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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structure of Rhinovirus
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SS RNA (+)
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Most common cause of common cold
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Rhinovirus
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Which viruses are very high risk for infants/elderly?
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Paramyxoviruses (like RSV, PIV)
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What does RSV-induced lung disease often lead to? (40-50%)
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Lower airway involvement (and 1-2% require hospitalization, tx with supp O2 and fluids))
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Most common time for RSV?
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Seasonal (fall-spring)
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Similar virus to RSV, likes co-infections
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Human metapneumovirus
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Aspect of innate immune system of airways where viruses replicate
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Mucociliary cells
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How does Bordatella pertussis affect respiratory tract?
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Replicate in cilia of repiratory tract, causing ciliary stasis (prevents clearing)
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4 symptoms of common cold
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rhinorrhea, sore throat, sneezing, cough
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tx for common cold
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Symptom control
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Appearance of sinuses with common cold
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Inflammation of turbinates.
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Cause of otitis media
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>60% are viral infection (sometimes + bacterial infection)
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Cause of pharyngitis
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Same viruses as common cold, as well as strep pyogenes (Group A)
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Cause of laryngitis
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More common with viruses that invade the lower airays (flu, adenovirus), + bacterial (moraxella catarrhalis)
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Tx for epiglottitis
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If serious, immediate surgical consult
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Cause of sound with croup
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Narrowing of trachea (from inflammation) (steeple mark)
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Target population for croup
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Younger children (<6 yrs)
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Symptoms of croup
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Barking cough, usually at night and preceded by several days of upper respiratory tract illness
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Tx for croup
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humidified air and inhaled corticosteroids
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Lower respiratory tract bacterial contents?
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None, sterile environment
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How are airway regions susceptible to problems?
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Once cartilage is lost (bronchioles), potential for collapse.
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Cause of inc of respiratory infections in children v. adults
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Smaller airways, greater chance for closure
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Other airway cells important in respiratory infections (other than epithelial)
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Dendritic, macrophages, mast cells, innate/adaptive immune
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4 main lower respiratory infections
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acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, acute pneumonia
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Cause of acute bronchitis
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inflammation of tissues lining tracheobronchial tree (viruses or bacteria)
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Cause of influenza
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influenza virus most often, but also adenovirus, parainfluenza, RSV
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Abnormal strethcing and enlarging of respiraotry passages caused by mucus blockage
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bronchiectasis
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Issue with long-term results from bronchiectasis
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Scar tissue, allows mucus and bacteria to accumulate, leading to cycle of infection and blocked airways
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Inflammation of bronchioles
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Bronchiolitis
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Common effect of bronchiolitis
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Closing of bronchiole in infinity sign (pinching in middle)
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Common patient population for bronchiolitis
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<2 years, day care attenders
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Tx for bronchiolitis
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Supportive, ribavirin for severe infection, Antibody therapy IgG against RSV F protein
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Key difference in histologic appearance for pneumonia
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More congested, full
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Another problem with gas exchange in pneumonia
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Thickening of interstitium between capillary and alveolus
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Primary viral cause of pneumonia
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(not most common) epidemic influenza virus, RSV, hMPV, Adenovirus, paraflu
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Primary bacterial pneumonia
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streptococcus pneumoniae (can have secondary bacteria pneumonia preceipitated by virus infection, like Flu virus + staph aureus)
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Cause of pneumonia in impaired host
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cytomegalovirus (also other viral types), but CMV can reactivate
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Common infection in immunocompromised patients
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PCP
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Diseased airways require what as it relates to respiratory infections?
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Higher surveillance, vaccines
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