Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Hyperemesis
|
excessive vomiting
|
|
|
Lactation
|
the period of secretion of milk
|
|
|
Pica
|
(hunger/craving, appetite for nonfood substances like laundry startch, clay, dirt)
|
|
|
colostrum
|
first milk secreated for lactation
- rich in maternal lymphocytes and immunoglobulins and thus transfer immunity passively |
|
|
Zygote
|
First 2 weeks following conception
|
|
|
Eymbryo
|
weeks 2-8 following conception
|
|
|
Critical periods of development
|
different tissues, organs have unique special timelines when their most crucial developemnt begins
|
|
|
noral weight gain before pregnancy
|
25-35 pounds total
|
|
|
underweight before pregnancy
|
28-40 lbs total
|
|
|
overweight before pregnancy
|
15-25 lbs
|
|
|
rate of weight gain during
|
pregnancy 2-4 lbs
|
|
|
Nutrient not needed during pregnancy
|
Vitamin A (toxicity potential during pregnancy)
|
|
|
Nutrients needed during pregnancy
|
- Calcium phosphorus
- vitamin D - iron - folate |
|
|
increased need for kcals during pregnancy
|
-/+ 300 kcals/day during the 2nd and 3rd trimester
|
|
|
increased need for protein during pregnancy
|
+/- 10-15 grams/day
|
|
|
Use of prenatal supplements
|
only recommends the need for +30 mg of ferrous sulfate (iron) during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters
|
|
|
symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome
|
smaller head size, droopy eyelids, broad flat noses
|
|
|
Altered Glucose Tolerance or Gestational Diabetes
|
no evidence of altered glucose metabolism prior to the pregnancy
- baby will become fat |
|
|
Pregnancy induced hypertension (formerly toxemia)
|
- associated with poverty, poor prenatal care, etc
- diet: optimal nutrition, especially adequate protein and calcium; possible sodium restriction depending on the blood pressure and edema |
|
|
Magnesium sulfate
|
treatment of choice for the pre eclampsia and eclampsia
|
|
|
eclampsia
|
serious complication of pregnancy, characterized by convulsions that appear during/after labor
|
|
|
nutrition during lactation
|
+/- 500 kcals/day
|
|
|
breast feeding: prolactin hormone
|
- anterior pituitary
- stimulates milk production when the breast is emptied |
|
|
bread feeding: oxytocin hormone
|
- posterior pituitary glands
- stimulates release of milk from the breast in response to suckling and also stimulates uterine contractions, may be a decreased risk of breast cancer |
|
|
Lower-birth weight infants
|
born less than 2.500 g (5.5 lbs)
|
|
|
Premature baby
|
born at less than 37 weeks of gestational age
|
|
|
feeding of premature infants
|
- increased mineral needs (calcium, phosphorus, iron)
- different profile of essential amino acids (tyrosine, cysteine) - importance of adequate omega 3 fatty acids (DHA) - carnitine (a vitamin-like compound needed for oxidation) - inositol (in cell membranes) |
|
|
premature babies are absent in which reflex?
|
suckling reflex - babies born before 34-37 weeks of gestational age
|
|
|
milk anemia
|
- iron deficiency anemial resulting from a dependency on iron poor cow's milk
|
|
|
Goat's milk
|
- good source of calcium and B2 but a poor source of Vitamin D folate
- goat's milk may not be pasteurized which could lead to severe diarrhea |
|
|
Food intolerance
|
much more common than a food allergy and usually not life threatening, often related to an enzyme deficit (lactase), symptoms are flatulence, cramps and nausea
|
|
|
Food allergy
|
less common and if anaphylactic may be life threatening, often related to a protein component, antibody (IgE)/antigen response (immune system response)
- symptoms are nausea, cramps, wheezing, rashes/hives |
|
|
puberty: girls
|
begins at age 10-14; peak: year 12
|
|
|
puberty: boys
|
begins at age 12-16; peak year 14
|
|
|
DRI energy for males:
age 11-14: age 15-18 |
1)2,500 k/cals
2) 3,000 k/cals |
|
|
DRI energy for females age 11-18
|
2,200 k/cals
|
|
|
vitamins that teens lack
|
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C - Iron - Calcium |
|
|
solutions to acne
|
- vitamin A based products
- Retin A: topical cream Accutane: for severe, cystic acne |
|
|
Geriatrics - Medical aspect of elders
|
- the branch of medicine concerned with health problems of the elderly
|
|
|
Gerontology - lifestyle of elders
|
- the study of the aging process; concerned with social, economic and medical problems of the elderly
|
|
|
nutrients most commonly deficient with the elderly
|
- Protein
- Vitamin D - Vitamin B12 - Folate |
|
|
biological changes with aging: Program Theories
|
every individual has cells genetically preprogrammed as to their r and timing of growth, maturation and death
|
|
|
biological changes with aging: Error Theories
|
As one ages, one becomes less efficient at repairing cellular damage
|
|
|
Dysphagia
|
Swallowing difficulties
|
|
|
oldest RDA age group
|
age 51
|
|
|
alzheimers
|
caused by a protease enzyme
|
|
|
recommended use of multi vitamin and mineral supplements with the eldery
|
- Vitamin B12
- calcium - Vitamin d |
|
|
DHEA (dehydroepiandosterone)
|
- hormone precursor synthezied by the adrenal gland
- hormone supplement so it can stimulate cell growth |
|
|
DHEA effects
|
- acne, facial hair, breast/porstate cancer
|
|
|
Melatonin
|
hormone which promotes slee
|
|
|
Gingko Biloba
|
- improvement seen with cognitive performance and social function measures
- slowed progression of dementia - NOT a memory enhancer |
|
|
Glucosamine
|
- synthesized by the body; found in cartilage
- stimulates production of compounds, thought to be the building blocks of cartilage |
|
|
Chondriotin
|
- Part of the body protein that gives cartilage its springy quality
|
|
|
Obesity
|
- greater than or equal to 120% of ideal body weight
|
|
|
Male obesity
|
greater tha 25%
|
|
|
female obesity
|
greater than 30%
|
|
|
overweight
|
BMI greater than 110% less than 120%
|
|
|
herbal weight loss supplements
2) Phentermine |
a modest appetite suppressant effect, may be used in combo with anti-depressants
|
|
|
herbal weight loss supplements
1) Meridia |
targest brain neurotransmitter, may cause increased BP and heart rate, modestly enhances weight loss
|
|
|
herbal weight loss supplements
3) Xenical |
a lipase inhibitor, blocks fat absorption, may help lower LDL works on genes that affect appetite regulation
|
|
|
very low kcal diets (optifast)
|
- 600-800 kcals/day
- powerder, mix with water - nutrimed = 420 kcals/day |
|
|
kcal equivalent of 1 poud of body fat
|
3500 kcals
|
|
|
to lose one pound per week one must decrease..
