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463 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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health
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The ever-changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and environmental dimensions.
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wellness
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The achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions.
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morbidity
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The relative incidence of disease
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mortality
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The proportion of death to population
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activities of daily living (ADLs)
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Tasks of everyday living, such as bathing and walking up and down stairs.
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mental health
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The thinking part of psychosocial health; includes your values, attitudes and beliefs.
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health disparities
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Differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality and burden of diseases and other health conditions among specific population groups.
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health promotion
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Combined educational, organizational, policy, financial, and environmental supports to help people reduce negative health behaviors and promote positive change.
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risk behaviours
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Behaviours taht increase susceptibility to negative health outcomes.
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disease prevention
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actions or behaviors designed to keep people from getting sick.
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primary prevention
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actions designed to stop problems before they start.
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secondary prevention (intervention)
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intervention early in the development of a health problem.
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tertiary prevention
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treatment and/or rehabilitation efforts.
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incidence
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the number of new cases
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prevalence
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the number of existing cases
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Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES)
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Academically trained health educator who has passed a national competency examination for prevention and intervention programming.
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healthy life expectancy
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The number of years a newborn can expect to live in full health, based on current rates of illness and mortality.
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cultural competency
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A set of congruent attitudes and policies that come together in a system or among individuals and enables effective work in cross-cultural situations.
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Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
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National study of post-menopausal women conducted in conjunction with the NIH mandate for equal research priorities for women's health issues.
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self-efficacy
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belief in one's ability to perform a task successfully
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personal control
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belief that one's own internal resources allow one to control a situation
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belief
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Appraisal of the relationship between some object, action, or idea and some attribute of that object, action or idea.
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attitude
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Relatively stable set of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies in relation to something or someone
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Health Belief Model (HBM)
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Model for explaining how beliefs may influence behaviours
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Theory of Reasoned Action
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Model for explaining the importance of our intentions in determining behaviours.
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shaping
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using a series of small steps to gradually achieve a particular goal.
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imagined rehearsal
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practicing, through mental imagery to become better able to perform an event in actuality.
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modeling
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learning specific behaviors by watching others perform them
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situational inducement
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Attempt to influence a behavior through situations and occasions that are structured to exert control over that behavior.
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positive reinforcement
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Presenting something positive following a behavior that is being reinforced.
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self-talk
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the customary manner of thinking and talking to yourself, which can impact your self-image
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psychosocial health
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the mental, emotional, social and spiritual dimensions of health
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mental health
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the thinking part of psychosocial health; includes your values, attitudes and beliefs.
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emotional health
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the feeling of part of psychosocial health; includes your emotional reactions to life
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emotions
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intensified feelings or complex patterns of feelings we constantly experience
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social health
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aspect of psychosocial health that includes interactions with others, ability to use social supports and ability to adapt to various situations.
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social bonds
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degree and nature of interpersonal contacts
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social support
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network of people and services with whom you share ties and get support
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prejudice
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A negative evaluation of an entire group of people that is typically based on unfavorable and often wrong ideas about the group
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spirituality
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a belief in a unifying force that gives meaning to life and transcends the purely physical or personal dimensions of existence
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interconnectedness
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a web of connections, including our relationship to ourselves, to others and to a larger meaning or purpose in life
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mindfulness
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awareness and acceptance of the reality of the present moment
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faith
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belief that helps each person realize a unique purpose in life
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hope
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belief that allows us to look confidently and courageously to the future
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love
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acceptance, affirmation and respect for the self and others
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altruism
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the act of giving of oneself out of genuine concern for others
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dysfunctional families
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families in which there is violence; physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; parental discord; or other negative family interactions
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self-esteem
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sense of self-respect or self-confidence
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learned helplessness
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pattern of responding to situations by giving up because of repeated faliure in the past.
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learned optimism
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teaching oneself to think optimistically
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resiliency
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an individual's capacity for adapting to change and stressful events in healthy and flexible ways
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assets
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internal and external resources and community supports that help a person be more resilient in difficult times and more likely to make positive choices and respond in positive, healthful ways
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flourishing
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living within an optimal range of human functioning--one that connotes goodness, productivity, growth and resilience.
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insomnia
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difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep
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psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
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the science that examines the relationship between the brain and behavior and how this affects the body's immune system
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happiness
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feeling of contentment created when one's expectations and physical, psychological, and spiritual needs have been met and one enjoys life
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subjective well-being (SWB)
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The uplifting feeling of inner peace and wonder that we call happiness.
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gratitude
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a sense of thankfulness and appreciation for the good things in your life as well as for life's lessons
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capitalization
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the process by which we focus on the good things that happen to us and share those things with others
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mental illness
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disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, and behaviors and that impair daily functioning
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chronic mood disorder
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experience of persistent sadness, despair and hopelessness
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major depressive disorder
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severe depression that entails chronic mood disorder, physical effects such as sleep disturbance and exhaustion and mental effects such as the inability to concentrate
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bipolar disorder
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form of depression characterized by alternating mania and depression
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anxiety disorder
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disorders characterized by persistent feelings of threat and worry in coping with everyday problems
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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a constant sense of worry that may cause restlessness, difficulty in concentrating, tension and other symptoms
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panic attack
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severe anxiety reaction in which a particular situation, often for unknown reasons causes terror
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phobia
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a deep and persistent fear of a specific object, activity or siuation that results in a compelling desire to avoid the source of the fear
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social phobia
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a phobia characterized by fear and avoidance of social situations
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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a type of depression that occurs in the winter months, when sunlight levels are low
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schizophrenia
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a mental illness with biological origins that is characterized by irrational behavior, severe alterations of the senses (hallucinations) and often an inability to function in society.
