Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Skin's purpose |
to protect against virus/bacteria/internal injury to regulate temperature-sweat, sensory input to receive vibration, pain to metabolize cholesterol to vitamin D to active forms |
|
|
Skin layers |
1. epidermis 2. dermis 3. hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) |
|
|
Epidermis- cells constantly being replaced (2 cells) |
keratinocyte melanocyte |
|
|
Keratinocyte |
keratin, more abundant; provides waterproof protection basil cell & squamous cell |
|
|
basil cell |
basement level- constantly dividing (mytosis) |
|
|
Squamous cell |
once a cell divides it moves up towards service and turns into keratin |
|
|
melanocyte |
produces melanin; interspersed with basil cells |
|
|
melanin (produced by melanocyte, made in melanosome) |
determines skin color; dark-brown pigment; protects us from UV light darker skin, less skin cancer UV light needed to stimulate synthesis of melanin everyone has same amount of melanin, but darker people have more production |
|
|
Freckles |
clusters of melanin collection of pigment |
|
|
dermis |
appendages-hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands nerves blood vessels, collagen and elastin- tone and texture, break down when we age/from UV rays |
|
|
Hair erector muscle |
goosebumps |
|
|
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) |
contains fat adipose tissue-trigliserides stored here blood vessels most injections/shots to this level-botox, paralysis of the muscle |
|
|
Psoriasis |
autoimmune disease hyperproliferation of the keratinocytes- constantly dividing basil cells usually die in 30 days; here, they die in 4 or 5 which causes damage prescribed UV |
|
|
vitiligo |
autoimmune disease destruction of melanocytes changes skin color to white stress plays a roll, sometimes inherited |
|
|
albinism |
autosomal recessive disorder decreased or absent melanin synthesis melanin is produced from amino acid called tyrosine; enzyme called tyrosinase, which produces melanin; albinos lack the enzyme |
|
|
skin cancer |
cell dividing out of control (benign/malignant) basil cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma |
|
|
basal cell carcinoma |
epidermis keratinocyte most common usually won't metasticize (move to another location) |
|
|
squamous cell carcinoma |
epidermis keratinocyte |
|
|
melonocytic nevus (moles) |
acquired or born w it benign proliferation of melanocytes predisposing factors: sun exposure, family history, skin type |
|
|
Skin cancer: melanoma |
moles have a chance of turning into this over growth of melanocytes most serious skin cancer malignant-can metastisize to the brain tanning beds (UV rays), intense, short amount of times in the sun, children w mult burns before 18 |
|
|
why does severe sun exposure increase your risk of melanoma? |
bc keratinocytes go through programmed cell death; melanocytes are resistant and live |
|
|
ABCDE of melanoma |
Asymmetrical Borderless Color change Diameter Evolving color and size |
|
|
Vitamin D and the skin |
UVB converts a form of cholesterol to inactive Vitamin D |
|
|
Vitamin D becomes active after conversions in the... |
liver and kidneys (adds a molecule) |
|
|
functions |
calcium balance cardiovascular disease cancer autoimmune disease infections depression |
|
|
digestive system components (in order) |
oral cavity esophagus stomach pylorus small intestine large intestine anus |
|
|
digestive system jobs |
breaks down foods and extracts nutrients Starts in the mouth (chewing) and salivation: enzymes break down food |
|
|
accessory organs |
liver, gall bladder, pancreas |
|
|
four processes of the GI system |
Digestion Absorption (GI to blood) Motility Secretion (back to GI system from blood) |
|
|
Accessory organs secrete from blood to GI system |
|
|
|
Esophagus- upper esophageal sphincter lower esophageal sphincter |
both always remain closed open when food pushes against it to go down LES keeps stomach acid down --acid reflux, heart burn: when LES remain open or relaxed |
|
|
Gastroesophogeal reflux disease |
relaxation of the LEZ leads to micro and macroscopic changes of the lower esophagus; esoph lined w squamous cells; acid causes cells to change (cancer) |
|
|
risk factors of GRD |
obesity, pregnancy, smoking (abdominal girth pushes things up fatty, fried foods, spicy, alcohol, carbonated drinks stay upright after eating to digest correctly |
|
|