|
500 kcals per day
|
|
|
female weight loss
|
1000-1200 kcals/day
|
|
|
male weight loss
|
1200-1500 kcals/day
|
|
|
atkins
|
promotes ketosis which in turn can decrease one's appetite
|
|
|
Barry Sear's Zone diet plan
|
40/30/30 - carbs/proteins/fat
|
|
|
South Beach Diet
|
3 phases
|
|
|
most burn an average of --- kcals/week with exercise
|
2800 kcals/week
|
|
|
adverse drug interactions occur if
|
1) meds are taken for long periods of time
2) multiple meds are taken 3) nutritional status is poor or deteriorating 4) nutrient needs are high |
|
|
drugs and alcohol do not mix because
|
alcohol can cause liver damage and stomach bleeding
|
|
|
Antineoplastic Agents (canccer drugs) ex. methotrexate, cisplatin
|
1) anorexia
2) nausea/vomitting 3) mouth and GI ulcers 4) Methotrexate = folate and B12 antagonist |
|
|
Antihypertensives (diuretics) ex. diuril, lasix, captopril
|
cause POTASIUM and MAGNESIUM wasting or sparing- cause dry mouth (xerostomia) which leads to mouth sores, difficulty swallowing and dental decay
|
|
|
anticoagulants ex. coumadin
|
Avoid excessive Vit K rich foods! (green leafy veggies, cabbage, liver)
|
|
|
NSAIDS ex. IBUprofen and aspirin
|
can cause GI irritation, ulcers and iron loss w/apsirin
|
|
|
Certain Antibiotics ex. TETRACYCLINE, cipro, levaquin, Floxin, Trevan
|
- NO MILK PRODUCTS WITHIN 2-3 HOURS
|
|
|
Erythromycin
|
can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
|
|
|
Penicillin
|
(uncoated erythromycin) - avoid citirus juices, wine, cola (acids destroy these)
|
|
|
Corticosteroids ex. prednisone
|
- reduces pain and inflammation
- used to treat arthritis and severe asthma |
|
|
side effects of Corticosteroids ex. prednisone
|
- weight gain
- decreased absorption of calcium and phosphorus (bone loss) - growth inhibition |
|
|
MAO inhibitors (antidepressants) ex. Isocarboxide
|
- Avoid Tyramine!
-- (red wine, aged cheese, liver) |
|
|
Lipid lowering agents ex. Lovastatin, nicotinic acid
|
- nausea/vomiting
- abdominal discomfort - anorexia/diarrhea - some altered taste |
|
|
Aluminum Antacids ex. rolaids, maalox
|
Bind phosphorus and may lead to osteomalacia over time
|
|
|
Anti-anxiety Drugs ex. Xanax, Paxil, Valium
|
- Avoid caffeine - may increase excitability, nervousnesss and hyperactivity
|
|
|
Proglems with gratefruit juice and meds
|
- dangerously enhances the bioavailability of many drugs like..
(anti-HTN calcium channel blocker - Procardia, Plendil, Sulcar, etc.) |
|
|
Natural Licorice
|
May interfere with drug therapy using diuretics and anti-HTN agents b/c it promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion
|
|
|
energy
|
- capacity to do work
|
|
|
Kilocalorie (calorie)
|
US unit of food energy measurement; amount of heat required to raise 1kg of water 1 degree C
|
|
|
Joule
|
International unity to measure energy
- 1MJ - 239 kcals; 4.2 kc = 1kcal |
|
|
BMR (basal metabolic rate)
BEE (basal energy expenditure) |
measurement of minimal amount of energy needed to carry on vital body process
- 60-65% of total kcal needs are to meet BMR requirements |
|
|
BMR decreases when? and after what age?
|
3% per decade after age 30
|