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stress
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the experience of a perceived threat (real or imagined) to one's well-being, resulting from a series of physiological responses and adaptations.
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stressor
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a physical, social or psychological event or condition that we perceive challenges or threatens us and that produces a stress response.
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stress response
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the series of physiological changes and adaptations that result from a stressor.
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coping
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the act of managing events or conditions to lessen the physical or psychological effects of excess stress
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eustress
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stress taht presents opportunities for personal growth; positive stress
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distress
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stress that can have a detrimental effect on health; negative stress
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fight-or-flight response
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physiological arousal response in which the body prepares to combat or escape a real or perceived threat.
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homeostasis
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a balance physical state in which all the body's systems function smoothly
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adaptive response
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form of adjustment in which the body attempts to restore homeostasis.
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general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
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the pattern followed in the physiological response to stress, consisting of the alarm, resistance and exhaustion phases.
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autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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the portion of the central nervous system regulating body functions that a person does not normally consciously control.
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sympathetic nervous system
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branch of the ANS responsible for stress arousal
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parasympathetic nervous system
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branch of the ANS responsible for slowing systems stimulated by the stress response
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hypothalamus
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a structure in the brain that controls the sympathetic nervous system and directs the stress response
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epinephrine
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also called adrenaline, a hormone that stimulates body systems in response to stress
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cortisol
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hormone released by the adrenal glands that makes stored nutrients more readily available to meet energy demands
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allostatic load
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wear and tear on the body caused by prolonged or excessive stress responses
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immunocompetence
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the ability of the immune system to respond to assaults
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diabetes
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disease in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or to use insulin effectively
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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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an acute stress disorder caused by experiencing an extremely traumatic event such as rape or combat
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overload
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a condition in which a person feels overly pressured by demands
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burnout
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a state of physical and mental exhaustion caused by excessive stress.
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background distressors
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environmental stressors of which people are often unaware
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appraisal
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the interpretation and evaluation of information provided to the brain by the senses
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suicidal ideation
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a desire to die and thoughts about suicide
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hostility
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the cognitive, affective and behavioral tendencies toward anger and cynicism
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psychological hardiness
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a personality trait characterized by control commitment, and the embrace of challenge
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psychological stress
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stress caused by being in an environment perceived to be beyond one's control and endangering one's well-being
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stress inoculation
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stress management technique in which a person consciously tries to prepare ahead of time for potential stressors
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cognitive restructuring
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the modification of thoughts ideas and beliefs that contribute to stress
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sympathomimetics
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food substances that can produce stress-like responses
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visualization
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teh creation of mental images to promote relaxation
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meditation
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a relaxation technique that involves deep breathing and concentration
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biofeedback
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a technique that involves using machine to self-monitor physical responses to stress
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mindfulness
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the ability to be fully present in the moment
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violence
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a set of behaviors that produce injuries as well as the outcomes of these behaviours (the injuries themselves)
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intentional injuries
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injuries committed on purpose with intent to harm
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unintentional injuries
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injuries committed without intent to harm
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primary aggression
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goal-directed hostile self-assertion that is destructive in character
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reactive aggression
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emotional reaction brought about by frustrating life experiences
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homocide
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death that results from intent to injure or kill
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ethnoviolence
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violence directed randomly at persons affiliated with a particular usually ethnic group.
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prejudice
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a negative evaluation of an entire group of people that is typically based on unfavourable and often wrong ideas about the group
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discrimination
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actions that deny equal treatment or opportunities to a group often based on prejudice.
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terrorisim
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the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
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domestic violence
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the use of force to control and maintain power over another person in the home environment, including both actual harm and the threat of harm
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child abuse
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the systematic harming of a child by a caregiver, typically a parent
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neglect
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failure to provide for a child's basic needs such as food shelter, medical care and clothing
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sexual assault
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any act in which one person is sexually intimate with another person without that person's consent
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rape
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sexual penetration without the victim's consent.
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aggravated rape
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rape that involves one of multiple attackers, strangers, weapons or physical beating.
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simple rape
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rape by one person, usually known to the victim, that does not involve a physical beating or use of a weapon.
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sexual abuse of children
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sexual interaction between a child and an adult or older child. Includes, but is not limited to, sexually suggestive conversations, inappropriate kissing; touching; petting; and oral, anal or vaginal intercourse.
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sexual harassment
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any form of unwanted sexual attention
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stalking
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the willful, repeated and malicious following, harassing or threatening of another person.
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intimate relationships
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relationships with family members, friends, and romantic partners, characterized by behavioral interdependence, need fulfillment, emotional attachment, and emotional availability.
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family of origin
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people present in the household during a child's first years of life-usually parents and siblings.
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self-disclosure
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sharing personal feelings or information with others.
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genderlect
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the "dialect" or individual speech pattern and communication style of each gender.
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dysfunctional family
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a family in which the interaction between family members inhibits rather than enhances psychological growth.
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jealousy
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An aversive reaction evoked by a real or imagined relationship involving a person's partner and a third person.
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monogamy
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exclusive sexual involvement with one partner
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serial monogamy
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a series of monogamous sexual relationships
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open relationship
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a relationship in which partners agree that sexual involvement can occur outside the relationship
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cohabitation
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Living together without being married
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common-law marriage
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Cohabitation lasting a designated period of time (usually 7 years) that is considered legally binding in some states.
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accountability
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Accepting responsibility for personal decisions, choices and actions.
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self-nurturance
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Developing individual potential through a balanced and realistic appreciation of self-worth and ability.