stomach |
functions: stores food, stomach acid breaks down food, pH 1-3.5, kills bacteria and micro organisms |
|
|
parietal cells |
produce stomach acid (HCL) |
|
|
chief cells |
secrete pepsinogen: breaks down proteins |
|
|
mucus cell |
lines the stomach to protect from acid erosion goblet cells produce mucus on small intestine tums: baking soda; raises the pH |
|
|
proton pumps inhibitors |
treatment for heartburn&ulcers stop hydrogen pump so the pH can go up prilosec OTC |
|
|
small intestine |
starts to neutralize everything from the stomach; bicarbonates gets released duodenum: digests jejunum&Iieum: absorb nutrients |
|
|
pancreas |
secretes enzymes that breakdown food into duodenum bile reacts with fats |
|
|
liver |
makes bile, stored in gallbladder; fat stimulates gallbladder to release bile to break it down gallstones cause buildup |
|
|
small intestine: digestion |
only monosaccrides can be absorbed; disachrides have to be broken down |
|
|
pancreatic enzymes |
amylase: break down amylose (starch) trypsin: break down proteins lipase: breaks down lipids/fats |
|
|
brush border enzymes |
sucrase-sucrose maltase-maltose lactase-lactose |
|
|
lactose intolerance |
any food that doesn't get digested gets broekn down and digested by bacteria which causes bloating, gas, etc. |
|
|
villi of small intestine |
increase of surface area so more can be absorbed |
|
|
small intestine: absorbs... |
vitamins and minerals: fat soluble: vitamin D water soluble: vitamins C & B mineral absorption: iron, sodium, potassium water monosaccharides amino acids fatty adics & monoglycerides |
|
|
Peptid Ulcer Disease (PUD)- Ulcers |
stress, baceria secretes enzymes that can break through musuc and stomach tissue; can cause hole in stomach in stomach or duodenum treatment: PPI's, two antibiotics |
|
|
Colon (large intestine) |
stores waste can absorb water and vitamin K appendicitis |
|
|
Gut Microbiome |
billions of bacteria inhabit the colon and are a part of he normal flora probiotics-good bacteria antibiotics- can kill good bacteria as well as bed, hence digestion side affects of medicine |
|
|
colorectal cancer |
3rd most common cancer, 2nd deadliest men>women polyps turn cancerous african american, age, smoking&alcohol, red meat/grilling, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, HPV (cervical and throat cancer, anal) |
|
|
homeostasis |
a state of keeping things in balance if lost, it results in disease or illness |
|
|
fate of glucose |
absorbed in the small intestine into the bloodstream |
|
|
from the blood, glucose is.. |
taken up by cells, stored in the liver and muscle, and stored in adipose tissue |
|
|
fed state (just ate) |
increased blood glucose levels insulin released from beta cells of pancreas in order for glucose to enter a cell, insulin has to bind to outside of cell |
|
|
all metabolic processes require glucose in the form of |
ATP (energy) |
|
|
insulin is a |
protein |
|
|
insulin is released from the |
beta cell of pancreas |
|
|
fed state (cont'd) |
pancreas secretes enzymes that help w digestion |
|
|
exocrine |
small intestine and enzymes secreted-disgestion |
|
|
endocrine |
pancreas, blood sugar |
|
|
islets of langerhans |
unique cells that release insuline and glucagon |
|
|
alpha cells |
release glucagon |
|
|
beta cells |
release insulin |
|
|
during fed state.. |
1. insulin binds to cell receptor 2. glucose can enter the cell (transformed into energy) 3. once glucose is in the cell, blood glucose levels decrease (if glucose can't enter the cell, blood sugar goes up) |
|
|
glucose is stored in |
muscle and liver as glycogen |
|
|
stored in fat as |
triglycerides insulin must be present, gets converted into fat (the excess amounts) triglycerides cause cells to swell-fat |
|
|
fasted state |
after exercise or not eating |
|
|
fasted state (cont'd) |
glucagon-hormone that detects low blood sugar released from alpha cell of pancreas acts on liver muscle and fat, binds to cell to release glucose and brings up blood sugar |
|
|
homeostasis of blood sugar |
after we eat, insulin is stimulated and release into the blood; binds to receptors so glucose can enter the cell, lowering blood sugar |
|
|
diabetes |
when blood sugar homeostasis is lost-elevated glucose levels |
|
|
type I |
autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas immune system attacks beta cells, glucose stays in the blood. high blood sugar juvenial give them insulin bc they have none |
