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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Explain the meaning, status and roles of:
Health and Safety Regulations (3) HSE Approved Codes of Practices (3) HSE GUidance (3 |
The meaning of Health and Safety regulations are that they are statutory instruments and statutory legislation made usually under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HASAWA 74) by the Secretary of State and lay down minimum requirements and often implement EC DIrectives. Breach is a criminal offence and civil liability (unless stated).
The meaning of Approved Codes of Practice are they are in support of Acts andRegulations, published by the HSE with the consent of the SofS. They are an interpretation of legal requirements and adopt a semi legal status.
Guidance is issued by the HSE. It offers advice on good practice of which Driving at Work is an example. They have no legal status. |
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An employee is claiming compensation for injuries received during an accident involving a fork-lift truck.
Identify the documentation information that the employer might draw together when preparing a possible defence against the claim (8) |
Risk Assessments
Health and Safety Arrangements Information for employees Health and Safety Training Employers duties procedures for serious and imminent danger principles of prevention to be applied Health and Safety assistance |
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Identify FOUR categories of persons, other than his own employees. To whom an employer owes a duty of care (2)
Outline the procedures that an organisation might adopt in order to ensure the safety of visitors to its premises. (6) |
Visitors young persons
Access and Egress - signing the visitors book, briefing on the site layout and specifically where the visitor is to work and that they have a permit to work.
PPE -They must have PPE for the work. This might be masks, clothing for working in confined spaces etc.
Emergency procedures - There will be a requirement to brief on alarms, escape routes, muster points etc.
Welfare facilities - the visitors will need to be briefed on where the first aid points are, toilets and any rest rooms.
Young person, vulnerable people - Young and vulnerable persons will need extra supervision, may need to be escorted and will be restricted as to duties and some equipments. |
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An employer has a common law duty of care for the Health, Safety and Welfare of their employees.
Giving an example in EACH case, identify what the employer must provide in order to fulfil this common law duty of care. (8) |
The employers has a duty to provide;
A safe place of works Good structure of buildings and good condition of floors, walkways and stairwells. They must be clear and safe. Clear and unobstructed gangways Safe means of access and egress - pedestrian walkways, big enough for number of pedestrian. Traffic routes adequate for size and volume of traffic. Safe working environment - taking into account; space Provide safe plant and equipment - Electrical equipment must be tested and plant must be maintained as per the operating manual. Must provide a safe system of work - there must be a policy signed by management and roles and responsibilities clearly defined for example the SHEF Advisor. Arrangements for example emergency procedures must be in place. Provide safe and competent workers - Workers must have the appropriate level of Skill, Knowledge, Attitude, Training and experience for example working with electricity or at height. provide adequate levels of supervision, information instruction and training - This might include; refresher training after absence, regular updates for new equipment etc. Managers might do weekly walk rounds and conduct spot checks on particularly technical and dangerous equipment. |
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Outline the main components of an Health and Safety Management System. (8)
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The main components of a health and safety management system
A policy statement
It must have clear intent stating commitment by senior management.
Organisation
organisation giving roles and responsibilities to specific personnel.
Arrangements
Risk assessments and training must be specified and arrangements. Organised roles and responsibilities and planning and implementing procedures, measuring performance auditing and reviewing procedures. |
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Identify the issues that should be contained in the arrangements section of a Health and Safety Policy. (8)
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Arrangements are how the Health and Safety Policy will be implemented it will include:
Accident and emergency procedures. Procedures for and who will conduct risk assessments. Accident and illness reporting. Catering and food hygiene procedures. Provision of welfare facilities. Permit to work procedures. Use of PPE. Terms of reference and constitution of the safety committee. Electrical equipment (maintenance and testing). Employee health and safety code of practice. |
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Outline the purpose and general content of the 3 main sections of an health and safety policy. (6)
Explain why the health and safety policy should be signed by the most senior person in the organisation, such as the MD or the CE. (2) |
The purpose and general content of the three main sections of a health and safety policy are; the statement of intent which is the commitment by the organisation to maintain high standards of health and safety and that it is law compliant and committed to provide sufficient resources.
The organisation is how the roles and responsibilities will be managed at all levels the roles and functions of safety reps and is sit into four parts; cooperation, communication, control and competence. The arrangements give details of the specific systems and procedures of how the policy will be implemented; the roles and responsibilities, the health and safety rules, provision of facilities. The health and safety policy should be signed by the most senior person because it demonstrates commitment and shows leadership and they are committing the organisation to high standards of health and safety. |
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Identify eight indicators of management commitment to Health and safety in the workplace. (8)
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A robust health and safety policy.
