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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Orientation of neural tube in embryo
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runs down dorsal surface
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The cranial/rostral end of the neural tube first divides into what three separate areas?
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-forebrain (prosencephalon)
-midbrain (mesencephalon) -hindbrain (rhombencephalon) |
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The hollow lumen of the neural tube enlarges to become _____ but remains narrow to become _____ in other places.
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-ventricles of the brain
-central canal of the spinal cord |
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What are the ventricles and central canal filled with?
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cerebrospinal fluid
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What are the two forebrain structures?
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-cerebrum (telencephalon)
-diencephalon |
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What does the cerebrum (telencephalon) include?
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right and left cerebral hemispheres, limbic system and basal nuclei
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What does the diencephalon consist of?
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thalamus and hypothalamus
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What will the midbrain form?
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superior end of brainstem/midbrain
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What will the hindbrain turn into?
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-cerebellum
-inferior parts of the brain stem |
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What does the cerebellum occupy?
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the posterior cranial fossa
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What two things make up the inferior parts of the brainstem?
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pons and medulla oblongata
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When does the medulla oblongata become the brainstem?
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foramen magnum
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What does the gray matter of the brain contain?
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-neuron cell bodies
-dendrites -synapses |
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What is the nucleus?
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-localized area of deep gray matter
-collection of neurons within CNS |
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What are examples of deep gray matter?
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-basal nuclei
-hippocampus -amygdala |
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Highly convoluted nature of the cerebrum = ?
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more gray matter!
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White matter contains?
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myelinated axons that serve to interconnect different regions of the brain
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What is a surface fold of cerebral hemisphere?
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gyrus
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What is a depression or groove that separates the folds?
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sulcus
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How are the two cerebral hemispheres connected?
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corpus callosum
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What is the posterior limit of frontal lobes?
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central sulcus
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Where is the primary motor cortex?
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precentral gyrus, frontal lobe
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What are the limits of the parietal lobes?
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central sulcus to parieto-occipital sulcus
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Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?
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postcentral gyrus, frontal lobe
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Where are the occipital lobes located?
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deep to occipital bone and superior to cerebellum
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Where is the calcarine sulcus?
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on medial side of occipital lobes
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Where is the primary visual cortex?
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surrounding calcarine sulcus, occipital lobe
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What do the temporal lobes occupy?
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the middle cranial fossa
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How are the temporal lobes separated from the frontal lobes?
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the deep lateral fissure (lateral sulcus)
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Where is the primary auditory cortex?
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temporal lobes
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What are the basal nuclei?
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several interconnected nuclei that provide inhibitory control for the regulation of movement
-caudate nucleus -putamen -globus pallidus |
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The basal nuclei receive ______ from neurons of the ______, a nucleus located in the _____.
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-excitatory dopamine-releasing synaptic inputs
-substantia nigra -midbrain |
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Parkinson's disease is from a progressive death of _____ resulting in what symptom?
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-substantia nigra neurons
-tremors |
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What is the limbic system and what are the three most important parts?
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several interconnected brain regions that are involved in memory, emotions, and autonomic control of the body
-hippocampus -amygdala -cingulate gyrus |
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What does the hippocampus do?
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forms short-term memories and converts them into long term
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What does the amydala do?
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-generates inner emotional feelings
-contributes the emotional component to memories -mediates fear and anxiety |
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What does the cingulate gyrus do?
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-mediates interactions between higher levels of cerebrum and limbic system
-acts as a "satisfaction center" (produces positive or rewarding feelings) |
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What does the diencephalon consist of?
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-thalamus
-hypothalamus -pineal gland |
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What is the thalamus?
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sensory relay center (synaptic site within sensory pathways)
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What does the thalamus do?
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receives all types of sensory information and sends it to appropriate sensory processing area of cerebral cortex
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How are right and left thalamus separated and connected?
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separated by 3rd ventricle
connected by massa intermedia |
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What is the hypothalamus?
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homeostatic control center
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What does the hypothalamus control?
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autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
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What is the hypothalamus connected to and how?
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the pituitary gland (hypophysis) via infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
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What are the mammillary bodies?
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olfactory relay centers of the hypothalamus that mediate reflex and emotional responses to odors
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What does the pineal gland do?
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secretes melatonin
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What are the four parts of the midbrain?
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-cerebral peduncles
-superior colliculus -inferior colliculus -substantia nigra |
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What type of matter are the cerebral peduncles and what do they carry?
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white matter
motor fibers of corticospinal tract |
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What does the cerebellum occupy?
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posterior cranial fossa
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What is the cerebellar cortex?
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the outer layer of gray matter of the cerebellum
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What is the arbor vitae?
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inner layer of white matter of the cerebellum that each branch of supplies an individual fold of the cerebellar cortex
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What connects the brain stem and the cerebellum functionally?
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cerebellar peduncles (white matter)
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What are the functions of the cerebellum?
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-controls muscle activities and posture
-stores memory for motor activities |
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What does the brainstem contain?
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regulatory centers for basic body functions
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What is the reticular formation?
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several nuclei within brainstem that control consciousness and arousal
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What receives the largest cerebellar peduncle?
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pons
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What are the four parts of the medulla oblongata?
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-pyramids
-olives -gracile tubercles -cuneate tubercles |
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What serve as a white matter pathway for corticospinal tract?
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pyramids
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What is the synaptic relay center for proprioception sensory information (body/limb position in 3D space)?
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olives
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What serve as synaptic relay centers for fine touch information from the body surface?
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gracile and cuneate nuclei
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What are the ventricles of the brain?
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a series of interconnected, fluid filled spaces
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The ventricles of the adult brain are derived from what?
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the hollow interior of the neural tube
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Description of the lateral ventricle
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largest; elongated, C-shaped; extends through all 4 cerebral lobes
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What are the two lateral ventricles separated by?
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septum pellucidum, thin membrane, at midline
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What does the third ventricle separate?
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the right and left thalamus
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What penetrates the third ventricle to connect the two sides of the thalamus?
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massa intermedia
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What connects the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle?
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interventricular foramen
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What connects third to fourth ventricle?
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cerebral aqueduct
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What is the narrow channel that passes along midline through the midbrain?
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cerebral aqueduct
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What is continuous inferiorly with central canal of spinal cord?
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fourth ventricle
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What is the very narrow space running down center of spinal cord?
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central canal
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Where does the CSF fill and circulate through?
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-ventricular spaces
-subarachnoid space |
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What are the three functions of CSF?
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-fluid shock absorber
-transports nutrients and removes waste -maintains proper ion (Na+, K+) balance |
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What cells produce CSF?
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cells of the choroid plexus
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What is CSF derived from?
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blood plasma
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How is CSF removed from subarachnoid space?
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by arachnoid granulations
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