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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes up the Anterior Cranial Fossa?
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Orbital part of Frontal
Lesser wings of Spenoid |
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What makes up the Middle Cranial Fossa?
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Body and Greater wings of Spenoid Medially/Laterally
Petrous and Squamous Temporal bone posterioroly, |
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What makes up the Posterior Cranial Fossa?
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Occipital bone
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Locations of:
External Acoustic Meatus Petrotypmpanic Fissure Stylomastoid Foramen Carotid Canal |
External Acoustic Meatus: Anterior to mastoid process
Petrotypmpanic Fissure: Posterior to Glenoid fossa Stylomastoid Foramen: Between Mastoid and styloid processes Carotid Canal: Between Occipital condyles and Foramen spinosum |
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Locations of:
Palatovaginal Canals Auditory tubes Pterygoid Canal |
Palatovaginal Canals: Posterior lateral to Nasal Septum
Auditory tubes: Medial to spine of sphenoid Pterygoid Canal: Posterior to Scaphoid fossa |
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What are the layers of Dura?
Name four folds? |
Periosteal and Meningeal - dense/elastic
Meningeal layer folds: Falx Cerebri = In Longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres Falx cerebelli: into posterior cerebeller notch Tentorium cerebelli: seperates cerebri and cerebellum Sella Diaphragm: covers sella turica |
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Describe Arachnoid.
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2nd layer of Meningies. Doesn't go into folds except Longitudinal fissure.
Subarachnoid space contain CSF and is crossed by trabecullae to pia. |
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Describe Pia.
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Thin and closely attached to brain, folds into sulci
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What are the branches of the Subclavanian arteries?
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Common carotid
Vertebral Internal thoracic Thyrocervical Costocervical |
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What are the branches of the External Carotid artery?
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Superior Thyroid
Ascending Pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occiptial Posterior Auricular Maxillary Transverse Facial Superficial Temporal |
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What are the brances of the Maxillary Artery?
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Deep Auricular
Anterior Tympanic Middle Meningeal Inferior Alveolar Masseteric Buccal Deep Temporal Pterygoid Posterior Superior Alveolar Infraorbital |
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What are the branches of the Brachiocephalic veins?
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Inferior Thyroid
Internal Thoracic Vertebral Internal Jugular |
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What are the branches of the Subclavanian veins?
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External jugular which has anterior and posterior jugular
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What are the tribituaries to the Retromandibular Vein?
What does the Retromandibular Vein branch to? |
Superficial Temporal and Maxillary Veins form Retromandibular.
Then Retromandibular has Anterior branch to Facial Vein to Internal Jugular Posterior branch joins Posterior Auricular vein to form External Jugular |
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Where is the Cavernous sinus located and how is it connected to the Pterygoid venous plexus?
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Either side of the hypophyseal fossa.
Connected via an emissary vein through the Sphenoid Emissary Foramen |
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Describe the course of the Thoracic duct.
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It is formed by 5 tribituries making Cisterna Chyli in the posterior abdomen:
2 lumbar 1 gastrointestinal 2 descending intercostal It then rises between Azygous vein and Descending aorta and recieves 3 major tribituaries in the neck: Left Jugular Left Subclavanian Left Bronchomediastinal It then opens into the junction of the Left Subclavanian and Left Internal Jugular veins via a Bicuspid valve |
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Which of the Thoracic ducts neck tribituaries is valved and what is the significance on the one that is non valved?
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Subclavanian and Brachiomediastinal are valved.
Jugular tribituary is no thus iit can recieve backflow from the Thoracic duct itself. The lymph is then drained by the closest Lymph nodes - Virchow's node in the Supraclavicular fossa - thus these nodes can house metastisies from the thoracic cavity. |
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List the Superficial Lymph nodes of the head:
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Occipital
Retroauricular Parotid Buccal |
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List the Superficial Lymph nodes of the neck:
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Submandibular
Submental Superficial Cervical Anterior Cervical |
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List the Deep Lymph nodes of the neck:
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Jugulodigastric (1 major + several minor between posterior belly digastric, facial vein and internal jugular vein)
Retropharyngeal Jugulo-omohyoid (overlies intermediate tendon) Virchow's (supraclavicular fossa) |
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List the 5 groups of Sensory Ganglia of the head:
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2 x Glossopharyngeal
Trigeminal Geniculate (CNVII in ear) Jugular and Nodose (Vagus) Spiral and Vestibular (on cochlea and ampulla in ear CNVIII) |
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List the 5 PS Ganglia of the Cranial Nerves:
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Pterygopalatine (CNVII)
Submandibular (CNVII) Cilary (CNIII) Otic (CNIX) Vagus ganglia in thorax/head |
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In the Parasympathetic ANS are pre and post ganglionic fibres myelinated or unmyleinated?