Policy signed by senior management. Involvement of management in workplace inspections. Health and safety training programmes. Auditing and reviewing procedures Health and safety committees Resources and time allocated to health and safety Visible management Consultation with employees regarding health and safety. Personal observance by management of health and safety policy. Welcoming employee feedback. |
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Give the meaning of the term health and safety culture. (2)
Identify ways in which the health and safety culture of an organisation might be improved. (6) Outline the job factors that could lead to poor health and safety behaviour in the workplace. (8) Identify the factors relating to the individual that may influence a persons perception I of an occupational risk.;6) |
The meaning of the term health and safety culture are;
The ways in which an health and safety culture can be improved are; The values, standards and beliefs of individuals or groups relating to Health and Safety. Leading by example Rewards and incentives to improve H&S. Monitoring and reporting gods and bad H&S practice. Communication between employer and employee regarding H&S. The factors relating to an Individual that may influence a persons perception of an occupational risk are; Obvious or hidden hazards Previous experience Familiarity with the situation Level if training Peer group influences Confidence in abilities and judgements Age Attitude Sensory impairment |
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Identify four personal factors that may place young persons at greater risk from workplace hazards. (4)
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Lack of experience and awareness of risk tendency to be subject to peer pressure young people are not fully developed and are more vulnerable to physical, biological and chemical hazards maoy be trainees on unpaid work experience
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Outline four measures to take to reduce the risk of accidents to young persons in the workplace. (4)
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Except in special circumstances young persons should do work that is beyond their physical or psychological capacity and should not be exposed to substances chronically harmful to human health for example toxic or carcinogenic substances or effects likely to passed on genetically or likely to harm the unborn child. They should not be exposed to radiation and not engaged in work which involves a risk of accidents which they are unlikely to recognonize because of, for example their lack of experience, training or insufficient attention to safety. Nor should they engaged in work that involves a risk to their health from extreme heat, noise or vibration. |
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Explain using an example in each case, the meaning of the following terms:
Hazard Risk |
A hazard is the potential of a substance, person, activity or process to cause harm. Hazards take many forms including, for example, chemicals, electricity, working from a ladder and even the set up of a work station in a office. A hazard can be ranked relevant to other hazards or to a possible level of danger.
A risk is the likelihood of potential harm from that hazard being realised. A risk can be reduced and the hazard controlled by good management.(likelihood x severity = risk rating). |
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Outline four advantages and four disadvantages of using propaganda posters to communicate health and safety information to the work force (8)
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Four advantages of propaganda posters to communicate health and safety to the work force are;
Advantages
Relatively low cost and can be mass produced.
Flexibility of message in that a number of topics can be targeted.
Brevity in that they can be to the point with a simple message.
Reinforcing verbal instructions and information. They can complement central briefings, follow up on toolbox talks and reinforce policy.
Use of humour. Getting the balance between imparting the message and incorporating humour helps to get the message over.
Disadvantages.
dated. There is a need to change posters has they can become dated.
Wear and Tear. They can become spoiled, defaced and illegible.
Language barriers. They will present issues of reading and understanding for those with poor English reading skills or with learning difficulties.
They may be ignored. Posters can soon become the norm and be largely ignored or seem to trivialise serious matters for example; Perceptions of personnel will be different.
failings of management - not always but unscrupulous management may use posters has a cheap and easy method of getting a message across. |
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Identify 8 agenda items that could appear at a Health and Safety Committee meeting. (8)
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The following subjects could appear on the agenda of a health and safety committee meeting:
Review of accidents and near misses. Review of proactive monitoring. New legislation. Amendments to policy. Review of assessments. H&S training requirements. Introduction of new equipment and processes. Concerns raised by employees. |
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In relation to the safety representatives and safety committee regulations 1977, outline:
The rights and functions of a trade union appointed safety representative. The facilities that an employer may need to provide to safety representatives. |
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Identify the two means by which employers may provide information to employees in order to comply with the health and safety information for employee regulations 1989.
Outline the categories of information provided to employees by the means identified above. |
Sass
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Identify the two means by which employers may provide information to employees in order to comply with the health and safety information for employee regulations 1989.
Outline the categories of information provided to employees by the means identified above. |
Sass |
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Identify 8 items that may be covered in an health and safety induction.(8)
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Company health and safety policy.
Emergency procedures. Specific risks. Incident reporting. First aid arrangements. Welfare facilities. Consultation procedures. Employees responsibilities. |
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Outline the benefits to an organisation of having a health and safety committee. ()
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Zzzz
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Identify the typical content of the statement of intent section of an organisations health and safety policy document. (2) |
The typical content of a health and safety policy statement of intent is the commitment and culture if management and organisation to health and safety
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Outline the factors that may indicate that health and safety standards within an organisation do not reflect the objectives within the statement of intent. (6) |
The factors that may indicate that health and safety standards within an organisation don't reflect the objectives within the statement of intent are that the statement in the policy and the health are not understood by or properly communicated to the work force, lack of senior management involvement in the health and safety and employer concerns that their health and safety issues are not being addressed, high labour turnover, high absentee rates, high accident rate and low morale in the work force. |
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A factory manager intends to introduce a new work process for which a risk assessment is required under regulation 3 of the management of health and safety at work regulations 1999.
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A factory manager intends to introduce a new work process for which a risk assessment is required under regulation 3 of the management of health and safety at work regulations 1999.
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Outline the 5 steps to risk assessments
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The 5 steps to risk assessments are identifying the hazards of the task and identify who is at risk. There is a requirement to evaluate the risk and record the findings and review the risk assessment at the appropriate point.
