory muscles
-tripod position
-DOE
-resp. distress
-tachypnea (fast not deep)
-decrease t.f.
-decrease chest expansion
-hyperresonant
-decrease breath sounds
What are the characteristics of cough in TB?
intially non-productive; later its purulent, yellow-green, bloody
What are the findings of asthma?
-increase resp. rate
-SOB w/wheeze
-accessory muscles
-cyanosis
-apprehension
-expiration prolonged
-decrease t.f.
-tachycardia
-resonant
-decrease air movement
-decrease breath and voice sounds
-bilateral wheezing(exp)
What are the findings of TB?
dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue, weakness;
-resonant initially; dull over effusion
-crackles of increased lobes
What are the stages of TB?
1. inflammatory
2.scar tissue forms; lesions calcify (xray)
3. reactivation of lesions; multiply
4. lesion erodes cause destruction forming air-filled cavity
APEX=MOST DAMAGE
initially asymptomatic (skin test, xray)
What is asthma?
inflammation/edema in the walls of bronchioles and secretion of highly viscous mucous into airways (allergy)
What is asthma?
inflammation/edema in the walls of bronchioles and secretion of highly viscous mucous into airways (allergy)
What are the signs and symptoms of progressive TB?
-weight loss/anorexia
-easy fatigue
-low-grade afternoon fevers
-nigh sweats
-pleural effusion
-recurrent resp. inf.
What are the symptoms of asthma?
wheezing
dyspnea
chest tightness
What are the symptoms of asthma?
wheezing
dyspnea
chest tightness
What is pneumothorax?
free air in pleural space causing partial or complete collapsed lung; usually unilateral
What are the characteristics of cough in TB?
intially non-productive; later its purulent, yellow-green, bloody
What are the findings of asthma?
-increase resp. rate
-SOB w/wheeze
-accessory muscles
-cyanosis
-apprehension
-expiration prolonged
-decrease t.f.
-tachycardia
-resonant
-decrease air movement
-decrease breath and voice sounds
-bilateral wheezing(exp)
What are the findings of asthma?
-increase resp. rate
-SOB w/wheeze
-accessory muscles
-cyanosis
-apprehension
-expiration prolonged
-decrease t.f.
-tachycardia
-resonant
-decrease air movement
-decrease breath and voice sounds
-bilateral wheezing(exp)
What can cause pneumothrorax?
-spontaneous(rupture)
-traumatic(injury)
-tension(trapped air)
What are the findings of TB?
dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue, weakness;
-resonant initially; dull over effusion
-crackles of increased lobes
What are the stages of TB?
1. inflammatory
2.scar tissue forms; lesions calcify (xray)
3. reactivation of lesions; multiply
4. lesion erodes cause destruction forming air-filled cavity
APEX=MOST DAMAGE
initially asymptomatic (skin test, xray)
What are the stages of TB?
1. inflammatory
2.scar tissue forms; lesions calcify (xray)
3. reactivation of lesions; multiply
4. lesion erodes cause destruction forming air-filled cavity
APEX=MOST DAMAGE
initially asymptomatic (skin test, xray)
What are the signs and symptoms of progressive TB?
-weight loss/anorexia
-easy fatigue
-low-grade afternoon fevers
-nigh sweats
-pleural effusion
-recurrent resp. inf.
What are the signs and symptoms of progressive TB?
-weight loss/anorexia
-easy fatigue
-low-grade afternoon fevers
-nigh sweats
-pleural effusion
-recurrent resp. inf.
What is pneumothorax?
free air in pleural space causing partial or complete collapsed lung; usually unilateral
What are the characteristics of cough in TB?
intially non-productive; later its purulent, yellow-green, bloody
What are the characteristics of cough in TB?
intially non-productive; later its purulent, yellow-green, bloody
What can cause pneumothrorax?
-spontaneous(rupture)
-traumatic(injury)
-tension(trapped air)
What are the findings of emphysema?
-use of accessory muscles
-tripod position
-DOE
-resp. distress
-tachypnea (fast not deep)
-decrease t.f.