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power
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The ability to make and implement decisions.
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trust
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The degree of confidence partners feel in a relationship.
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sexual identity
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Recognition of oneself as a sexual being; a composite of biological sex characteristics, gender identity, gender roles, and sexual orientation.
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intersexuality
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Not exhibiting exclusively male or female primary and secondary sex characteristics.
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gonads
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The reproductive organs in a man (testes) or woman (ovaries).
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puberty
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The period of sexual maturation.
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pituitary gland
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The endocrine gland controlling the release of hormones from the gonads
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secondary sex characteristics
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Characteristics associated with sex but not directly related to reproduction, such as vocal pitch, degree of body hair, and location of fat deposits.
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gender
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The psychological condition of being feminine or masculine defined by the society in which one lives
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socialization
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Process by which a society communicates behavioral expectations to its individual members.
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gender roles
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Expression of maleness or femaleness in everyday life.
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gender identity
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Personal sense or awareness of being masculine or feminine, a male or a female
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transgendered
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When one's gender identity does not match one's biological sex.
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transsexual
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A person who is psychologically of one sex but physically of the other.
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gender-role stereotypes
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Generalizations concerning how men and women should express themselves and the characteristics each possesses.
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androgyny
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Combination of traditional masculine and feminine traits in a single person.
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sexual orientation
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A person's enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to other persons.
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heterosexual
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Experiencing primary attraction to and preference for sexual activity with people of the other sex.
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homosexual
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Experiencing primary attraction to and preference for sexual activity with people of the same sex.
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bisexual
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Experiencing attraction to and preference for sexual activity with people of both sexes.
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gay
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Sexual orientation involving primary attraction to people of the same sex, usually but not always applies to men attracted to men.
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lesbian
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Sexual orientation involving attraction of women to other women.
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sexual prejudice
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Negative attitudes and hostile actions directed at social groups.
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external female genitals
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The mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, urethral and vaginal openings, and the vestibule of the vagina and its glands.
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vulva
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Region that encloses the female's external genitalia.
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mon pubis
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Fatty tissue covering the pubic bone in females; in physically mature women, them mons pubis is covered with coarse hair.
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labia minora
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"Inner lips" or folds of tissue just inside the labia majora.
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labia majora
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"Outer lips," or folds of tissue covering the female sexual organs.
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clitoris
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A pea-sized nodule of tissue located at the top of the labia minora; central to sexual arousal in women.
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urethral opening
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The opening through which urine is expelled.
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hymen
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Thin tissue covering the vaginal opening in some women.
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perineum
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Tissue that forms the "floor" of the pelvic region; it covers a kite-shaped region including the external genitalia and anus.
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internal female genitals
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The vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
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vagina
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The passage in females leading from the vulva to the uterus
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uterus (womb)
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Hollow, pear-shaped muscular organ whose function is to contain the developing fetus.
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endometrium
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Soft, spongy matter that makes up the uterine lining.
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cervix
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Lower end of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
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ovaries
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Almond-sized organs that house developing eggs and produce hormones.
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fallopian tubes
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Tubes that extend from near the ovaries to the uterus; site of fertilization and passageway for fertilized eggs.
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hypothalamus
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An area of the brain located near the pituitary gland; works in conjunction with the pituitary gland to control reproductive functions.
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gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
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Hormone that signals the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins.
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Hormone that signals the ovaries to prepare to release eggs and to begin producing estrogens.
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progesterone
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Hormone secreted by the ovaries; helps keep the endometrium developing in order to nourish a fertilized egg; also helps maintain pregnancy.
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menarche
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The first menstrual period.
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proliferative phase
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First phase of the menstrual cycle.
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ovarian follicles
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Areas within the ovary in which individual eggs develop
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graafian follicle
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Mature ovarian follicle that contains a fully developed ovum or egg.
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ovum
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A single mature egg cell.
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ovulation
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The point of the menstrual cycle at which a mature egg ruptures through the ovarian wall.
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secretory phase
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Second phase of the menstrual cycle, during which the endometrium continues to prepare for a fertilized egg.
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human chrionic gonadotropin (HCG)
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Hormone that calls for increased levels of estrogen and progesterone secretion if fertilization has taken place.
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menstrual phase
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Final phase of the menstrual cycle, in which the endometrium sloughs off, and estrogen and progesterone levels decline in response to no fertilization having taken place.
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menopause
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The permanent cessation of menstruation, generally between the ages of 40 and 60.
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hormone replacement therapy, menopausal hormone therapy
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Use of synthetic or animal estrogens and progesterone to compensate for cin estrogens in a woman's body during menopause.
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external male genitals
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The penis and scrotum
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internal male genitals
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The testes, epidiymides, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, urethra and accessory glands.
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accessory glands
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The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's glands.
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penis
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Male sexual organ that releases sperm into the vagina
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ejaculation
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The propulsion of semen from the penis.
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scrotum
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Sac of tissue that encloses the testes.
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testes
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Two organs, located in the scrotum, that manufacture sperm and produce hormones.
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testosterone
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The male sex hormone manufactured in the testes.
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spermatogenesis
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The development of sperm
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epidiymis
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A comma-shapded structure atop the testis.
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vas deferns
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A tube that stores and transports sperm toward the penis.
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seminal vesicles
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Storage areas for sperm where nutrient fluids are added to them.
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semen
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Fluid containing sperm and nutrient fluids that increase sperm viability and neutralize vaginal acid.
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prostate gland
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Gland that secretes nutrients and neutralizing fluids into the semen.
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Cowper's glands
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Glands that secrete a fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any acid remaining in the urethra after urination.
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vasocongestion
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The engorgement of the genital organs with blood.