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Identify the general principles of prevent the risk of accidents. (8)
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Avoiding risk
Evaluating the risk Adapting the work to the individual Adapting to technical progress Replacing the dangerous with less dangerous Developing a prevention policy Give collective control measures priority over individual control measures Give appropriate instructions. |
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Outline the issues that should be considered to ensure the health and safety of cleaners employed in a school out of normal working hours. (8)
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Outline the issues that should be considered to ensure the health and safety of cleaners employed in a school out of normal working hours. (8)
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The issues that should be considered to ensure the safety of cleaners employed in a school out of normal working hours are that a system of monitoring is in place and emergency procedures in the event of an accident for example that fire exits are clear and known and procedures are in place, lone working procedures are known by the staff. The machinery (floor cleaners etc) they may use is safe and they know how to operate it. Any COSHH (cleaning products) is known and appropriate PPE (gloves) have been issued and the cleaners know how to use it. Adequate welfare facilities (toilets) must be made available.
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With reference to the health and safety (consultation with employees) regulation 1996.
Identify the particular health and safety matters on which employers must consult their employees. (4) Outline the entitlements of representatives of employees safety who have been elected under the regulations. (4) |
An employer has a duty to consult with employees on the following under the Health and safety (consultation with employees) regulations 1996;
The introduction of any measured which may substantially effect the health and safety of the work force. Arrangements for appointing competent assistance Information required by statutory provisions Planning and organisation of training Representatives of employee safety do not have the same rights has TUC Safety reps and are limited to; Maki representations to the employer on potential hazards |
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Identify six sources of internal and external sources of information when compiling risk assessments. (6)
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A
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What is the definition of safe systems of work (2)
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The integration of personnel, articles and substances in a suitable environment and workplace to produce and maintain an acceptable standard of safety. |
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Identify the issues to be considered in the preparation of safe systems of work. (8)
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The work to be done
Hazards People involved Tools and equipment PPE Communication Monitoring Reviewing Emergencies Precautions |
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Define the term confined spaces. (4)
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Confined spaces means any place, including any chamber, tank, VAT, Silo, pit, trench, pipe sewer, flue, well, or other similar space in which, by virtue of ifs enclosed nature, thee arises a reasonably foreseeable specified risk.
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Give the typical information would need to be on a permit-to-work. (8) |
Title of the permit (what work is to be done) location who is authorised to do the work the steps which have already been taken to make the plant or task safe potential hazards which remain authorisation and date emergency procedures Permit date expiry date Hazard ID |
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Outline how the organisation might ensure that the nature of the campaign is effectively communicated to, and understood by by employees. (8)
Other than poor communication, describe the organisational factors that could limit the effectiveness of the campaign. (12) |
The organisation can ensure the campaign is effectively communicated by;
Blending written verbal and graphic, senior management involvement to show commitment this could include site visits, resources. Work schedules for tool box talks, surveys. Gaining feed back from comment forms, forums etc. Clear objectives, tgts , timelines for the campaign (is it slips trips and falls, manual handling, electrical safety, email campaigns. Avoidance of jargon, use feed-back loops. The organisational factors that could limit the effectiveness of the campaign other than poor communication. Lack of senior management commitment, insufficient resources; time, equipment, finance. Poor working conditions might induce cynicism in that trying to push a campaign agains a back drop of poor pay, poor employer - employee relations. The ignorance of part time and shift workers. |
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Outline three activities that may present a particular risk to pregnant women. (6)
Outline the actions that an employer may take when a risk to a new or expectant mother cannot be avoided. (2) |
Manual Handling
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Outline what planning should take place before an audit. (8)
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What IT system to use. Work place inductions, particular hazards and risks, any PPE required. Information; inspection reports and previous audit reports. Enforcement notices.
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Outline what planning should take place before an audit. (8)
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What IT system to use. Work place inductions, particular hazards and risks, any PPE required. Information; inspection reports and previous audit reports. Enforcement notices.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of external and internal audits. (8)
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Internal Audits:
Advantages Disadvantages External Audits Advantages Disadvantages |
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Outline the reasons for maintaining good standards of health and safety within an organisation. (8)
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Moral
The moral arrangements centred on the need to provide a reasonable standard of care SFAIRP and to reduce the injuries. pain and suffering caused to employees by accidents and ill health and the financial losses to any injured party Legal Legal arrangements are concerned with the desire to avoid enforcement action, such as prohibition/improvement notices. Prosecution from failure to meet our legal requirements and compensation claims through civil law for negligence in providing our duty of care to employees. Economical/financial A more motivated workforce resulting in increased production rates. The avoidance of direct costs associated with accidents (downtime, administrative, investigation and first aid costs, repair of plant and equipment , employing and training replacement staff) Possible cheaper insurance premiums The avoidance of costs associated with legal action and legal fees Maintaining the image and reputation of the organisation with its various stakeholders may improve the possibilities of better contracts. Arrangements for maintaining good standards of health and safety within an organisation. |
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Outline the reasons for maintaining good standards of health and safety within an organisation. (8)
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Legal, moral and financial
Expand on each one |
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Explain the meaning of the term permit-to-work. (2)
Outline the specific details that should be included in a permit-to-work fie entry into a confined space. (6) |
A permit to work is a good example of a safe system of work, a formal mechanism for controlling high risk activities, is a formal record of authority to work.