-decrease chest expansion
-hyperresonant
-decrease breath sounds
What are the findings of TB?
dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue, weakness;
-resonant initially; dull over effusion
-crackles of increased lobes
What are the findings of TB?
dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue, weakness;
-resonant initially; dull over effusion
-crackles of increased lobes
What is asthma?
inflammation/edema in the walls of bronchioles and secretion of highly viscous mucous into airways (allergy)
What is pneumothorax?
free air in pleural space causing partial or complete collapsed lung; usually unilateral
What can cause pneumothrorax?
-spontaneous(rupture)
-traumatic(injury)
-tension(trapped air)
What is pneumothorax?
free air in pleural space causing partial or complete collapsed lung; usually unilateral
What are the symptoms of asthma?
wheezing
dyspnea
chest tightness
What can cause pneumothrorax?
-spontaneous(rupture)
-traumatic(injury)
-tension(trapped air)
What are the findings of asthma?
-increase resp. rate
-SOB w/wheeze
-accessory muscles
-cyanosis
-apprehension
-expiration prolonged
-decrease t.f.
-tachycardia
-resonant
-decrease air movement
-decrease breath and voice sounds
-bilateral wheezing(exp)
What are the stages of TB?
1. inflammatory
2.scar tissue forms; lesions calcify (xray)
3. reactivation of lesions; multiply
4. lesion erodes cause destruction forming air-filled cavity
APEX=MOST DAMAGE
initially asymptomatic (skin test, xray)
What are the signs and symptoms of progressive TB?
-weight loss/anorexia
-easy fatigue
-low-grade afternoon fevers
-nigh sweats
-pleural effusion
-recurrent resp. inf.
What are the characteristics of cough in TB?
intially non-productive; later its purulent, yellow-green, bloody
What are the findings of TB?
dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue, weakness;
-resonant initially; dull over effusion
-crackles of increased lobes
What is pneumothorax?
free air in pleural space causing partial or complete collapsed lung; usually unilateral
What can cause pneumothrorax?
-spontaneous(rupture)
-traumatic(injury)
-tension(trapped air)
What are the findings of pnemothorax?
-unequal chest expantion(affected side)
-tachypnea
-cyanosis
-apprehension
-tachycardia
-decrease BP
-decrease or absent t.f.
-tracheal shift (opp.)
-hyperresonant
-decrease or absent breath sounds
What is a pulmonary embolism?
-undissolved material that detach and travel through venous system and lodge to occlude pulmonary vessels; 95% arise from DVT in legs
What is a result of a PE?
-ischemia of lung tissue
-increase in pulmonary artery pressure
-decrease of cardiac output
-hypoxia
What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism?
-chest pain (worse of insp.)
-dyspnes
-apprehension
-restless
-anxiety/mental status change
-cyanosis
-tachypnea
-cough/hemoptysis
-PaO2 less than 80(rep. alk.)
-diaphoresis
-hypotension
-tachycardia
-accentuated S2
-crackles/wheezes
What happens if there is an increase of pressure in the left heart?
heart failure: symptoms of pulmonary congestion
What happens if there is an increase in pressure in the right heart?
heart failure; shows in the neck veins and abdomen
What valves are between the artia and ventricles?
tricuspid & mitral (AV)
What are the valves between the ventricles and the arteries?
aortic & pulmonic (semilunar)
Where do you hear the closure of the AV valves best?
5ICS5MCL(apex)
Where do you hear the closure of the semilunar valves best?
2nd ICS (base)
With what condition does S3 occur?
CHF (sloshing in)
With what condition does S4 occur?
HTN (a stiff wall)
What does a thrill mean?
turbulent blood flow
What causes a thrill?
velocity of blood, viscosity (anemia), or structural defects
What is normal cardiac output?
4-6 L/min
What is preload?
the length to which the ventricle muscles stretch just before contraction; amount of blood left in the left ventricle after diastole
What is afterload?
how much effort the heart has to pump against
What is the carotid artery associated with?
ventricular systole/ S1
What does the jugular vein reflect?
reflects volume & pressure increase in the right heart
What produces the internal jugular vein pulsation?
backwash
What position should a patient be in when observing the j. veins?
