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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What hormones regulate blood glucose levels? |
Insulin-> responds to high blood sugar Glucagon-> responds to drop in blood sugar Epinephrine -> fight of flight, raises blood sugar |
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Normal fasting blood glucose |
4-6 mmol/L |
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What is diabetes diagnosis based on? |
>= 7 mmol/L, oral glucose >= 11.1mmol/L oral |
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What is type 1 diabetes? What is the cause? |
Pancreas produces too little or no insulin Unknown cause but probably autoimmune
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What is type 2 diabetes? What are the causes/risk factors? |
Too little insulin or body is no longer sensitive to its presence Rick factors: obesity, age, ethnics, genetics |
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What are prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes? |
Limited sugar, increased fibre, regular PA, weight management |
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What type of diabetes occurs during pregnancy? What is the cause? |
Gestational diabetes: pancreas produces insufficient insulin for excess glucose in pregnancy
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Signs and symptoms of diabetes? |
Thirst, urination, hunger, fatigue, weight loss, headache, blurred vision, hyperglycemia, glusocuria |
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Complications of diabetes? |
Reintopathy, nephropathy, peripheral vascular disease (tingling, poor circ.), E.D. |
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Mechanisms of action for anti-diabetics? |
Stimulate pancreas, helps body use sugar efficiently, regulates carb absorption |
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What are the 3 condition required for disease to occur? |
Transmitting agent present, susceptible host, hospitable environment |
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6 modes of transmission for pathogens |
direct contact, indirect contact, autoinoculation, airborne/waterborne, food-borne, animal-borne |
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What are antigens? |
Foreign substances that trigger immune response--> bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite |
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What are key players in the immune system? |
leukocytes (WBCs) |
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Types of WBCs |
phagocytes, B-lympho, T-lympho, macrophages |
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What is humoral immunity? |
Binging of antibodies to antigen before infiltration of cells |
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What produces antibodies? |
B-lymphocytes |
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What is cell-mediated immunity? |
antigen has already infiltrated cells |
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What cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity? |
Macrophages: engulf and destory Regulatory T-cells: activate other immune cells Killer T-cells: attack and destroy infected cells Supressor T-cells: reverse activation of immune system |
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What is adaptive immunity? |
SB-lymphocytes and T-cells preserved as memory--> attack of previous pathogens |
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Why do we gets fevers? |
Response to invading organism, can be harmful but also destroys some organisms and stimulate WBC production |
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What is it called when the immune system targets its own tissues? |
Autoimmunity |
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Common autoimmune diseases |
Rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, MS |
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3 types of bacteria |
cocci, bacilli, spirilla |
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What usually produces local infection? |
Staphylococcal infections |
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Streptococcal infections- GROUP A |
strep throat, impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis |
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Streptococcal infections- GROUP B |
Streptococcus pneumonia --> inflammation of air sacs UTIs, blood infections |
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Rare complication of staph or strep infections |
TSS |
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What causes TB? |
mycobacterium bacteria |
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What does a long incubation period mean? |
A long period between exposure to a virus and appearance of symptoms |
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Common viral infections? |
common cold, flu, mono, hepatitis, measles, mumps, chicken pox |
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What is the incubation period for mono? |
4-6 weeks |
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Complications of mono? |
enlarged spleen, hepatitis |
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What is hepatitis? What are symptoms? |
Infection causing an inflammation in liver Fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, fever, dark urine, jaundice |
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Cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, sore throat, red and blotchy skin are all symptoms of? |
Measles |
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What are mumps? |
Swollen parotid glands, fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue |
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What is pelvic inflammatory disease? |
Acute or chronic infection often resulting from untreated STI
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Symptoms of PID |
inflammation, abdominal pain, fever, painful intercourse |
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What does HIV/AIDS do inside host |
Destroys T-cells, changes genetic structure of cells, body begins producing antibodies |
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Symptoms of HIV/AIDS |
Fever, headache, fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes --> often disappear within a week to a month |
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AIDS is characterized by? |
increase bacterial, virus, fungal infections Cough, SOB, fever, naus., extreme fatigue, weight loss, seizures, memory loss |
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What are treatment resistant infections? |
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus MRSA C-diff, VRE |
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What is COPD? |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: destruction of alveoli, inflammation and swelling of airways comprimised gas exchange |
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What is the most common type of headache? Where does it occur? |
Tension headaches, band around head |
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What is the cause of migraines? |
Vascular changes due to abnormal brain activity |
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What is the least common type of headache? What is the cause? |
Cluster headaches, abnormality in hypothalamus |
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What are the types of seizures? What do they involve? |
Absence seizures: person "checks out:" Partial seizures: some invol. movement, odors, visions Tonic-clonic: stick muscles, jerking and twitching |
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What are the signs of addiction? 4 Cs |
craving, compulsion, loss of control, negative consequences |
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What is diagnosis of addition based on? |
1. presence of withdrawal symptoms 2. negative consequences 3. relapse |