Confined space Location: where work is to be carried out, Foreseeable hazards and risk. Equipment. Atmospheric testing, air testing Nature of work Means of communication Use of respiratory and other PPE Emergency procedure; extraction from the confined spaces. |
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Define the terms adverse event and incident.(4)
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Accident: an event that may result in injury or ill health for example falling off a ladder and injuring a limb.
Incident: this is a near miss or a x undesired consequences for example an unsecured ladder on scaffolding that someone uses and spots without injury. |
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Identify the reasons to report accidents. (4) |
The reasons for reporting accidents at work are;
It is a legal requirement IT enables an investigation identify trends from statistical analysis Review risk assessments assist in civil claims
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Identify the reasons for not reporting accidents. (8) |
Ignorance Apathy Peer pressure Lack of management response Aversion to filling out forms Trivial nature of injury Fear of discipline Fear of medical treatment Time constraints Desire to protect bonus payments |
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Outline what must be reported to RIDDOR. (8) |
Deaths and injuries; must be from work related injuries.
Occupational diseases; when a person receives a written diagnosis from a doctor.
Dangerous occurrences; certain listed near miss events.
Gas incidents; someone has died or suffered a specified injury in connection with the gas distributed, filled, imported or supplied. |
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An organisation has identified that a lack of training and relying entirely on a notice board to provide information has contributed to and increase in workplace accidents.
Outline why a notice board could be an ineffective means of providing information. (4)
Explain how effective health and safety training can improve human reliability. (4)
Identify ways that health and safety training can be evaluated. (4)
Outline the circumstances that might require an employee to undertake additional health and safety training. (8) |
A notice board could be an effective means of providing information because;
Evaluation. There is no immediate confirmation that the info has been communicated and is understood. Proactive follow up would assist in confirming.
Location. Positioning of the notice board may not be the best place to target the body of personnel. A number of notice boards maya have to be used.
Effective Health and safety training gives competence in the working environment which in term breeds confidence and positive changes in behaviour. it changes a workers perception by giving them a high level of training, learning new skills and improving attitude and it gives them confidence in their ability to make sound judgments when under presume of time or management and when operating complex machinery thereby reducing accidents and developing a safety culture.
The ways in which health and safety training can be evaluated at a personal and organisational level are;
examination on or test of knowledge and skills.
Feed back forums with the workforce.
monitoring accident rates and reporting of near misses for improvement, reduction in rates,frequency or severity.
Improved staff retention and morale
An improvement in the health and safety culture.
the circumstances that require an employee to undertake additional health and safety training are;
the he circumstances that might require an employer to undergo additional health and safety training are;
New equipment. This will require additional training in order to ensure employees can operate it safely.
New legislation. This may require employees to be briefed on changes to working practices that are introduced to improve safety or reduce exposure times to a particular hazard.
Accidents. Following an accident the subsequent investigation and recommendations may require some additional training to be conducted to improve competence.
Risk assessments. A review of the risk assessment for a particular operation may identify the requirement of additional control measures to improve safety.
specific fire and emergency training required by the the organisation. The insurance company may set new requirements due to failings in general standards of health and safety in the industry.
Technology and and new equipment. Modernisation of the workplace may require training on specific |
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Identify the two types of enforcement notice that may be served by an inspector and the conditions that must be satisfied before each type of notice is served. (4)
Outline four powers that available to an inspector when investigating a workplace accident other than serving enforcement notices. (4) |
The two types of enforcement notice are;
improvement notice - Issued for breaches of legislation and specifies a date by which the situation is to be remedied?
A prohibition notice is used to halt an activity that the inspector feels could lead to a serious personal injury And will identify which legal requirement is being or is likely to be contravened.
The the powers available to an inspector other than serving enforcement notices are;
entry to premises - this must be at a reasonable time.
Persons to provide information - answer questions and sign a declaration of the truth.
Destroy or dismantle - articles, substance or equipment could be subject to this.
Provide written or verbal advice - the inspector could give detailed instructions on how to remedy the breach.
Prosecute - where it is appropriate the inspector could initiate prosecution.
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Outline factors to be taken into consideration when carrying out a risk assessment for young persons who are to be employed in the work place. (8) |
The factors to be taken into consideration when conducting a RA for young persons.
Vulnerability - Young workers cleary have a lack of experience and awaress of risk.
physical - They are not fully developed so exposure to physcial, chemical and biological elements is to be assessed. Nor should they be exposed to work beyond their physical capability.
Attitude - THey will be willing to work hard and please and may be subject to peer pressure.
Supervision - The detailed arrangments for supervison are to in place for the appropriate hazards. |
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Give the meaning of the term Health and Safety Audit. (2)
Outline the genral characterisitcs of an effective health and safety auditing system. (6) |
An health and safety audit is an documented check which is used to highlightcurrent perfromance and trends against pre-set targets . It utilses a variety of sources of information and makes recommendations which may drive improvements.
The general cahracteristics of an effective health and safety system |
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Various sources of information may be consulted when developing a safe system of work.
Identify four external sources of information. (4)
Identify four internal sources of information. (4) |
Accident and ill health records and investigation reports.
Absentee records.
Construction design and management health and safety file.
Inspection and audit reports undertaken by the organisation and external orgs such as the HSE.
Maintenance and risk assessments (including COSSHH) and training records.
