Head & Neck + Embry + Salivary Glands

Front 1

Where does Meckel's cartilage come from?

Back 1

Arch 1

Front 2

Where do sphenomandibular ligaments come from?

Back 2

Arch 1

Front 3

Where are nerve & muscles associated with CN V derived from?

Back 3

Arch 1

Front 4

Where are nerve & muscles associated with CN VII derived from?

Back 4

Arch 2

Front 5

Where are nerve & muscles associated with CN IX derived from?

Back 5

Arch 3 (stylopharyngeus)

Front 6

Where are nerve & muscles associated with CN X derived from?

Back 6

CN X

Front 7

Where does the stapes develop from?

Back 7

Arch 2

Front 8

Where does the styloid process develop from?

Back 8

Arch 2

Front 9

Where does the lesser horn of the hyoid develop from?

Back 9

Arch 2

Front 10

Where does the stapedius develop from?

Back 10

Arch 2

Front 11

Where does the greater horn of the hyoid come from?

Back 11

Arch 3

Front 12

Where does laryngeal cartilage come from?

Back 12

Arch 4/6

Front 13

Where does the thyroid come from?

Back 13

Thyroid does not come from a arch or pouch. It comes from and endodermal thickening of the floor of the pharynx between the 1st & 2nd pouches.
It leaves behind a thyroglossal duct which eventually disappears. However, the foramen cecum perstists as the remnant of the thyroglossal duct.
The 5th pouch becomes an ultimobranchial body which becomes incorporated into the thyroid gland.

Front 14

Where does external acoustic meatus arise from?

Back 14

Groove

Front 15

Where does the inferior parathyroid gland & thymus come from?

Back 15

Pouch 3

Front 16

Where does the palatine tonsil come from?

Back 16

pouch 2

Front 17

What travels through foramen ovale?

Back 17

1. Otic ganglion
2. V3
3. Accessory meningeal artery
4. Lesser petrosal nerve
5. Emissary veins

Front 18

What are true vocal cords extensions of?

Back 18

conus elasticus

Front 19

What passes through foramen lacerum from above?

Back 19

Greater & Deep Petrosal nerves

Front 20

What are the main branches of V1?

Back 20

1. Frontonasal
2. Nasocilliary
3. Lacrimal

Front 21

Where does the face develop from?

Back 21

1. frontonasal
2. paired maxillary
3. paired mandibular

Front 22

How does the philtrum form?

Back 22

fusion of the medial nasal processes

Front 23

How is the nasolacrimal duct formed?

Back 23

Furrow separating lateral & maxillary processes

Front 24

What is the relation of the lingual nerve related to the submandibular duct from posterior to anterior?

Back 24

SLIM
superior lateral -> inferior medial
(watch out for relation of submandibular duct to lingual nerve)

Front 25

What goes through the facial hiatus?

Back 25

Greater petrosal nerve (parasympathetic)

Front 26

What travels through the petrotympanic fissure?

Back 26

chordatympani

Front 27

Where does the facial nerve enter the cranial vault?

Back 27

internal auditory meatus

Front 28

What nerve travels through stylohyoid forament?

Back 28

CN VII (facial nerve)

Front 29

What passes through the mastoid foramen?

Back 29

emissary vein

Front 30

Where does all taste synapse?

Back 30

geniculate ganglion

Front 31

Where does an imaginary line passing through the condyles meet?

Back 31

Basium point

Front 32

What is the innervation of palatopharyngeus?

Back 32

CN X

Front 33

What is the innervation of stylopharyngeus?

Back 33

CN IX

Front 34

Where are mitochondria most dense in salivary ducts?

Back 34

Striated tubes

Front 35

What are the functions of saliva?

Back 35

1. lubrication
2. digestion
3. solvent action
4. antibacterial/antifungal action
5. buffering
6. remineralization
7. temperature regulation
8. production of growth factors and other regulatory peptides

Front 36

What cranial nerves innervate salivary glands?

Back 36

VII & IX

Front 37

Production of saliva is continuous, but what controls both concentration and volume?

Back 37

Neuronal signaling
(don't produce at night)

Front 38

What are acinar cells innervated by?

Back 38

sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves

Front 39

What is the concentration change from the acinus to the duct of electrolytes?

Back 39

Isotonic -> Hypotonic

Front 40

What is the mechanism of salivary secretion?

Back 40

stimulation -> Ach & Norepi -> G protein 2nd messengers ->

Front 41

What are the reflex effects to taste stimuli, increase salivary flow 10x.

Back 41

Gustatory reflex
Sour taste more effective, followed by sweet, salt, bitter. Reflex to smell also increases salivary flow but not to the extent of tasste reflex.

Front 42

What factors affect unstimulation flow?

Back 42

smoking, postural influence, light, stimulation, hydration, cicadian rhythms, gender, mass, gland size, & smoking

Front 43

What factors affect stimulated flow?

Back 43

type of stimulus (gustatory, mechanical), gag, reflex, vomitting, smell, eating, gland size, & smoke

Front 44

What influences salivary composition?

Back 44

gland type, flow rate (Q), diet, circadian rhythms, stimulation, hormones/pregnancy, pharmacologic genetics, pathology, & age

Front 45

What is the acinar concentration compared to the ductal concentration at VERY HIGH FLOW RATES?

Back 45

acinar concentration roughly equals ductal concentration

Front 46

A sterile sample of saliva taken directly from the main excretory duct of a human major salivary gland contains what?

Back 46

Immunoglobins
Peroxidase
Lactoferrin
Calcium phosphate
(not protease)