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celibacy
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State of not being involved in a sexual relationship.
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autoerotic behaviours
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Sexual self-stimulation
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erogenous zones
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Areas of the body of both men and women that, when touched, lead to sexual arousal.
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cunnilingus
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Oral stimulation of a woman's genitals.
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fellatio
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Oral stimulation of a man's genitals.
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variant sexual behaviour
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A sexual behaviour that most people do not engage in.
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sexual dysfunction
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Problems associated with achieving sexual satisfaction
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inhibited sexual desire (ISD)
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Lack of sexual appetite or simply a lack of interest and pleasure in sexual activity.
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sexual aversion disorder
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Type of desire dysfunction characterized by sexual phobias and anxiety about sexual contact.
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erectile dysfunction (ED)
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Difficulty in achieving or maintaining a penile erection sufficient for intercourse.
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premature ejaculation
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Ejaculation that occurs prior to or almost immediately following penile penetration of the vagina.
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female orgasmic disorder
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A woman's inability to achieve orgasm.
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sexual performance anxiety
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A condition of sexual difficulties cause by anticipating some sort of problem with the sex act.
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dyspareunia
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Pain experienced by women during intercourse.
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vaginismus
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A state in which the vaginal muscles contract so forcefully that penetration cannot be accomplished.
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fertility
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A person's ability to reproduce.
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conception
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The fertilization of an ovum by a sperm.
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contraception (birth control)
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Methods of preventing conception.
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sexually transmitted infection (STIs)
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A variety of infections that can be acquired through sexual contact.
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barrier methods
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Contraceptive methods that block the meeting of egg and sperm by means of a physical barrier, a chemical barrier, or both.
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hormonal method
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Contraceptive method that introduces synthetic hormones into the woman's system to prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or prevent a fertilized egg from implanting.
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male condom
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A single-use sheath of thin latex or other material designed to fit over an erect penis and to catch semen on ejaculation.
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spermicides
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Substances designed to kill sperm.
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female condom
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A single-use polyurethane sheath for internal use during vaginal or anal intercourse to catch semen on ejaculation.
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diaphragm
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A latex, cup-shaped device designed to cover the cervix and block access to the uterus; should always be used with spermicide.
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toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
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A potentially life-threatening disease that occurs when specific bacterial toxins multiply and spread to the bloodstream, most commonly through improper use of tampons or diaphragms.
|
|
|
cervical cap
|
A small cup made of latex that is designed to fit snugly over the entire cervix.
|
|
|
Lea's Shield
|
A one-size-fits-all silicon rubber contraceptive device that covers the cervix and is available by prescription.
|
|
|
Today sponge
|
A contraceptive device, made of polyurethane foam and containing nonoxynol 9, that fits over the cervix to create a barrier against sperm.
|
|
|
oral contraceptives
|
Pills taken daily for 3 weeks of the menstrual cycle that prevent ovulation by regulating hormones.
|
|
|
Seasonale
|
An extended-cycle oral contraceptive that causes a woman to menstruate only once every 3 months.
|
|
|
Ortho Evra
|
A patch that releases hormones similar to those in oral contraceptives; each patch is worn for 1 week.
|
|
|
NuvaRing
|
A soft, flexible ring inserted into the vagina that releases hormones, preventing pregnancy.
|
|
|
Depo-Provera
|
An injectable method of birth control that lasts for 3 months.
|
|
|
sterilization
|
Permanent fertility control achieved through surgical procedures.
|
|
|
tubal ligation
|
Sterilization of the woman that involves cutting and tying off or cauterizing the fallopian tubes.
|
|
|
Essure
|
A nonsurgical female sterilization procedure in which a physician places small microcoils into the fallopian tubes to block them.
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|
|
hysterectomy
|
The surgical removal of the uterus.
|
|
|
vasectomy
|
Sterilization of the man that involves cutting and either sealing or tying off both vasa deferentia.
|
|
|
intrauterine device (IUD)
|
A T-shaped device that is implanted in the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
|
|
|
withdrawal
|
A method of contraception that involves withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation; also called coitus interruptus.
|
|
|
emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs)
|
Drugs taken within 3 days after intercourse to prevent fertilization or implantation.
|
|
|
fertility awareness methods (FAMs)
|
Several types of birth control that require alteration of sexual behavior rather than chemical or physical intervention in the reproductive process.
|
|
|
cervical mucus method
|
A birth control method that relies on observation of changes in cervical mucus to determine when the woman is fertile so the couple can abstain from penis-vagina contact during those times.
|
|
|
body temperature method
|
A birth control method in which a woman monitors her body temperature for the rise that signals ovulation, so that the couple can abstain from penis-vagina contact around this time.
|
|
|
calendar method
|
A birth control method in which a woman's menstrual cycle is mapped on a calendar to determine presumed fertile times, so that the couple can abstain from penis-vagina contact during those times.
|
|
|
abortion
|
The expulsion or removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus.
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|
|
vacuum aspiration
|
An abortion technique that uses gentle suction to remove fetal tissue from the uterus.
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|
|
dilation and evacuation (D&E)
|
An abortion technique that uses a combination of instruments and vacuum aspiration; fetal tissue is both sucked and scraped out of the uterus.
|
|
|
induction abortion
|
Abortion technique in which chemicals are injected into the uterus through the uterine wall; labor begins, and the woman delivers a dead fetus.