Documents which provide information to workers.
Any equipment examination or test reports.
External sources of information are;
Current legislation.
HSE publications such as approved codes of practice, guidance documents, leaflets.
Employer organisations and trade unions.
Industry standards and the organisations insurance company.
Specialist technical and legal publications.
Information data (Safety data sheets) from manufactures and suppliers.
The inrernet and reference documents. |
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Outline the purpose and general content of the three main parts of a health and safety policy. (6)
Explain why the health and safety policy statement should be signed by the most senior person in the organisation. (2) |
The 3 main parts and general content of a health and safeet policy are;
The policy statement with the organisations commitement to health and safety and developing the safe culture.
The organisation which sets out roles and rsponsibilities at all level for personnel in the work place for instance responsibiites and functions of safety reps, directors, managers etc. .
The organisations of how systems and procedures are to be implemented which is the conducting of identifying hazards, risk assessments, training to be conducted and risk control systems.
The Policy is signed by the most senior peson to demonstrate commitment from the very top and siging the policy gives it authority |
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Identify two reasons why it is important to determine the cause of an accident. (2)
Outline the possible immediate and root causes of the accident. (6) |
Two reasons why it is important to determine the cause of of an accident are;
To prevent a recurrence and prevent legal issues from a claim.
Identifying management system failures.
The possible immediate causes of the accident are;
Employee - Rushing and not operating a safe system of work.
Behaviour - Employees may have been fooling around.
Equipment - No safety rail or barrier to prevent a fall.
Weather conditons - It may have been a windy or rainy day and this may have contributedto the accident.
Lack of training or competence.
The possible root cause of the accident may have been;
Organisation - pressure of product more important to the organisaton. Lack of supervison or control.
The hazard may not have been considered in the Risk Assessment.
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Outline 4 types of work activity that might require a permit to work and give a reason in each case for the requirement. (8) |
Working at Height
The work may require specialist climbing equipment to anchor employee, mechanically operated platforms and the requirement to have procedures and provide a strategy for fall arrest restraint.
Working with Asbestos. The permit to work will specify PPE such as mask, overalls and specific derobimg drills under controlled condiiitons. To prevent the breathing in and contact with dangeous materials.
Working in confined spaces.
Due to the hazard of dangeous substances, and the absence of adequate ventilation or the use of cleaning solvents and welding equipment.
Working on high voltage apparatus - In view of the risk, this work must only be done by suitably trained and competent person acting under the trms of an high voltage permit due to the danger of electrical fires, shock and explosions.
Hot work - It may act as a source of ignition in any environment in which flammable materials are used. |
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Identify two criminal courts. (2)
Outline the role of the criminal courts with regard to health and safety matters. (4) Identify two possible defences that an emoter may use in a criminal case. (2) |
Magistrates and Crown Court |
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Outline the benefits of using a checklist when carrying out a workplace health and safety inspection. (4) |
The benefits of using a checklist when carrying out a workplace health and safety inspection are;
Preparation - It allows for prior planning in order to ensure the inspecton is structured and systematic.hose carr Connsistency - It provides consistency by those conducting t inspection and in the areas to be inspected.
The checklist can be adapted for different areas.
It results in a immediate record of finding. It provides an easy method of comparison. and audit.
The main features of an health and safety inspection are:
It can be a legal requirement and one of the main features is that it identifies hazards and seeks remedial action.
It is a formal of workplace safety
It can identify undrlying weaknesses in the managment system.
Identofies those responsible fro taking remedial action with sensible timescales to track progress on implementation. |
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Outline the skills and knowledge that are required of a trained risk assessor to carry out risk assessments. (8) |
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An employee has been seriously injured using a machine. The accident has been reported to an enforcement inspector by the employer. The subsequent investigation identified that the design of the machine meant that several dangerous parts were unguarded and the machine controls had been overridden.
Outline the possible Breaches of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 by the: Employer and give practical workplace examples. (6) Machine manufacturer and give practical work place examples. (4) Outline the enforcement action that the enforcement Inspector may take after concluding the investigation. (3) Give the the documented information that the employer (or their insurer) might need to use to defend a civil claim by the injured employee and in each case explain why it would be relevant. (7) |
CCTV
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An employee has been seriously injured using a machine. The accident has been reported to an enforcement inspector by the employer. The subsequent investigation identified that the design of the machine meant that several dangerous parts were unguarded and the machine controls had been overridden.
