Heading Toward The Civil War And Reconstruction (1845-1877)

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James Polk

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Expansionist President, Democrat, would put the ideas of Manifest Destiny into practice and expand the U.S. borders.

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The Oregon Treaty

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allowed for the U.S. to peacefully acquire Oregon and parts of Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. Also established the current north western border with Canada.

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Mexican-American War

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1846. War between the U.S. and Mexico fought over the U.S. annexation of Texas. Result was U.S. victory.

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Wilmot Proviso

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FAILED congressional bill prohibiting the extension of slavery into any territory acquired from Mexico.

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Free-Soil Party

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regional, single-issue party devoted to the goals of Wilmot Proviso.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

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Treaty that ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico was forced to hand over Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, and Utah. Known as the Mexican Cession.

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Popular Sovereignty

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policy of letting the territories decide by way of voting whether or not they would allow slavery.

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Compromise of 1850

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series of bills passed through congress that...
a. California as a free state
b. stronger fugitive slave law
c. popular sovereignty
d. outlawed slavery but not slave trade in Washington, DC

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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Novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, played on people's emotion and delivered an anti-slavery message.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

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repealed the Missouri Compromise.
Applied popular sovereignty to territories that were previously closed to slavery.

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Republican Party

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dedicated to stop the expansion of slavery, development of national roads, increased tariffs and liberal distribution of western land.

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American Party (Know Nothing Party)

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very private secretive party born out of a hatred of foreigners. Evolved into not only an anti immigrant party but also an anti Catholic party.

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Dred Scott vs. Sandford

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Supreme Court cased that declared that slaves were not people but were property and had no right to sue in court.

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John Brown

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abolitionist who took part in the bloody battles in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups. Later would try to start a Slave Revolt in Harpers Ferry, Va.

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Jefferson Davis

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President of the Confederate States of America (CSA)

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Fort Sumter

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First battle of the Civil War. Confederate troops opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor after the Union tried to resupply the besieged fort.

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Radical Republicans

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Republicans who wanted immediate emancipation of slaves and full rights for them. Also wanted to punish the south severely for the War.

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Confiscation Acts

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series of laws passed by the Congress that gave the President the power to liberate slaves that were being used by those supporting the Confederacy.

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Emancipation Proclamation

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Executive Order of the President that gave him the power to liberate any slaves that were in states that were in rebellion against the government.

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Thirteenth Amendment

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Amendment to the constitution that outlawed slavery.

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Hampton Roads Conference (1865)

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Attempted to negotiate the end of the war. Lincoln offered in exchange for ending the war that he would...
a. five year delay on the 13th Amendment
b. $400 million in dollars in compensation to slave owners for the loss of their slaves.

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Copperheads

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Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War.

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Sherman's March

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General Sherman marched his troops across the south leaving behind a path of destruction in their wake.

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Freedman's Bureau

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government agency charged with helping newly freed blacks. Biggest success was in education and establishing black schools.

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Ten-Percent Plan (Lincoln's plan)

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10% of voters swear an oath of loyalty to the U.S.
Recognize emancipation
Then they could reapply for admission to the Union.

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Wade-Davis Bill of 1864

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Congressional plan that would require 50% of voters to swear an oath of loyalty.
State convention to repeal their ordinances of secession and outlaw slavery.
Vetoed by the President.

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Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

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provisional military governments of the former Confederacy.
Swear an oath of loyalty.
Banned Confederate leaders from voting (later Johnson pardoned many Confederate Leaders)
New state constitutions.

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Black Codes

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laws that limited blacks from assembling and travel. Restricted their access to public institutions. Blacks were suppose to follow curfew laws and carry special passes.

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Congressional Reconstruction and the 14th Amendment

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1. If you are born in the U.S. you are a citizen.
2. Cannot deny life, liberty or property without due process of law.
3. cannot deny states equal protection under the law.
4. states can either give the right to vote to blacks or lose representation in congress.
5. barred confederates from holding office
6. excused the south's war debt.

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Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

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Military control over the south.
New State constitutional conventions.
States have to ratify the 14th Amendment

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Scalawags

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Southerners who cooperated with Reconstruction.

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Carpetbaggers

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Northerners who moved to the South to run the reconstruction programs.

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Credit Mobilier

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fraudulent private construction company that padded federal contracts and skimming the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad.

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Whiskey Ring

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group of distillers who bribed federal officials and tax collectors to avoid paying millions of dollars in taxes on their product.

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Ku Klux Klan

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Klan targeted those who supported Reconstruction, it attacked and sometimes murdered scalawags, black and white Republican leaders, community activist and teachers.

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1876-1877

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the period of time in which former Confederates regained control of the Southern States.

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"Boss" Tweed

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political boss of the Tammany Hall Political Machine.

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Compromise of 1877

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If Rutherford B. Hayes won the presidential election, he would end reconstruction and pull Federal troops out of the South.