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Pre-ganglionic = myelinated
Post-ganglion = unmyelinated |
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Where does the PS ANS originate?
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Brain via Cranial nerves 3,7,9 and 10
Spinal cord from levels S2-4 |
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Where does the S ANS originate?
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Thoracic and Upper Lumbar roots
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In relation to the Sympathetic trunk, what are roots and white/grey rami?
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Roots are mixed spinal nerves which leave the spinal cord via intervertebral foramina
White rami transmit preganglionic sympathetic fibres to the Sympathetic trunk from mixed spinal nerves Grey rami carry post ganglionic sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic trunk back to mixed spinal nerves |
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What are the 3 cervial sympathetic ganglia?
How are the white/grey rami arranged here? |
Superior Cervical Ganglia
Middle Cervical Ganglia Cirvicothoracic/Stellate Ganglia There is no sympathetic outflow from the Cervical spinal cord therefore only grey rami bringing post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres FROM the sympathetic trunk are seen |
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How are sympathetic fibres transmitted to the head?
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Internal Carotid Plexus (Internal Carotid nerve)
Common/External Carotid Plexus(anterior branches of Superior Cervical Ganglion) Via hitchhiking on Glossopharyngeal and Vagus (other branches of Superior Cervical Ganglion) |
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Name the muscles of the Posterior Triangle.
What extra structures are in the sub-triangles? |
Splenius capitus
Levator scapulae Scalenus Posterior Scalenus Medius Scalenus Superior Occipital triangle ABOVE inferior belly of Omohyoid includes the Acessary nerve and Upper deep cervical nodes Supraclavicular trangle BELOW inferior belly Omohyoid includes Subclavanian vessles |
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What are the 3 Sub Anterior Triangles?
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Muscular - contains Infrahyoid muscles and Thyroid
Carotid - contains Carotoid, Internal Jugular and Vagus in sheath Digastric - Submandibular gland |
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What is the types of Fascia of the neck?
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Superficial fascia - beneath skin and Platysma
Deep Cervical fascia Investing layer of DCF Continuous with Ligamentum Nuchae, encloses Trap, crosses roof of post tri, encloses SCM, crosses ant tri, attached symphasis menti, hyoid and manubrium. Also encloses parotid and submandibular glands. Pretracheal Covers trachea, thyroid lobes and fuses pericardium inferiorly Prevertebral Encloses vertebral column and pre/lat vertebral muscles Carotid sheath Contains vagus, common/internal carotid, internal jugular |
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What are the lateral vertebral muscles?
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Scalenes, Levator Scapulae
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What is the relationship of the Phrenic nerve to scalenus anterior?
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Nerve is anterolateal to Scalenus anterius
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What are the prevertebral muscles and their attachments?
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Rectus Capitus Anterior
Atlas to base of skull Rectus Capitus Laterlis TV of Atlas to base of skull Longus Captitus TV C3-6 to base of skull Longus Colli T3 to Atlas |
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What is the path of the Spinal and Cranial roots of the Acessary nerve?
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Spinal Root:
From cervical spinal cord through Foramen Magnum to meet Cranial root, go through Jugular foramen and seperates to go under and supply Trapezius and SCM Cranial Root: Leaves hindbrain near vagus, travels through jugular foramen, joins vagus in jugular ganglian and together go to supply voluntary muscles of the pharynx/larynx/soft palate |
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How many Spinal nerves are there? How many of these are Cervical?
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31 total, 8 cervical
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What do the Ventral Rami of the Cervical Spinal nerves form?
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Cervical Plexus
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What are the cutaneous branches of the Cervical Plexus?
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Lesser Occipital
Greater Auricular Transverse cervical Supraclavicular |
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What are the Muscular branches of the Cervical Plexus?
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Ansa Cervicalis to Infrahyoid muscles
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What is a nerve of the Dorsal Rami of the Cervical Spinal nerves?
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Greater occipital
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