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|
|
hysterotomy
|
The surgical removal of the fetus from the uterus.
|
|
|
intact dilation and extraction (D&X)
|
A late-term abortion procedure in which the body of the fetus is extracted up to the head and then the contents of the cranium are aspirated.
|
|
|
mifepristone
|
A steroid hormone that induces abortion by blocking the action of progesterone.
|
|
|
preconception care
|
Medical care received prior to becoming pregnant that helps a woman assess and address potential maternal health issues.
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|
|
midwives
|
Experienced practitioners who assist with pregnancy and delivery.
|
|
|
teratogenic
|
Causing birth defects; may refer to drugs, environmental chemicals, X rays, or disease.
|
|
|
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
|
A collection of symptoms, including mental retardation, that can appear in infants of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy.
|
|
|
toxoplasmosis
|
A disease caused by an organism found in cat feces that, when contracted by a pregnant woman, may result in stillbirth or an infant with mental retardation or birth defects.
|
|
|
Down syndrome
|
A genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation and a variety of physical abnormalities.
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|
|
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
|
Hormone detectable in blood or urine samples of a mother within the first few weeks of pregnancy.
|
|
|
trimester
|
A 3-month segment of pregnancy; used to describe specific developmental changes that occur in the embryo or fetus.
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embryo
|
The fertilized egg from conception until the end of 2 months' development.
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|
|
fetus
|
The term for a developing baby from the third month of pregnancy until birth.
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|
|
placenta
|
The network of blood vessels connected to the umbilical cord that carries nutrients, oxygen, and wastes between the developing infant and the mother.
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|
|
"fourth trimester"
|
The first 6 weeks of an infant's life outside the uterus.
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|
|
triple marker screen (TMS)
|
A maternal blood test that can be used to help identify fetuses with certain birth defects and genetic abnormalities.
|
|
|
amniocentesis
|
A medical test in which a small amount of fluid is drawn from the amniotic sac to test for Down syndrome and other genetic abnormalities.
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|
|
amniotic sac
|
The protective pouch surrounding the baby.
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|
|
episiotomy
|
A straight incision in the mother's perineum, sometimes performed toward the end of the second stage of labor to prevent the tearing of vaginal tissues and to speed delivery.
|
|
|
postpartum depression
|
Energy depletion, anxiety, mood swings, and depression that women may fell during the postpartum period.
|
|
|
preeclampsia
|
A complication in pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and edema.
|
|
|
eclampsia
|
Potentially fatal complication resulting from untreated preeclampsia; involves maternal strokes and seizures.
|
|
|
cesearean section (C-section)
|
A surgical birthing procedure in which a baby is removed through an incision made in the mother's abdominal and uterine walls.
|
|
|
miscarriage
|
Loss of the fetus before it is viable; also called spontaneous abortion.
|
|
|
Rh factor
|
A blood protein related to the production of antibodies. If an Rh-negative mother is pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus, the mother will manufacture antibodies that can harm the fetus.
|
|
|
ectopic pregnancy
|
Implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube; a medical emergency that can end in death from hemorrhage or peritonitis.
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|
|
stillbirth
|
The birth of a dead baby.
|
|
|
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
|
The sudden death of an infant under 1 year of age for no apparent reason.
|
|
|
infertility
|
Difficulties in conceiving.
|
|
|
endometriosis
|
A disorder in which uterine lining tissue establishes itself outside the uterus; the leading cause of infertility in women in the US of A.
|
|
|
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
|
An infection that scars the fallopian tubes and consequently blocks sperm migration, causing infertility.
|
|
|
low sperm count
|
A sperm count below 20 million sperm per milliliter of semen; the leading cause of infertility in men.
|
|
|
fertility drugs
|
Hormones that stimulate ovulation in women who are not ovulating; often responsible for multiple births.
|
|
|
alternative insemination.
|
Fertilization accomplished by depositing a partner's or a donor's semen into a woman's vagina via a thin tube; almost always doen in a doctor's office.
|
|
|
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
|
Fertilization of an egg in a nutrient medium an subsequent transfer back to the mother's body.
|
|
|
gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
|
Procedure in which an egg harvested from the woman's ovary is placed with the man's sperm in her fallopian tube, where it is fertilized and then migrates to the uterus for implantation.
|
|
|
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
|
Fertilization accomplished by injecting a sperm cell directly into an egg.
|
|
|
nonsurgical embryo transfer
|
In vitro fertilization of a donor egg by the male partner's (or donor's) sperm and subsequent transfer to the female partner's or another woman's uterus.
|
|
|
embryo transfer
|
Artificial insemination of a donor with the male partner's sperm; after a time, the embryo is transferred from the donor to the female partner's uterus.
|
|
|
embryo adoption programs
|
A procedure whereby an infertile couple is able to purchase frozen embryos donated by another couple.
|
|
|
addiction
|
Continued involvement with a substance or activity despite ongoing negative consequences.
|
|
|
physiological dependence
|
The adaptive state that occurs with regular addictive behavior and results in withdrawal symptoms.
|
|
|
relapse
|
The tendency to return to an addictive behavior after a period of abstinence.
|
|
|
tolerance
|
Phenomenon in which progressively larger doses of a drug or more intense involvement in a behaviour are needed to produce the desired effects.
|
|
|
compulsion
|
Preoccupation with a behaviour and an overwhelming need to perform it.
|
|
|
loss of control
|
Inability to predict reliably whether a particular instance of involvement with an addictive substance or behavior will be healthy or damaging.
|
|
|
negative consequences
|
Physical damage, legal trouble, financial ruin, academic failure, family dissolution, and other severe problems associated with addiction.
|
|
|
denial
|
Inability to perceive or accurately interpret the self-destructive effects of an addictive behavior.
|
|
|
compulsive (pathological) gambler
|
A person addicted to gambling.
