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49 Cards in this Set

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What hormones regulate blood glucose levels?

Insulin-> responds to high blood sugar


Glucagon-> responds to drop in blood sugar


Epinephrine -> fight of flight, raises blood sugar

Normal fasting blood glucose

4-6 mmol/L

What is diabetes diagnosis based on?

>= 7 mmol/L, oral glucose >= 11.1mmol/L oral

What is type 1 diabetes? What is the cause?

Pancreas produces too little or no insulin


Unknown cause but probably autoimmune


What is type 2 diabetes? What are the causes/risk factors?

Too little insulin or body is no longer sensitive to its presence


Rick factors: obesity, age, ethnics, genetics

What are prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes?

Limited sugar, increased fibre, regular PA, weight management

What type of diabetes occurs during pregnancy? What is the cause?

Gestational diabetes: pancreas produces insufficient insulin for excess glucose in pregnancy


Signs and symptoms of diabetes?

Thirst, urination, hunger, fatigue, weight loss, headache, blurred vision, hyperglycemia, glusocuria

Complications of diabetes?

Reintopathy, nephropathy, peripheral vascular disease (tingling, poor circ.), E.D.

Mechanisms of action for anti-diabetics?

Stimulate pancreas, helps body use sugar efficiently, regulates carb absorption

What are the 3 condition required for disease to occur?

Transmitting agent present, susceptible host, hospitable environment

6 modes of transmission for pathogens

direct contact, indirect contact, autoinoculation, airborne/waterborne, food-borne, animal-borne

What are antigens?

Foreign substances that trigger immune response--> bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite

What are key players in the immune system?

leukocytes (WBCs)

Types of WBCs

phagocytes, B-lympho, T-lympho, macrophages

What is humoral immunity?

Binging of antibodies to antigen before infiltration of cells

What produces antibodies?

B-lymphocytes

What is cell-mediated immunity?

antigen has already infiltrated cells

What cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

Macrophages: engulf and destory


Regulatory T-cells: activate other immune cells


Killer T-cells: attack and destroy infected cells


Supressor T-cells: reverse activation of immune system

What is adaptive immunity?

SB-lymphocytes and T-cells preserved as memory--> attack of previous pathogens

Why do we gets fevers?

Response to invading organism, can be harmful but also destroys some organisms and stimulate WBC production

What is it called when the immune system targets its own tissues?

Autoimmunity

Common autoimmune diseases

Rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, MS

3 types of bacteria

cocci, bacilli, spirilla

What usually produces local infection?

Staphylococcal infections

Streptococcal infections- GROUP A

strep throat, impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis

Streptococcal infections- GROUP B

Streptococcus pneumonia --> inflammation of air sacs


UTIs, blood infections

Rare complication of staph or strep infections

TSS

What causes TB?

mycobacterium bacteria

What does a long incubation period mean?

A long period between exposure to a virus and appearance of symptoms

Common viral infections?

common cold, flu, mono, hepatitis, measles, mumps, chicken pox

What is the incubation period for mono?

4-6 weeks

Complications of mono?

enlarged spleen, hepatitis

What is hepatitis? What are symptoms?

Infection causing an inflammation in liver


Fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, fever, dark urine, jaundice

Cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, sore throat, red and blotchy skin are all symptoms of?

Measles

What are mumps?

Swollen parotid glands, fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue

What is pelvic inflammatory disease?

Acute or chronic infection often resulting from untreated STI


Symptoms of PID

inflammation, abdominal pain, fever, painful intercourse

What does HIV/AIDS do inside host

Destroys T-cells, changes genetic structure of cells, body begins producing antibodies

Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

Fever, headache, fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes --> often disappear within a week to a month

AIDS is characterized by?

increase bacterial, virus, fungal infections


Cough, SOB, fever, naus., extreme fatigue, weight loss, seizures, memory loss

What are treatment resistant infections?

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus MRSA


C-diff, VRE

What is COPD?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: destruction of alveoli, inflammation and swelling of airways comprimised gas exchange

What is the most common type of headache? Where does it occur?

Tension headaches, band around head

What is the cause of migraines?

Vascular changes due to abnormal brain activity

What is the least common type of headache? What is the cause?

Cluster headaches, abnormality in hypothalamus

What are the types of seizures? What do they involve?

Absence seizures: person "checks out:"


Partial seizures: some invol. movement, odors, visions


Tonic-clonic: stick muscles, jerking and twitching

What are the signs of addiction? 4 Cs

craving, compulsion, loss of control, negative consequences

What is diagnosis of addition based on?

1. presence of withdrawal symptoms


2. negative consequences


3. relapse