Outline the possible Breaches of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 by the: Employer and give practical workplace examples. (6) Machine manufacturer and give practical work place examples. (4) Outline the enforcement action that the enforcement Inspector may take after concluding the investigation. (3) Give the the documented information that the employer (or their insurer) might need to use to defend a civil claim by the injured employee and in each case explain why it would be relevant. (7) |
The possible breaches of the health and safety at work act 1974 by the employer are;
Section 2 duties of employers in that they failed to check the machinery did not meet the standard and therefore failed to provide safe plant and systems of work. Section 36 offences did the the fault of others in that they failed to check the machinery was safe when it arrived from the manufacturer. The action an enforcement officer could take is: Issue an improvement notice with a specified date for the equipment to made safe. Prohibition notice and halt the activity that caused the accident and this is a likely course of action in this situation. A prohibition notice and initiate prosecution. |
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Outline the legal requirements placed on employers to have a written health and safety policy. (2)
Outline the typical content of a health and safety statement of intent. (6) |
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Outline the general duties placed on employees by
The health and safety at work etc act 1974. (4) The management of health and safety at work regulations 1999. (4) |
Section 7 (employees)
To look after the H&S of themselves. To look after the H&S of others who may be affected by their acts or omissions. To cooperate with employers to ensure they can fulfill their H&S obligations. Section 8 (all persons) Duty not to wilfully interfere or misuse anything provided in the interest of H&S MHSWR 1999 regulation 14 (employers duties) Use equipment, substances, etc in Accordance with training Report to employer Serious and immediate danger Shortcomings in H&S arrangements |
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Identify four common law duties that an employer must provide. (4)
Outline practical ways in which an employer might fulfill the four duties identified in above. (4) |
Provide safe plant and equipment
Provide safe place of work including access and egress Safe system of work Safe and competent fellow employees Wilkins and Clyde coal ltd c English 1938 Building maintenance and walkways clear Guards on machines, suitable for use Permit to work and method statements, health and safety procedures Pre-selection of employees induction and refresher training. |
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State four possible direct and four possible indirect cost to an organisation following a serious accident at work. (8)
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Direct costs
Loss of production Loss or damage to product Damage to plant and equipment Environmental cleanup costs Staff absence Loss of expertise Increased insurance premiums Fines Court costs for criminal or civil proceedings Legal fees Indirect costs Investigation time Administration time for preparing reports Temporary staff replacement and training Staff retraining Poor morale may result in a downturn of efficiency Poor customer relations and good will Damage to the coy image |
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Outline the main features of
Civil law Criminal law |
Civil law main features
That it is concerned with the rights of individuals It deals with the tort of negligence It is based on common law precedence The objective of this law is to provide compensation for a loss, normally in monetary form The case is generally between two individuals the plaintiff bringing the case and the defendant defending their case. The balance of proof in these cases is balance of probabilities Claims of up to £50,000 are held in the county court Claims above that are held in the high court where necessary the Supreme Court will make decision on the points of law. In health and safety cases there is normally a 3 year limitation on bringing a civil law case Employers can be insured against the outcome of a civil law case. Criminal law Criminal law is based on the judiciary system (written law of the land). Criminal cases are between the state(HSE, EA, fire and rescue service etc) and an individual. Cases are heard due to breaches or non compliance with acts and regulations. The burden of proof in a criminal case is beyond reasonable doubt. There are two court systems for trying criminal cases. Magistrates courts presided over by a magistrate with legal counsel coming from the clerk of the court. In this court fines of up to £20,000 can be awarded and also a custodial sentence of 1 year for summary offences. In the crown court the case is heard by a judge and jury who can award unlimited fines or a custodial sentence up to 2 years for an indictable offences. An employer cannot get insurance against he outcome of criminal law |
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Outline the main features of
Civil law Criminal law |
Civil law main features
That it is concerned with the rights of individuals It deals with the tort of negligence It is based on common law precedence The objective of this law is to provide compensation for a loss, normally in monetary form The case is generally between two individuals the plaintiff bringing the case and the defendant defending their case. The balance of proof in these cases is balance of probabilities Claims of up to £50,000 are held in the county court Claims above that are held in the high court where necessary the Supreme Court will make decision on the points of law. In health and safety cases there is normally a 3 year limitation on bringing a civil law case Employers can be insured against the outcome of a civil law case. Criminal law Criminal law is based on the judiciary system (written law of the land). Criminal cases are between the state(HSE, EA, fire and rescue service etc) and an individual. Cases are heard due to breaches or non compliance with acts and regulations. The burden of proof in a criminal case is beyond reasonable doubt. There are two court systems for trying criminal cases. Magistrates courts presided over by a magistrate with legal counsel coming from the clerk of the court. In this court fines of up to £20,000 can be awarded and also a custodial sentence of 1 year for summary offences. In the crown court the case is heard by a judge and jury who can award unlimited fines or a custodial sentence up to 2 years for an indictable offences. An employer cannot get insurance against he outcome of criminal law |
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Give the meaning of so far as is reasonably practicable. (2)
State the general and specific duties of the employers under Section (2) of the HSAWA 1974 (6) |
The meaning of the term so far as is reasonably practice is the balance between the level of risk and the time, money, effort, inconvenience and resources that are needed to manage the risk, ensuring that the controls are not disproportionate to the level of risk involved.