30-40
What are artery pulses like?
constant boom
What are vein pulses like?
wave-like
What are some cardiac changes of the aging adult?
-increase in systole
-arteriosclerosis
-thickening of ventricular walls
-prone to arrhythmias
-ECG changes
-lifestyle changes
What are some CV considerations of african americans?
-increased rated of heart disease and stroke
-HTN
What is angina?
heart's vascular supply cannot keep up with demand
What is paroxysmal noctural dyspnea?
-occurs with HF
- awakens needing fresh air b/c lying down cause increase load and weakened heart cannot accomodate
What are some CAD risk factors?
-increase chol. & BP
-DM, obesity
-smoking
-decrease exercise
-hormone replacement therapy
What is important to remember with a female when performing the CV portion of a physical assessment?
keep breasts draped
What is the order of the CV exam?
1. pulse & BP
2. extremities
3. neck vessels
4. precordium
What info can the carotid arteries yield?
important info in cardiac function
Where is the carotid artery located?
medial to sternomastoid
What should the carotid artery pulse feel like?
smooth w/ rapid upstroke and slower downstroke
How do you auscultate the carotids?
-use bell
-exhale & hold (inhale tenses)
-neck in neutral position
-levels: 1. angle of jaw 2. midcervical angle 3. base of neck
-listen for a bruit
Does a bruit of the carotid indicate?
anthersclerotic narrowing
What can be assessed with the jugular veins?
central venous pressure (CVP); and the hearts efficiency as a pump
Which j. vein is more reliable and why?
internal right bc it is more directly attached to the sup. vena cava; cannot see the vein but can see pulsation
How do you examine j. veins?
-30 to 45
- remove pillows
- turn head away
- look for pulse
What does unilateral distention of the j.veins indicate?
-local cause (kinking or aneurysm)
What does the full distention of both j. veins over 45 degrees indicate?
heart failure
When does elevated j. vein pressure occur?
over 3cm; heart failure
What is the hepatojugular reflux and when is it performed?
pressure on abdomen; j. veins should rise for a few seconds then recede; ABN= veins remain elevated as long as you push; used with high jugular pressure or suspected HF
What creates an apical impulse?
L. ventricle rotates against chest wall during systole
What is a heave/lift?
forceful thrusting of ventricle during systole; occurs with ventricular hypertrophy as a result of increase workload
Where would you see a right ventricle heave/lift?
sternal border
Where would you see a heave/lift in the L. ventricle?
apex
How do you palpate the apical pulse?
-one finger pad
-"exhale and hold it"
- may not be palpable in obesity or emphysema
What are the normal characteristics of a palapted apical pulse?
-5ICSMCL
-1cm x 2 cm
-short amp.
-short duration
When is the amplitude & duration of the apical pulse increased?
-high CO states
-anemia
-anxiety
-fever
-hyperthyroidism
What difference in the apical pulse indicates cardiac enlargment?
displaces pulse down and to the left
What happens to the apical pulse with L. ventricle hypertrophy?
increase in force and duration but no change in location
What does a heave/ lift @ the left sternal border indicate?
pulmonic valve disease
How do you auscultate heart sounds?
-30 degrees
-diaphragm
-"Z" pattern from base to apex
What are the five articulatory areas? What valves are heard at each?
1. 2nd R. ICS (aortic)
2. 2nd L. ICS (pulmonic)
3. 3rd L. ICS (Erb's point)
4. 4th L.ICS (tricuspid)
5. 5th ICS MCL (mitral)
What is a sinus rhythm?
breathing rate associated with respiration; increase at peak of inspiration & slowing with expiration
What does a 15-20 point pulse deficit indicate?
-heart beating but not pumping efficiently to lower extremeties
-sign of weak ventricle contraction
-A. Fib
What is atrial fibrilation?
-atria quivers
-does not get rid of all blood on contraction causing clot
-decrease SV & CO
-can cause stroke or PE
What are the characteristics of S1?