|
|
|
codependence
|
A self-defeating relationship pattern in which a person is "addicted to the addict."
|
|
|
enablers
|
People who knowingly or unknowingly protect addicts from the natural consequences of their behavior.
|
|
|
receptor sites
|
Specialized location on cell membranes to which drugs can attach themselves.
|
|
|
psychoactive drugs
|
Drugs that have the potential to alter mood or behavior
|
|
|
prescription drugs
|
Medications that can be obtained only with the written prescription of a licensed physician.
|
|
|
over-the-counter (OTC) drugs
|
Medications that can be purchased without a physician's prescription.
|
|
|
recreational drugs
|
Drugs that contain chemicals that help people relax or socialize; most, but not all, drugs in this category are legal.
|
|
|
herbal preparations
|
Substances of plant origin that are believed to have medicinal properties.
|
|
|
illicit (illegal) drugs
|
Drugs whose use, possession, cultivation, manufacture, and/or sale are against the law because they generally are recognized as harmful.
|
|
|
commercial preparations
|
Commonly used chemical substances including cosmetics, household cleaning products, and industrial by-products.
|
|
|
route of administration
|
The manner in which a drug is taken into the body.
|
|
|
oral ingestion
|
Intake of drugs through the mouth and into the digestive tract.
|
|
|
inhalation
|
The introduction of drugs through the nostrils or mouth and into the lung.
|
|
|
injection
|
The introduction of drugs into the body via a hypodermic needle.
|
|
|
intravenous injection
|
The introduction of drugs directly into a vein.
|
|
|
inunction
|
The introduction of drugs by absorption through the skin.
|
|
|
suppositories
|
Mixtures of drugs and a waxy medium designed to melt at body temperature that are inserted into the anus or vagina.
|
|
|
drug misuse
|
The use of a drug for a purpose for which it was not intended.
|
|
|
drug abuse
|
Excessive use of a drug.
|
|
|
antibiotics
|
Prescription drugs designed to fight bacterial infection.
|
|
|
central nervous system depressants
|
Sedatives or hypnotic medications commonly used to treat anxiety.
|
|
|
benzodiazepines
|
Central nervous system depressants that relieve anxiety, relax the body, and induce sleep.
|
|
|
antidepressants
|
Prescription drugs used to treat clinically diagnosed depression.
|
|
|
generic drugs
|
Medications marketed by chemical name rather than brand name.
|
|
|
analgesics
|
Pain relievers
|
|
|
prostaglandin inhibitors
|
Drugs that inhibit the production and release of prostaglandins, hormone-like substances often associated with arthritis or menstrual pain.
|
|
|
laxatives
|
Medications used to soften stool and relieve constipation.
|
|
|
diuretics
|
Drugs that increase the excretion of urine from the body.
|
|
|
synergism
|
Interaction of two or more drugs that produces more profound effects than would be expected if the drugs were taken separately. Also known as potentiation.
|
|
|
antagonism
|
A type of drug interaction in which two or more drugs work at the same receptor site, so that one blocks the action of the others.
|
|
|
inhibition
|
When the effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug at the receptor site.
|
|
|
intolerance
|
A type of drug interaction in which two or more drugs produce extremely uncomfortable symptoms.
|
|
|
cross-tolerance
|
Development of a tolerance to one drug that reduces the effects of another similar drug.
|
|
|
Freebase
|
the most powerful distillate of cocaine
|
|
|
cocaine
|
A powerful stimulant drug made from the leaves of the South American coca shrub.
|
|
|
crack
|
A distillate of powdered cocaine that comes in small, hard 'chips' or 'rocks'; not the same as rock cocaine.
|
|
|
amphetamines
|
A large and varied group of synthetic agents that stimulate the central nervous system.
|
|
|
methamphetamine (meth)
|
A powerfully addictive drug that strongly activates certain areas of the brain and affects the central nervous system.
|
|
|
ice
|
A potent, inexpensive form of meth that has long-lasting effects.
|
|
|
marijuana
|
Chopped leaves and flowers of the Cannabis indica or Cannabis sativa plants (hemp); a psychoactive stimulant that intensifies reactions to environmental stimuli.
|
|
|
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
|
The chemical name for the active ingredient in marijuana.
|
|
|
hashish
|
The sticky resin of the cannabis plant; it is high in THC.
|
|
|
opiates
|
Drugs that induce sleep and relieve pain; includes derivatives of opium and synthetics with similar chemical properties. Also called narcotics.
|
|
|
opium
|
The parent drug of the opiates; made from the seed pod resin of the opium poppy.
|
|
|
morphine
|
A derivative of opium; sometimes used by medical practitioners to relieve pain.
|
|
|
codeine
|
A drug derived from morphine; used in cough syrups and certain painkillers.
|
|
|
heroin
|
An illegally manufactured derivative of morphine, usually injected into the bloodstream.
|
|
|
black tar heroin
|
A dark brown, sticky form of heroin.
|
|
|
endorphins
|
Opiate-like hormones that are manufactured in the human body and contribute to natural feelings of well-being.
|
|
|
methadone maintenance
|
A treatment for people addicted to opiates that substitutes methadone, a synthetic narcotic, for the opiate addiction.
|
|
|
hallucinogens
|
Substances capable of creating auditory or visual distortions and heightened states.
|
|
|
psychedelics
|
Drugs that distort the processing of sensory information in the brain.
|
|
|
reticular formation
|
An area in the brainstem that is responsible for relaying messages from the sense to other areas in the brain.
|
|
|
synesthesia
|
A drug-created effect in which sensory messages are incorrectly assigned--for example, the user "hears" a taste.
