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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do biological therapies assume? |
That mental health problems reflect underlying biological dysfunction such as - Structural brain abnormalities - Neurochemical abnormalities |
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What are some medical therapies? |
- Medication for Axis 1 disorders - ECT for severe depression (highly regulated) |
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What are some surgical therapies? |
- Psychosurgery - Front lobotomy - Deep brain stimulation |
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What are some strengths of biological therapies? |
- Fast relief - Medication cheaper than psychotherapy - Useful for severe disorders |
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What are some weaknessess of biological therapies? |
- Ignores thoughts and feelings - Not learning new ways to cope - Surgery is risky and permanent - Risk of relapse once medication is stopped |
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What is psychoanalysis? |
Explained behaviour, feelings, and thoughts in terms of unconscious mental processes and conflicts |
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What do psychodynamic therapies all share? |
- Recognition of the role played by unconscious process - Emphasises on the importance of subjective experience and interpretation - Importance of relationship between therapist and client |
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What are the strengths of psychodynamic therapy? |
- First psychological theory - Normal and abnormal functioning as a continuum - Focus on relationships - Focus on clients thoughts and feelings |
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What are the weaknesses of psychodynamic therapy? |
- Treatment can be long and costly - Suitability for clients with immediate needs - Low evidence-based research |
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What is Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)? |
- Based on attachment theory, communication theory, social theory - Focussed on relationships, social skills & roles |
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What are the components of IPT? |
- Brief (duration of approximately 16 weeks) - Structured, it. manual based |
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What are the psychological therapies? |
- Psychoanalysis - Behaviourism/Cognitivisim - Humanistic - Systemic - CBT - 3rd waves therapies - Positive Psychology |
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What is behaviourism? |
Mental health problems reflect maladaptive learning: - Learned responses that are maladpative and/or - Skills deficits (failure to learn necessary skills) |
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What are the strengths of behaviourism? |
- Abnormal behaviour is on a continuum - Strong evidence-base - Clients learn new skills |
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What are the weaknesses of behaviourism? |
- Thoughts, feelings & meaning not addressed - Some problems are difficult to observe |
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What is cognitivism? |
- Notion that individuals can choose the way they think and that thinking habits can be changed - It is not the situation itseld but how we interpret it at that moment that determines how we feel |
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What are the strengths of cognitivism? |
- Scientific approach - Evidence based - Important contributions |
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What are the weaknesses of cognitivism? |
- Ignores social and cultural factors - Portrays human behaviour like a computer |
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What is humanistic therapy? |
- Assumes that mental health problems reflect interrupted/delayed personal growth |
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What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? |
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What are the strengths of the humanistic approach? |
- Thoughts, feelings, and meanings are addressed - Focus on personal development - For people who don't have a formal mental health diagnosis yet seek to function at their optimal level |
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What are the weaknesses of the humanistic approach? |
- Severe depression/psychosis do not respond to humanistic therapies - Generalisations made about human nature - Efficacy is not well established |
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What is systemic therapy? |
- Mental health problems reflect impaired communication (with families) |
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What are the strengths of systemic therapy? |
- Abnormal behaviour is seen as a result of unhelpful interactions, patterns and/or narratives - Problems are defined as family problems |
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What are the weaknesses of systemic therapy? |
- Treatment is difficult to standardise and measure - Familt members may be reluctant to attend |
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What are the three waves of CBT? |
First wave: behaviourism Second wave: CBT Third wave: mindfulness, ACT, DBT |
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What are the strengths of CBT? |
- Abnormal behaviour is on a continuum - Strong evidence base - Clients learn new skills |
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What are the weaknesses of CBT? |
- Some problems may require acceptance rather than change - Typically not long term - Does not address severe/longstanding trauma |
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What are the two key concepts of CBT? |
- Our cognitions influence our emotions and behaviour - How we behave affects our thoughts and emotion |
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What is the cognitive triad? |
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What is the diathesis-stress model? |
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What are the 3 levels of cognitive processing? |
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What are the methods of CBT? |
- Collaborative therapeutic relationship - Problem oriented - Psycho-education and rehearsal |
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What are the cognitive and behaviour techniques of CBT? |
- Cognitive: elicit and challenge automatic thoughts, and uncover and change schemas - Behavioural: reverse patterns of avoidance, helplessness, self-defeat, build skills to prevent relapse |
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What are some cognitive methods of CBT? |
- Socratic questioning - Guided discovery - Identifying cognitive errors - Generting rational alternatives - Imagery |
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What are some behavioural methods of CBT? |
- Graded task assignment - Relaxation training - Breathing training - Coping cards |
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What are some risks with mindfulness? |
- Panic, insomnia, and the emergene of deep-seated feelings are all prossibilities - People who are at a high-risk for psychosis should only undertake these activities with supervision |
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What is mindfulness? |
The aim is to observe/note your thoughts, feelings, and body sensations with an attitude of non-judgment |
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What is mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR)? |
- Different mindfulness skills are taught - Intensive 8-10 week group program, weekly sessions at 2-3 hours + one full day session (around week 6) |
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What are the effects of MBSR? |
- Long term decrease in physical and psychological symptoms - Increased ability to relax - Inproved self-esteem - Ability to cope with pain - Greater energy |
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What is the difference between mindfulness and CBT? |
- Mindfulness training does not include evaluation of thoughts as rational or irrational - Does not attempt to change thoughts |
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What is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)? |
Accepting and not judging ones thoughts rather than trying to control them |
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What is dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)? |
Assumes that individuals lack interpersonal, self-regulation, and distress tolerance skills, and that personal and environmental factors may frequently block and/or inhibit the use of behavioural skills or reinforce maladaptive actions |
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What is the DBT therapy cycle? |
- Individual therapy - Skills training (interpersonal effectivenss, coping adaptively) - Skills generalisation (intergration to real-life situations) - Consultation team (professional support for the therapist) |
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What is the research behing DBT? |
- Improved effects over pharmacotherapy - Better than non-behavioural techniques for reduced suicide and reduced anger among BPD in females |
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What is the research behind ACT? |
- Reduced re-admission rates for affective symptoms in psychosis - More effective than placebo and as effective as CBT for depression, anxiety, addiction, and somatic health problems |
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What is the research behind MBSR? |
- Reduced PTSD, depression, fatigue in veterans - Reduced symptoms of stress, anxiety, depression |
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What is mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT)? |
- Explore old thinking habits, learn how to be mindful and 'let go' of negative thinking - 8 session program |
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What is the research behind MBCT? |
- Comparative effectiveness to antidepressants |
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What is coaching psychology? |
- Help clients identify and achieve life goals - Directed at people without mental health problems |
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What are some issues with coahcing psychology? |
- Unregulated - No evidence - Clients may have clinical or sub-clinical issues that coach can not treat |
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What is positive psychology? |
The study of positive emotions and character traits, engagement, and meaning |
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What is Seligmans PERMA model? |
- Pleasure - Engagement - Relationships - Meaning and purpose - Accomplishment |
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What are positive psychology interventions? |
- Identify signature strengths (three good things in life) - Positive talk (negatives to positives) |
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What are some criticisms of positive psychology? |
- Ignores suffering - Generalises - No evidence base - Unscientific - Vague |
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What is self-compassion? |
- being kind and understanding to oneself - Having a sense of common humanity and shared vulnerability - Having a balanced awareness of one's emotions |
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What is the difference between self-esteem and self-compassion? |
- Self-compassion has been found to be associated with more self-balance and less anxiety |
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What is the research behind self-compassion? |
- Can predict self-care, distress, and work satisfaction in psychologists - Can predict psychological health |