-start of systole
-reference point for timing
-"lub"
-louder @ apex
-coincides w/ carotids
-closure of AV valves
-split= always there
What are the characteristics of S2?
-louder @ base
-"dub"
- closure of semilunar
- split = only heard on insp.
What is a split heartbeat?
valves close seperately
With what conditions are normal heart sounds accentuated or diminished?
-emphysema
-obesity
-pericardial fluid
How do you auscultate for extra heart sounds?
use the bell to go over ausculatory areas
What is a midsystolic click?
-mitral valve prolapse
-valve not only closes with contraction, but also balloons back up into left atrium & tensing creates click
-occurs @ mid to late systole
- best heard at apex
What are the characteristics of S3?
-diastole
-after S2
-"distant thunder"
-best heard @ apex
-does not vary w/resp
When is S3 a normal finding?
until age 40
disappears with sitting up
When is S3 pathologic?
-after age 40
-persists when sitting up
-earliest sign of HF
What are the characteristics of S4?
-late in diastole
-immediately b4 S1
-very soft, very low pitched
When is S4 normal?
- in adults older than 40/50 with no evidence of CV disease
When is S4 pathologic?
with CAD
What characteristics are needed when a murmur is heard?
-timing
-loudness
-pitch
-pattern
-quality
-location
-radiation
-posture
What are the symptoms of angina in women?
-hot or cold burning sensation
-tender to touch
-no chest pain or discomfort
What are the symptoms of a heart attack in women?
-pain/discomfort above waist
-brealthlessness
-clamy, sweating, dizziness
-anxiety
-dependant edema
-nausea/indigestion
-sleep disturbance
-unusual fatigue/ weakness
What causes the signs and symptoms of heart failure?
the hearts inablility to pump enough blood and the kidney's compesatory mechanisms
When does acute onset HF occur?
after MI when direct damage to the hearts contractability has occured
When does chronic onset HF occur?
(HTN) when ventricles must pump against chronically increased pressure
What are the symptoms of angina in women?
-hot or cold burning sensation
-tender to touch
-no chest pain or discomfort
What are the symptoms of a heart attack in women?
-pain/discomfort above waist
-brealthlessness
-clamy, sweating, dizziness
-anxiety
-dependant edema
-nausea/indigestion
-sleep disturbance
-unusual fatigue/ weakness
What are the symptoms of angina in women?
-hot or cold burning sensation
-tender to touch
-no chest pain or discomfort
What causes the signs and symptoms of heart failure?
the hearts inablility to pump enough blood and the kidney's compesatory mechanisms
What are the symptoms of a heart attack in women?
-pain/discomfort above waist
-brealthlessness
-clamy, sweating, dizziness
-anxiety
-dependant edema
-nausea/indigestion
-sleep disturbance
-unusual fatigue/ weakness
When does acute onset HF occur?
after MI when direct damage to the hearts contractability has occured
What causes the signs and symptoms of heart failure?
the hearts inablility to pump enough blood and the kidney's compesatory mechanisms
When does chronic onset HF occur?
(HTN) when ventricles must pump against chronically increased pressure
When does acute onset HF occur?
after MI when direct damage to the hearts contractability has occured
When does chronic onset HF occur?
(HTN) when ventricles must pump against chronically increased pressure
What causes a thrill at the 2nd and 3rd ICS?
-pulmonic stenosis
-pulmonic HTN
What causes a lift(heave) at the left sternal border?
-right ventricular hypertrophy
-pulmonic valve disease
-pulmonic HTN
-chronic lung disease
What is volume overload?
-cardiac enlargement (more than 1 ICS)
-displaces apical pulse
-L.vent. hypertrophy and dilation
When does volume overload occur?
mitral/aortic regurg.
left to right shunts
What is pressure overload?
-apical pulse increases force & duration
-not necessarily displaced or enlarged
-l. ventricular hypertrophy (no dilation)
What is arteriosclerosis?
hardening of vessel walls
What is atherosclerosis?
build up of plaque on vessels; turbulent blood flow heard
What is indicative of heart size?
Apical pulse
What are the characteristics of arteries?