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The general duties of the employer under section 2 of the HSAWA 1974
Section (2) (1) The employers general duties are to ensure the health safety and welfare of his or her employees. The specific duties are; Section (2) (2) a-e The employer must provide and maintain. Safe plant and safe systems of work Safe place of work including access and egress Safe use, storage, handling and transportation of articles and substances Safe working environment including adequate welfare Facilties Information, instruction, training and adequate levels of supervision. Section (2) (3) Revise and prepare a health and safety policy if they have 5 or more employees. Section (2) (4) Appoint union safety reps upon written notification Section (2) (6) Consult with safety reps in matters of health, safety and environmental issues. Section (2) (7) form and establish an health and safety committee if a written request is given by unionise representatives. |
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State the legal requirement whereby employers must prepare a written statement of their health and safety policy (4)
Outline the various methods for communicating the health and safety policy to the work force (4) |
Under section (2) (3) an employer must prepare in writing an health and safety policy if they have or more employees
Employee are exempt this is they have less than 5 employees To ensure their employees are conversant with the contents of the health and safety policy the employer can use a variety of methods to communicate the policy. Give each employer a copy Displaying the policy on the notice boards Explain at team briefings or tool box talks explaining the policy at induction or refresher courses Using email of intranet Discussing the policy as part of the agenda of the health and safety committee meeting. |
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Outline the key areas that should be addressed in the arrangements section of an health and safety policy document. (8)
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The key areas that should be included in the arrangements section of an health and safety policy statement are;
What are the emergency procedures (first aid) Risk assessments to be covered for Health and safety code of practice Fire drills Machinery safety Controls of exposure to specific hazards (noise, vibration Method statements Evacuation drills and muster process. Electrical/mechanical testing and maintenance requirements (guarding requirements). Accident and investigation procedures. Permit to works (high level risk assessments Arrangements for consulting the workforce Good catering and food hygiene procedures. Terms of reference and constitution of safety committees. |
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Most occupational accidents can be attributed in part to human error. Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the workplace. (8)
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Using competent, skilled and trained employees.
Keeping employees well motivated and becoming complacent. Avoiding monotonous work activities. Adequate supervision. Arranging frequent breaks to avoid fatigue. Giving employees designated roles and responsibilities. Establish good lines of communication within the workforce employee, supervisor and management structure. Ensuring clarity of instructions and info is passed on (multi lingual capacity). Implementing alcohol and drug policies to ensure no outside influences. Ambiguous controls are replaced with clearly marked controls. Addressing workplace environmental issues such lighting and noise etc. Monitoring and confirmation of actions and feed back. Designing he workplace/workplace equipment to reduces chances of error. |
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With respect to the management of risk in the work place.
Explain the meaning of the term Hierarchy of Control. (2) Outline with examples, the standard hierarchy that should be applied with respect to controlling health and safety risks in the workplace. (6) |
Hierarchy of control is a list of measures designed to control risk which are considered in order of importance and effectiveness in descending order, with extreme measures at the top engineering out the risk and concluding with PPE as a last resort relying on human factors to control the risk.
Eliminate - redesign or change the process. Do not enter a confined space unless it is not possible to do the work a safer way. Substitute - change a hazardous product for a less hazardous product. Ie oil based paint to water based paint. Isolate - isolate the hazardous activity through the use barriers, enclosures or segregate from normal routine activities ie areat does off for cleaning. Reduce- the risk from the hazard by reducing The number if people exposed to the hazard The quantities of hazardous materials. The exposure limits through engineering controls such as local exhaust ventilation systems (LEVs). The time people are exposed to the hazardous activity. Design and implement - safe systems of work in dealing with the hazardous activity, provide specific operating procedures for activities. Provide - information, instruction. Training and good levels of supervision to inform and monitor the safety of employees in the workplace. Issue - PPE to employees to protect them from residual risk that could not be controlled by any other means. |
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Outline the main features of(
A health and safety inspection. (4) A health and safety audit. (4) |
A health and safety inspection is carried out routinely manner depending on the size and activities carried by the organisTion. This can be done daily, weekly monthly etc. inspections may be conducted by:
A manager A supervisor Safety rep Suitably qualified and competent employer An inspection involves the observation of either, The workplace The work activities The activities equipment The workplace employees All of the above This is done routinely and often is supported by. Check list to identify hazards and to assess the effectiveness of control measures and give consistently to the inspection. An audit is a lengthy process conducted by a lead auditor and a selected team of auditors. The audit may be internal (dept checks dept). External whereby an outside company will conduct the audit. An audit is a structured way to critically examine the organisations health and safety management systems. If measures the effectiveness if the application of the management systems through a series of preset questions. There is often a scoring system attached to the questions so that improvements can be measured. Audits are planned, structured and manpower intensive events that are required to provide an independent view of an organisations management systems. |
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Outline the main features of(
A health and safety inspection. (4) A health and safety audit. (4) |
A health and safety inspection is carried out routinely manner depending on the size and activities carried by the organisTion. This can be done daily, weekly monthly etc. inspections may be conducted by:
A manager A supervisor Safety rep Suitably qualified and competent employer An inspection involves the observation of either, The workplace The work activities The activities equipment The workplace employees All of the above This is done routinely and often is supported by. Check list to identify hazards and to assess the effectiveness of control measures and give consistently to the inspection. An audit is a lengthy process conducted by a lead auditor and a selected team of auditors. The audit may be internal (dept checks dept). External whereby an outside company will conduct the audit. An audit is a structured way to critically examine the organisations health and safety management systems. If measures the effectiveness if the application of the management systems through a series of preset questions. There is often a scoring system attached to the questions so that improvements can be measured. Audits are planned, structured and manpower intensive events that are required to provide an independent view of an organisations management systems. |
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An organisation can monitor it's health and safety performance using a variety of means.