|
|
type II |
insulin resistance and impaired secretion receptors don't allow insulin to bind to the cells, so glucose can't get in obesity, genetics, ethnicity |
|
|
what is science |
study of the natural world including matter and energy knowledge that has gonethough a process |
|
|
scientific method steps |
observe hypothesis predict test modify and re test |
|
|
observation |
stride to make a generalization about things all summers are hotter than all winters |
|
|
formulate a hypethesis |
a guess or speculation |
|
|
make a testable predition |
the outcome; hypothesis is the "if" prediction is "then" |
|
|
experiment and observe |
either accept or reject |
|
|
modify and re test |
change the hyp and test again |
|
|
controls |
variable- changing factor controlled- constant between all groups (age, gender) dependent- outcome/effect (lower blood pressure) independent- stands alone; won't affect anything else(cause) |
|
|
experimental design- groups |
control-placebo (not being tested) experimental-drug (being tested) |
|
|
experimental bias |
favoring certain outcomes over others |
|
|
to prevent experiemental bias |
1. placebo groups to mirror others 2. double blind studies- nobody knows who gets the drug 3. randomization- two groups of random individuals 4. blind study- people don't know who is recieving the drug |
|
|
how to know if science is real |
1. if the claim followed scientific method 2. published results in a peer reviewed journal 3. claim is not bias 4. testing can be reproduced |
|
|
primary source |
an original article in a peer reviewed pro journal includes ll parts like abstract, intro, materials etc |
|
|
secondary source |
article written about a primary found in newspapers and magazines summarizes info |
|
|
phisiology |
study of the normal functioning of a living organism and it's component parts |
|
|
pathology |
the study of disease |
|
|
levels of organization |
chemistry cellular tissue |
|
|
chemistry: atoms |
neutron proton electron |
|
|
chemistry 2 |
molecules-two or more diff atoms organic molecules-anything containing carbon |
|
|
chem 3 |
macromolecules-cabrs, proteins, fats, nucleotide
important to normal human functioning |
|
|
carbs |
used by humans for energy-broken down to glucose (CH2O)n |
|
|
carbs 2 |
monosaccharides- a single sugar molecule |
|
|
disaccharides |
two monos together (sucrose, lactose, maltose) |
|
|
polysaccharides |
more than 2 monos (glycogen, starch) |
|
|
lipids-fats 3 most important types |
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
|
|
|
triglycerides |
energy-made of glycerol backbone fatty acids chains saturated and unsaturated |
|
|
saturated fats |
typically solid at room temp animal meat |
|
|
double bond-unsaturated fats |
missing hydrogen mostly liquid at room temp ex. olive oil |
|
|
hydrogenation of fats |
adding Hydrogen to unsaturated fats to make it saturated; increasees shelf life trans fat made from partial hydrogenation-artificial flipping of hydrogen; bodies don't agree w it |
|
|
phospholipid |
phosphate and glycerol and fatty acid chains; mae up the cell membrane |
|
|
steroids |
lipids; don't have typical structure of a triglyceride precursor to steroid is cholesterol |
|
|
proteins |
make up over 50% of bodies structure support defense enzymes storage DNA tells ribosomes what proteins to make |
|
|
proteins 2 |
madeof amino acids- 20 essential |
|
|
amino acid structure |
hydrogen, carbon, amino, r-group
all look the same except r-groups |
|
|
protein folding |
four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary function depends on folding |
|
|
denatured proteins |
proteins unfold; doesn't function anymore affected by pH, temp, salt concentration |
|
|
enzymes |
all are proteins; very important; catalyzes all chemical reactions in the body ex lactase |
|
|
nucleotides |
make up DNA and RNA, building block; 3 components: phosphate, sugar, nitrogen |
|
|
nuclueotide: adenosine triphosphate |
energry, ATP-main source of fuel |
|
|
cellular level: organelles |
structure within a cell that has a function cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
|
|
cell theory |
all living things are composed of cells a cell is the smallest unit of life all cells come from preexisting cells |
|
|
organismal |
tissue- group of cells working togetherorgan-group of tissues working togetherorgan system-group of organs working together
|