-no valves
-high pressure
-stronger walls
-stretch and recoil with diastole
-contain muscle fibers that control amt of blood delivered to tissue
-all have pulse
What are characteristics of veins?
-valves keep blood flowing toward heart
-low pressure
-thinner walls
-deoxygenated blood
-body has more veins
What are the deep veins of the legs?
femoral and popliteal
What are the risks of venous disease?
-prolonged sitting, standing, bedrest
-hypercoaguable states
-vein wall trauma
-varicose veins (wide lumen and valves cannot accomadate; occurs with genes, pregnancy and obesity)
What do vessels carry?
blood or lymph
What happens if there is a disease in the vascular system?
-problem with O2 delivery and nutrients
What happens w/o lymph drainage?
fluid would build up causing edema (breast cancer)
What are some changes of the aging adult in the peripheral vascular system?
-ateriosclerosis/ athrosclerosis
-progressive englargment of calf veins
-prolonged sitting/bedrest & HF = increased risk of DVT/PE
-fewer lymph nodes and they decrease in size
What is intermittent claudication?
pain w/ walking
What is claudication distance?
distance to produce pain
What does leg pain in the form of cramping indicate?
ateriole disease
What does coolness of the skin indicate?
arterial disease
What does bilateral edema indicate?
systemic cause ie: HF
What does unilateral edema indicate?
local obs./inflammation
When do you exam a pts arms?
when checking VS while pt is sitting
When do you examine a pts legs?
- directly after abdominal exam while pt is still supine
-have them stand to evaluate veins
What does the objective data of the peripheral vascular system consist of?
-inspection
-palpation
-comparison of opposite extremity
What does oral contraception cause a risk for?
blood clots
What does a capillary refill of more than 2 seconds indicate?
vasoconstriction or decrease CO; (cold, clammy, and pale)
What does oral contraception cause a risk for?
blood clots
What does capillary refill indicate?
index of peripheral perfusion and CO
What does a capillary refill of more than 2 seconds indicate?
vasoconstriction or decrease CO; (cold, clammy, and pale)
What causes edema of upper extremeties?
lymphatic drainage obstruction; ie: breast surgery
What is a normal pulse?
+2
What does capillary refill indicate?
index of peripheral perfusion and CO
What causes edema of upper extremeties?
lymphatic drainage obstruction; ie: breast surgery
What is a normal pulse?
+2
What does a +3 pulse occur with?
-anemia
-hyperthyroidism
-hyperkinetic states
What does a +1 pulse occur with?
-shock
-peripheral arterial disease
How do you palpate the epitrochlear lymph nodes
-"shake hands"
-feel under elbow btwn biceps and triceps
-normal= not palapble
-enlargement= inf. of lower arm or hand
What does the allen test determine?
adequate circulation to hand
What does a pallor/sluggish return during the allen test indicate?
occlusion of arterial flow
What does pallor legs indicate?
vasoconstriction
What does erythema in the legs indicate?
vasodilation
What does skin color reflect?
reflect malnutrition
How should venous pattern appear on the legs?>
flat & barely visible
What should you do if you suspect DVT?
measure calf at widest point and then measure that the same point on the other leg
What should you do if you suspect lymphadema?
measure thigh, distal calf, knee and ankle
What are some characteristics of a possible DVT?
-acute, unilateral painful edema
-asymmetry of calves more than 1cm
What does brown discoloration of the skin indicate?
venous disease
What is a positive Homan's sign?
pain when calf muscle is compressed or when foot is pushed towards tibia
How do you check for pretibial edema?
firmly depress skin over tibia for 5 seconds and release
With what conditions does bilateral dependant pitting edema occur?
-HF
-Diabetic neuropathys
-hepatic cirrohsis
What is the manual compression test?
-use with varicose veins
-determines if valves are competent
-compress vein & feel at lower point
-no wave should occur
-wave presence indicates that the valves are incompetent
What is lymphedema?
-impedes on drainage of lymph
-promotes fluid leaking
-can lead to infection, delayed wound healing,chronic inflammation, fibrosis of surrounding tissue
What is chronic lymphadema?
unilateral swelling, non-pittting edema, threat to body image and constant reminder of cancer
What are the characteristics of arterial ulcers?
