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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which org attaches to host via pilli?
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N. gonnorhea
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which org uses lectins to help with attachment to host?
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Giardia
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Which org mimic the host immune system as a way of attachment?
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HIV
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Which org attaches to host creating a slime/biofilm?
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S. epidermidis
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Which organism is capable of escaping the lysosome?
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mycobacterium
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which org can prevent fusion with phagolysosome?
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toxoplasma
legionella |
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which org survives inside the phagosome?
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Leishmania
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Which org enters macrophage via C3b and avoids rep. burst?
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Leishmania
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Which organism secrete IgA proteases as a mechanism of immune evasion?
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H. Influenza
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Which organism has a capsule that protects it from phagocytic injection>
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S. pneumoniae
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Which organism have variable pilus antigens?
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N. gonnorhea
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Transmitted via food?
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Samonella
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Transmitted via aerosol?
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Influenza virus
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Transmitted via hands
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S. aureus
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Tranmistted sexually
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T. pallidium
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Transmitted fecal orally
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Shigella
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Transmitted via arthropod
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Yellow fever
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transmitter via environment (water)
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Legionella
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Infection vs colonization
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- colonization limited to epithelial surface such as commensal organisms ex normal flora.
- infection is the presence of microbial organisms in or on a larger organism --> cause illhealth (ex pathogens) |
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Disease vs infectious disease
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Disease = disruption of human physiology
Infection disease = disruption of physiology caused by action of a foreign microorganism or by the host immune response to that organism |
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which immune cells are phagocytoitic?
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neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic
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which cells function in antigen presenation?
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Macrophages and Denditics
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Interaction bw APC and Thelper cell
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1. TCR on Th bind antigen, CD4 on Th bind MHCII.
2. IL-1 produced by APC and bind to Th receptor & CD28 on Th binds B7 on APC. --> costimulation 3. signal transduced to nucleus and stimulates Txn of IL2 receptor AND IL2 molecule. IL2 binds IL2R and cause signal transduction to nuleus. 4. Increased txn of mitotic proteins 5. Clonal expansion. |
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Which components of innate immunity are targeted toward extracellular pathogens?
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- PMNs
- Ab - Skin/mucous - complement - M0 - Dendritic cells |
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Which components of the immune system are targeted toward intracellular pathogens?
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- M0
- NK cell - Tcells |
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What is an interferon?
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a protein produced in response to viral infectoin that blocks the replication of viruses in other cells
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Role of NK cells?
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- bind MHC on forign target and puts pored in cell wall also causes it to apoptose
- primarily virus and tumor infected cells |
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Roles of M0?
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- can recognize foreign debris
- can recognize antigen - can recognize antigen bound by complement Main role = phagocytosis - also have cytotoxic capabilities ( can cause death without phagocytosis) |
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Mechanism of Fever
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1. Gram -ve bacteria, viruses, fungi, endotoxins, antigen-antibody rxn act as fever producing stimuli
2. bind to M0 and Tcells which in turn released cytokines (IL1, IL6, TNF) 3. The cytokines circulate to brain and liver. At liver they will stimulated the acute phase response ( limit tissue damage by inhibiting proteases that attack healthy cells). At brain, they will cause the released of prostaglandins (vasodilator) from endothelial cells. PG will then act at hypothalamus to increase the temp setpoint ---> FEVER |
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Bacteremia, Sepsis, Septic shock
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Bacteremia is bacteria in the blood. Can be either silent or illicit an immune reponse --> Sepsis is bacteremia that causes a systemic immune response to infectoin ( can include high/low temp, increased WBC count, increase HR, decreased BP) --> Septic shock is sepsis that results in dangerous drops in BP and organ dysfunction.
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Mutualistic, Commensal and Parasitic relationships
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Mutualistic = mutually beneficial
Commensal = no harm to either Parasitic = harm to the host |
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Which org releases exotoxins that block normal inhibitory neurons?
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Tetanus
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Which org causes overproduction of cAMP and efflux of ions and fluids --> watery diarrhea and severe dehydration?
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Cholera
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Which is one of the few organisms that can chew through intact skin?
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Hookworm
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Which org survies low gastric pH by excreting urease --> neutralizes pH?
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H. Pylori
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Which organism can inject their own receptor ( Tir) bound to surface protein leading to cytoskeletal rearragments?
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E.coli
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Which organisms are all resistant to phagocytosis and complement opsinization due to a polysaccaride capsule?
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- Strep pneumonia (GP)
- H. influenza (GN) - Neisseria meningitis (GN) |
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Which org is intracellular pathogen that escapes the phagosome (hemolysin) and hijacks actin to rocket into other cells?
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Listeria monocytogenes
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What can occur when antigens non-specifically activate T cells resulting in massive increases in TNF, shock and organ failure?
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toxic shock syndrome
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which organisms can produce biofilms?
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pseudomonas and related species
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Which org prevents itself from being opsinized by Ab by binding to Fc portion of igG thus preventing its binding to phagocyte?