|
|
|
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
|
Psychedelic drug causing sensory disruptions; also called acid.
|
|
|
mescaline
|
A hallucinogenic drug derived from the peyote cactus.
|
|
|
psilocybin
|
The active chemical found in psilocybe mushrooms; it produces hallucinations.
|
|
|
phencyclidine (PCP)
|
A hallucinogen, commonly called 'angel dust' that causes hallucinations and delirium.
|
|
|
designer/club drugs
|
Synthetic analogs of existing illicit drugs.
|
|
|
Ecstacy (MDMA)
|
club drug that creates feelings of openness and warmth but also raises HR and BP.
|
|
|
Rohypnol
|
A powerful sedative, commonly known as the 'date rape' drug for its ability to cause semi consciousness and facilitate unwanted sexual encounters.
|
|
|
gamma-hydroxbutyrate (GHB)
|
A central nervous system depressant alleged to have body-building properties that has been used as a 'date rape' drug.
|
|
|
ketamine (Special K)
|
An anesthetic used primarily in veterinary settings that has gained popularity as a club drug with potentially dangerous hallucinogenic effects.
|
|
|
inhalants
|
Products that are sniffed or inhaled to produce highs.
|
|
|
amyl nitrate
|
A drug that dilates blood vessels and is properly used to relieve chest pain.
|
|
|
nitrous oxide
|
The chemical name for 'laughing gas' a substance properly used for surgical or dental anesthesia.
|
|
|
anabolic steroids
|
Artificial forms of the hormone testosterone that promote muscle growth and strength
|
|
|
ergogenic drugs
|
Substances believed to enhance athletic performance.
|
|
|
binge drinking
|
Drinking for the express purpose of becoming intoxicated; five drinks or more on a single occasion for men and four or more drinks for women.
|
|
|
ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
|
An addictive drug produced by fermentation and found in many beverages.
|
|
|
fermentation
|
The process whereby yeast organisms break down plant sugars to yield ethanol.
|
|
|
distillation.
|
The process whereby mash is subjected to high temperatures to release alcohol vapors, which are then condensed and mixed with water to make the final product.
|
|
|
proof
|
A measure of the percentage of alcohol in a beverage.
|
|
|
blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
|
The ratio of alcohol to total blood volume; the factor used to measure the physiological and behavioural effects of alcohol.
|
|
|
learned behavioral tolerance
|
The ability of heavy drinkers to modify behaviour so that they appear to be sober even when they have high BAC levels.
|
|
|
congeners
|
Forms of alcohol that are metabolized more slowly than ethanol and produce toxic by-products.
|
|
|
cirrhosis
|
The last stage of liver disease associated with chronic heavy use of alcohol, during which liver cells die and damage becomes permanent.
|
|
|
alcoholic hepatitis
|
Condition resulting from prolonged use of alcohol, in which the liver is inflamed; can be fatal.
|
|
|
alcohol abuse
|
Use of alcohol that interferes with work, school or personal relationships or that entails violations of the law.
|
|
|
alcoholism (alcohol dependence)
|
Condition in which personal and health problems related to alcohol use are severe and stopping alcohol use results in withdrawal symptoms.
|
|
|
intervention
|
A planned confrontation with an alcoholic in which family members, friends and professional counselors express their concern about the alcoholic's drinking.
|
|
|
delirium tremens (DTs)
|
A severe state of confusion sometimes brought on by withdrawal from alcohol. Symptoms include hallucinations, anxiety and trembling.
|
|
|
nicotine
|
The primary stimulant chemical in tobacco products.
|
|
|
tar
|
A thick, brownish substance condensed from particulate matter in smoked tobacco.
|
|
|
carbon monoxide
|
A gas found in tobacco smoke that binds at oxygen receptor sites in the blood.
|
|
|
bidis
|
Hand-rolled flavored cigarettes
|
|
|
chewing tobacco
|
A stringy type of tobacco that is placed in the mouth and then sucked or chewed.
|
|
|
dipping
|
Placing a small amount of chewing tobacco between the front lip and teeth for rapid nicotine absorption
|
|
|
snuff
|
A powdered form of tobacco that is sniffed and absorbed through the mucous membranes in the nose or placed inside the cheek and sucked.
|
|
|
leukoplakia
|
A condition characterized by leathery white patches inside the mouth; produces by contact with irritants in tobacco juice.
|
|
|
nicotine withdrawal
|
Symptoms including nausea, headaches, irritability and intense tobacco cravings, suffered by nicotine-addicted individuals who cease using tobacco.
|
|
|
xanthines
|
The chemical family of stimulants to which caffeine belongs.
|
|
|
caffeinism
|
Caffeine intoxication brought on by exce3ssive caffeine use; symptoms includes chronic insomnia, irritability, anxiety, muscle twitches and headaches.
|
|
|
pathogen
|
A disease-causing agent.
|
|
|
pandemic
|
Global epidemic of a disease
|
|
|
virulent
|
Strong enough to overcome hots resistance and cuase disease.
|
|
|
multifacotrial disease
|
Disease cause by interactions of several factos
|
|
|
autoinoculate
|
Transmit a pathogen from one part of your own body to another part.
|
|
|
antigen
|
Sbustance capable of triggering an immune response.
|
|
|
antibodies
|
Substances produced by the body that are individually matched to specific antigens
|
|
|
vaccination
|
Inoculation with killed or weakened pathogens or similar, less dangerous antigens to prevent or lessen the effects of some disease.
|
|
|
allergy
|
Hypersensitive reaction to a specific antigen or allergen in the environment, in which the body produces excessive antibodies to that antigen or allergen.