-edges clearly defined
-hairless
-absent pulse
-nail dystrophy
-nocturnal pain
-occurs on toes and feet
What are some risk factors of arterial ulcers?
-CAD
-Hx of stroke/TIA
-Obesity and Immobility
-PVD
-DM
What are some characteristics of venous ulcers?
-mid calf to below malleoli
-brown skin
-normal pulses
What are the symptoms of venous insufficiency?
-leg pain
-aching
-swelling
-skin breakdown
-pigmentation
-eczema
What are the risk factors of venous ulcers?
-varicose veins
-DVT
-phlebitis
-fracture,trauma,surgery
-family hx
Where is the tail of spence located?
upper outer quadrant; common area for tumors
What are the normal characteristics of cooper's ligament?
-strong and intact
-w/age they get weak and sag
-fibrous band that supports breast
What are the cancerous characteristics of cooper's ligament?
become contracted and produces pits and dimples in skin
Where does lymph flow?
to the opposite breast & liver; common metastasis
What is gynecomastia?
-glandular enlargement
-tender & often asymmetric or unilateral
-adolecents or eldery
-temporary; 1 year
-digoxin
What is the supernumerary nipple?
normal along embryonic milk line
What is common breast asymmetry?
left is bigger than right
What is retraction?
signs of cancer
What does bringing arms over head during breast exam do?
both breast should move symmetrically
What does pushing hands together or against hips during breast exam do?
tightens p. major muscles & slight lifting of breast will occur; dimpling or puckering
What does leaning forward do during a breast exam?
symmetric free-forward movement; fixation to wall signals retraction
How do you palpate axillae?
sitting position
ROM to increase surface area
When do nodes of the axillae enlarge?
-inf. of breast, arm, or hand
-breast cancer
What is the patients position during the breast exam?
-supine
-raise arm over head
-flattens tissue allowing lumps to feel more distinct
- use pads of first 3 fingers
What are the different methods of palpating the breast?
-vertical
-wedge
-circular
-bimanual(large breasts)
What are the characteristics of fibroadenoma?
-benign
-round
-firm/rubbery
-clear margins
-usually single
-very mobile/slippery
-no tenderness
-grows quickly & constantly
What are the characteristics of benign breast disease?
-round
-firm to soft/rubbery
-multiple
-mobile
-tender(before menses)
-no retraction
What are the characteristics of a cancerous lump in the breast?
-irregular shape
-firm to hard
-poorly defined
-single
-fixed
-skin retraction
-grows constantly
-immediate attention
What is the baseline age for BSE?
20
When should a woman perform BSE?
4-7 into cycle
When would a pregnant or post menopausal woman perform BSE?
a familiar date of the month; every month
What is the purpose of BSE?
to farmiliarize woman with own breast & normal variation; detect lumps
What are important ways to encourage BSE?
-emphasize the absence of lumps and to report findings
-focus on positives
-use facts: majority wont get BC; most lumps are benign;
early detection=high survival rate
How is BSE done?
-in shower/in front of mirror
-supine position
What are some breast cancer risk factors?
-FAMILY HX
-female>50
-personal hx of bc
-no children/first after 30
-menstruation before 12
-menopause after 55
Where is the suprasternal notch located?
just above the sternum btwn the
Where is the angle of louis located?
2nd ribs and lower 2nd intercostal space
What are the areas of the lungs?
-base: 6th rib A & 10th P; 12th on respiration; rests on diaphragm
-Lobes: R=3 L=2
How do the lungs maintain homeostasis?
lungs adjust level of CO2, supply O2 and maintain pH
What is inspiration?
creates neg. pressure causing air to rush in; diapragm descends & flattens; ICS lift sternum and elevates ribs
What other systems are involved in lung function?
nervous, renal and CV
What is ventilation?
air movement
What is diffusion and perfusion?
resp. gases move through circulation and exchange CO2 and O2
What is control of ventilation?
maintaining adequate gas exchange according to needs
What is the normal stimulus of respiration?
CO2