Identify four active monitoring methods. (4) Identify four reactive monitoring methods. (4) |
The following active methods can be used:
Safety inspections Safety surveys Safety tours Environmental monitoring Safety audits Behaviour observation Bench marking against like for like organisations. The following reactive monitoring methods: Accident and ill health reports and statistics Near miss and accident stats Dangerous occurrences Action taken by enforcement authorities Number of civil claims Number of insurance claims |
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Identify the factors that might cause a positive health and safety organisation to decline. (8)
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The factors that may cause an organisations health and safety culture to decline:
Lack of leadership. Loss of key personnel. Lack of senior management commitment. In effective communication with employees. Health and safety not given the sand priority as other objectives such as production or quality. Little of no involvement of employees is health and safety issues. Failure of management to implement and maintain risk controls. Failure by management in not investigating the cause of accidents or incidents.failure of management to introduce remedial actions . Poor working environment(lighting, heating) Inadequate welfare facilities. Setting unrealistic and unachievable targets. Creating a suspicion of blame. High staff turnover. Influx of new people. Continual influx of new personnel. Job insecurity. External influences such as a downturn in the economy. |
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List the factors that could be considered when assessing the health and safety competence of a contractor. (8)
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Employers/public liability insurance
Past enforcement notices Training records Relevant experience in the type of work required. Health and safety policy statement. Risk assessments or method statements. Membership of professional bodies. |
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List the factors that could be considered when assessing the health and safety competence of a contractor. (8)
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Employers/public liability insurance
Past enforcement notices Training records Relevant experience in the type of work required. Health and safety policy statement. Risk assessments or method statements. Membership of professional bodies. |
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An employee fell down a flight of stairs whilst carrying a box of letters to the mail room and broke an arm
Describe the requirement for reporting the accident to the enforcing authority. (3) Give the information that should be contained in the accident report. (5) |
The accident is classed as a major accident as it involved a broken arm. A responsible, nominated person should have informed the authorities by the quickest possible means(fax, email or phone).
They should follow the initial report within 10 days with the F2508 report form or alternatively contacting the incident contact centre. Name and job title if person making the report. Name address and contact details of the organisation Time, date of accident. Location Circumstances surrounding the accident and subsequent measures to prevent recurrence. |
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State the circumstances that may give rise for the health and safety policy to be reviewed. (8)
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Significant changes in the structure of the organisation.
Introduction of new or changed processes or work methods Significant changes in key personnel. Changes to current legislation As a result of audit findings Where risk assessments monitoring or investigation demonstrate that the policy is no longer effective. As a result of enforcement action. As part of a routine review. When if is suspected that the policy is no longer true. Up-to-date of fit for purpose. |
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Outline the factors to be considered when making an assessment of the first aid provisions in a workplace. (8)
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The number of employees
Composition; male female ethnicity Distr of the workforce Working patterns of the workforce Those who are classed as remote or line workers within the workforce The special needs of those employees who have to travel The ability to cover sickness absence and holiday cover The proximity to emergency medical services The number of first aid trained personnel required First aid facilities required (FA Boxes, treatment rooms, defibrillators. |
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During redecoration work temporary access is to be provided for office workers through an external storage area where vehicles are operating.
Identify the control measures to reduce the risk of injury to the office workers when using this temporary access (8) |
Ensuring suitability of floor surface.
Marking of the Well marked crossing routes Good standard of lighting. Issue office workers with Hi Vis vests. Good standard of housekeeping |
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H&SAW Act etc 1974
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Section 2 (1)
SAIRP Section 2 (2) Safe plant and safe systems of work. Safe use, handling, storage and tot of articles and substances Provision of information, instruction and training Safe place of work Safe working environment Section 2 (3), (4), (6), (7). 2 (3) safety policy 2 (4) appointment of safety reps - union notification in writing to the employer. 2 (6) consultation with reps. 2 (7) establishment of a safety committee - on request in writing by 2 union appointed safety reps. Section 3 Employers duties to others; Customers Visitors The public Young persons Section 4 Landlords, communal areas and shared areas common parts of residential premises. Section 6 Designers, manufactures, importers Section 7 Employers duties Reasonable care Cooperate comply Section 8 Interfere or misuse Section 9 Duty not to charge for PPE Section 36 Where an offence is committed due to the act or default of another. SECTION 37 Offences by directors senior managers. Section 40 The onus of proving the limits of what was |
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Outline the legal requirements for employers to prepare a written health and safety policy. (2)
Explain the purpose of each of the following sections of a health and safety policy: Settlement of intent(2) Organising (2) Arrangements(2) |
The act and the
Management of health and safety at works regs 1999 5 of more employees. Statement of intent The commitment by the organisation to health and safety Allocation of roles and responsibilities in form of wire diagram showing relationship between them. Arrangements are how the health and safety objectives would be achieved. |
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Give the meaning of the following terms. (6)
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Current - the flow of electricity/charge within a conductor. Measured in Amps
Resistance - the property of any object or substance of opposing the flow of an electrical current. Measured in Ohms. Voltage - the energy/pressure required to move a charge Conductor A material that offers little resistance to the flow of electricity. Insulator A material which offers a high resistance to the flow of electricity. Circuit - the path of electrical current. Earthing - the means to disarm electricity by diverting it to the ground. |
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