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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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maxilla
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upper jaw
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mandible
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bottom jaw bone
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basilar skull
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floor of the skull, many separate pieces of bone and is the weakest part of the skull
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CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid
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cushioning the brain and spinal cord against impact
produced by the brain clear colorless combats infection |
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finding CPF
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suspect basilar skull fracture
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meninges
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3 layers of tissue enclose the brain
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Dura mater
Meninges |
hard mother
double layer of tough fibrous tissue outer most layer |
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arachnoid
meninges |
beneath the dura mater
2nd layer |
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Pia mater
meninges |
in contact with the brain
3rd layer soft mother |
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detect CSF vs blood or nasal fluid
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has a glucose level in clear fluid nasal fluid does not
halo effect on paper blood glucose should be half of pf normal glucose reading in CSF |
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Meninges
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3 layers around brain brainstem and spinal cord.
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subarachnoid space
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separates arachnoid membrane and pia mater
lattice of fibrous spongy tissue filled with Cerebrospinal fluid |
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epidural
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bleeding between dura mater (outer most) and the skull
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Subdural bleeding
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beneath the dura
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
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bleeding between the arachnoid membrane and the surface of the brain
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Concussion
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mild injury that causes temporary loss of brain function
momentary confusion to complete loss of responsiveness causes headache usually brief does not recur |
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concussion presents...
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altered mental status that progressively improves
if it does not = suspect a type of injury other than concussion |
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Contusion
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bruising or swelling of the brain tissue, can accompany a concussion.
may or may not cause intracranial pressure |
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concussion S/S
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momentary confusion
confusion that last fro several min inability to recall the incident and sometimes the period just before it and after it. repeated questioning about what happened mild to moderate irritability or resistance to treatment combativeness inability to answer questions or obey commands appropriately nausea vomiting restlessness S/S appear immediately and gradually disappear |
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Contusion S/S
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decreasing mental status or unresponsiveness
paralysis unequal pupils vomiting alteration of vital signs profound personality changes |
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subdural hematoma
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bleeding between the brain and the Dura Mater.
collection of blood between the dura mater and arachnoid layer of the brain |
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2 types of subdural hematoma
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acute
occult |
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acute subdural hematoma
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S/S begin almost immediately after injury
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Occult subdural hematoma
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bleeding over time and the S/S don't become apparent for days to weeks after the injury
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Subdural hematoma S/S
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most common head injury especially pt over 60
weakness or paralysis to one side of the body deterioration in level of responsiveness vomiting dilation of one pupil abnormal respirations or apnea possible increasing systolic BP decreasing pulse rate headache seizures confusion personality change |
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Epidural hematoma
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bleeding between the dura mater and the skull
2% of all head injuries. low velocity impact / deceleration injury. almost always associated with skull fracture. bleeding usually rapid profuse and severe. 66% of the bleeding is arterial. |
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Epidural Hematoma S/S
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loss of responsiveness followed by return of responsiveness, then rapidly deteriorating responsiveness.
decreasing mental status. severe headache. fixed and dilated pupil seizures increasing systolic blood pressure and decreasing heart rate vomiting Apnea or abnormal breathing pattern Systolic hypertension and bradycardia Cushing reflex posturing withdrawal or flexion Need surgery |
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laceration
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like contusion.
wound that penetrates the brain. open or closed injury permanent injury can cause massive bleeding and disruption of the nervous system. |
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Treat underlying shock in brain injuries
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keep systolic BP above 90mmHg
maintain SPO2 above 95% |
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Brain injury can worsen by
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hypoxia
hypercarbia hypoglucemia hyperglycemia hyperthermia hypotension |