|
|
|
histamine
|
Chemical substance that dialates blood vessels, increases mucou secretion, and produces other symptoms of allergies.
|
|
|
hay fever
|
A chronic respiratory allergic disorder that is most prevalent when ragweed and flowers bloom.
|
|
|
bacteria (singular: bacterium)
|
Simple, single-celled microscopic organisms. About 100 known species of bacteria cause disease in humans.
|
|
|
staphylococcus
|
A round bacterium, usually found in clusters.
|
|
|
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
|
A potentially life-threatening bacterial infection that is most common in menstruating women who use tampons.
|
|
|
streptococcus
|
A round bacterium, usually found in chain formation
|
|
|
meningitis
|
An infection of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
|
|
|
pneumonia
|
Disease of the lungs characterized by chronic cough, chest pain, chills, high fever, and fluid accumulation; may be caused by bacteria, viruses, chemicals or other subtances.
|
|
|
tuberculosis (TB)
|
A disease caused by bacterial infiltration of the respiratory system.
|
|
|
peptic ulcer
|
Damage to the stomach or intestinal lining, usually caused by digestive juices; most ulcers result from infection by the bacterium Heliobacter pylori.
|
|
|
viruses
|
Minute microbes consisting of DNA or RNA that live inside another cell and use the cell's resources to reproduce themselves.
|
|
|
incubation period
|
The time between exposure to a disease and the appearance of symptoms.
|
|
|
endemic
|
Describing a disease that is always present to some degree.
|
|
|
influenza
|
A common viral disease of the respiratory tract.
|
|
|
mononucleosis
|
A viral disease that causes pervaisve fatigue and other long-lasting symptoms.
|
|
|
hepatits
|
A viral disease in which the liver becomes inflamed, producing symptoms such as fever, headache, and possibly jaundice.
|
|
|
measles
|
A viral disease that produces symptoms including an itchy rash and a high fever.
|
|
|
rubella (German measles)
|
A milder form of measles that causes a rash and mild fever in children and may cause damage to a fetus or a newborn baby.
|
|
|
fungi
|
A group of multicellular and unicellular organismns that obtain their food by infiltrating the bodies of other organisms, both living and dead; several microscopic varieties are pathogenic.
|
|
|
protozoa
|
Microscopic single-celled organisms that can be pathogenic.
|
|
|
parasitic worms
|
The largest of the pathogens, most of which are more a nuisance than a threat.
|
|
|
prion
|
A recently identified self-replicating, protein-based pathogen.
|
|
|
chlamydia
|
Bacterially caused STI of the urogenital tract.
|
|
|
gonorrhea
|
Second most common STI in the USof A; if untreated, may cause sterility.
|
|
|
syphilis
|
One of the most widespread STIs; characterized by distinct phases and potentially serious results.
|
|
|
genital herpes
|
STI caused by the herpes simplex virus.
|
|
|
genital warts
|
Warts that appear in the genital area or the anus: caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV)
|
|
|
human papillomavirus (HPV)
|
A group of viruses that cause genital warts.
|
|
|
candidiasis
|
Yeastlike fungal disease often transmitted sexually. Also known as moniliasis.
|
|
|
trichomoniasis
|
Protozoan STI characterized by foamy, yellowish discharge and unpleasant odor.
|
|
|
pubic lice
|
Parasitic insects that can inhabit various body areas, expecially the genitals. CRABS
|
|
|
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
|
Extremely virulent sexually transmitted disease that renders the immune system inoperative.
|
|
|
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
|
The slow-acting virus that causes AIDS.
|
|
|
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)
|
A collection of chronic lung diseases including asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
|
|
|
bronchitis
|
Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes.
|
|
|
emphysema
|
A respiratory disease in which the alveoli become distended or ruptured and are no longer functional.
|
|
|
alveoli
|
Tiny air sacs of the lungs where gas exhcange occurs.
|
|
|
asthma
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A chronic respiratory disease characterized by attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing spasms.
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sleep apnea
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Disorder in which a person has numerous episodes of breathing stoppage during a night's sleep.
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migraine
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A condition characterized by localized headaches that possibly result from alternating dilation and constriction of blood vessels.
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epilepsy
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A neurological disorder caused by abnormal electrical brain activity; can be accompanied by altered consciousness or convulsions.
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Parkinson's disease
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A chronic, progressive neurological condition that causes tremors and other symptoms.
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multiple sclerosis (MS)
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A degenerative neurological disease in which myelin, an insulator of nerves, breaks down.
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lactose intolerance
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Inability to produce lactase, an enzyme needed to convert milk sugar into glucose.
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ulcerative colitis
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An inflammatory disorder that affects the mucous membranes of the large intestine, producing bloody diarrhea.
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irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
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Nausea, pain, gas or diarrhea caused by certain foods or stress.
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arthritis
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Painful inflammatory disease of the joints.
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osteoarhritis (OA)
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Progressive of bones and joints that has been associated with the wear-and-tear theory of aging.
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rheumatoid arthritis
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An autoimmune inflammatory joint disease.
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fibromyalgia
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A chronic rheumatoid-like disorder that can be highly painful and difficult to diagnose.
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systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE, lupus)
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A disease in which the immune system attacks the body, producing antibodies that destroy or injure organs such as the kidneys, brain and heart.
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chornic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
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A condition of unknown cause characterized by extreme fatigue that is not caused by other illness.
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repetitive stress injury (RSI)
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An injury to nerves, soft tissue, or joints due to the physical stress of repeated motions.
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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A common occupational injury in which the median nervie in the wrist becomes irritated, causing numbness, tingling, and pain in the fingers and hands.
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