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S. aureus
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Which organism cause viral hemorrhagic fever and are highly infectious and rapidly fatal?
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Ebola
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Which organisms are slow smouldering and allow long time for transmission?
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TB and H.pylori
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Which organisms hide dormant for a long time?
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HIV, TB, Varicella-Zoster(reactivation causes shingles) and some malarias
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which organisms are acid fast?
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Mycobacterium (TB and leprosy) and Nocardia spp
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Which organisms have no cell wall and cant stain?
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Ureaplasm and mycoplasm
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What two gram + bacilli are spore forming and motile?
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Closteridium tetani and C. dificile
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Which organism causes 'risus sarconicus' and why? Include toxins involved.
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Tetani - toxin released (tetanospasmin) --> taken up at NMJ and inhibit interneuron --> loss of inhibition by gaba and glycine --> increased frequency of contraction --> lock jaw --> risus sarconicus
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Which bacili can cause respiratory failure?
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Tetani: severe muscle spasms can occur in resp muscle --> resp failure
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How is tetani Dx and Tx?
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Dx: GS (rods, +ve, spores, drumstick appreance) + Culture (aerobic conditions)
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List gram +ve resident flora.
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- C. dificile ( intestine)
- strep enterococcus ( bowel) - Staph epidermidis ( skin) |
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Which org is part of normal interstinal flora and causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (diarrhea)?
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C. difficile
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What toxins are released by C. difficile and what CF are present?
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- exotoxins cause fever and ab cramping
1. diarrea (toxin A) 2. cytotoxic toxin: invade colonic cells leading to necrosis of 3.mucosal surface - psudomembranous ( toxin B) |
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How would you Tx and Dx C. dificile?
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Dx: C. difficile toxin test of stool
Tx: Vancomycin |
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Which gram +ve bacili can escape phagosytosis, motile and survive in low temp?
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Listeria
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Which 3 bacteria are responsible for most meningitis aquired by baby coming out of birth canal?
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- listeria
- ecoli - Group B strep |
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Which 2 bacteria most commonly causes meningitis later in life?
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- Neisseria Meningitis
- H. influenza |
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Which organism is considered "a human antibiotic" and why?
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C. Diptheria because it inhbit protein synthesis in heart and neural cells resulting in damage.
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Which org colonizes the pharynx, creates pseudomembrane and releases exotoxins into the blood stream that lead to fever + heart and neural cell damage?
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C. Diptheria
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Which organism show CF of dark inflammatory exudate on pharynx and sore throat?
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C. Diptheria
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How is diptheria Dx and Tx?
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Dx: Swab for culture
Tx: Antitoxin, Penicillin or erythoromcin |
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Which org is transmitted in contaminated food ( coleslaw, milk, cheese, butter, deli meats?
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Listeria
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Which org is phagocytosed by M0 leading to septicemia and meningitis in elderly and immunocompromised?
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Listeria
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Which org most commonly infects those with depressed cell mediate immunity (preg women, neonates, elderly) and why?
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Listeria. It is facultative intracelllar but in healthy individuals is detected by cell mediated immunity.
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Listeria Dx and Tx?
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Dx: Gram stain and culture
Tx: Ampicillin |
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Which gram + rods are catalase +ve?
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Diptheria and Listeria
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Which gram +ve cocci can cause TSS and scarlet fever?
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Strep pyogenes
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Which gram +ve cocci releases a superantigen toxin and what is the result?
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Staph aureus and Strep pyogenes. Result is hyperstimaution for Tcells to produce cytokines leading to TSS.
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What is the result of enzymes releazed by strep pyogenes? include CFs.
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local inflammation and invasion of tissue --> skin infections (impetigo, red swollen skin), pharyngitis (sore throat), otitis media
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What is the result of bacteremia of Strep pyogenes?
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meningitis (stiff neck, fever, headache), arthritis, osteomyelitis (joint pain, swelling)
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Which organism can lead to acute rheumatic fever and protineuria and how?
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Strep pyogenes.
1. Released of antigen that create immunocomplexes --> accumulate subendothelially at glomerulus --> post strep glomerulonephritis --> proteinuria 2. antigen --> B lymphocyte acitvated to produce Ab --> acute rheumatic fever --> damage to heart valves |
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How is strep pyogenes Dx and Tx?
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Dx: Gram stain, culture, throat swab, and rapid antigen detection test
Tx: Penecillin, erythromycin |
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Which gram +ve cocci causes neonatal meningities, pneumonia and sepsis? Most commonly in elderly and diabetic patients.
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Group B strep
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Which virulence factors and toxins are associated with Strep pyogenes?
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- pyrogeneix exotoxin
- M protein (vir) - streptolysin O/S - streptokinases - hyaluronidases- DNAses - anti CSA peptidases |
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Which toxins/enzymes/vir are associated wtih listeria?
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- listeriolysin O (intracellular survival)
- phospholipidases |
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Which gram +ve resident cocci can cause biliary tract infections, UTIs and subacute bacterial endocarditis? What vir factor allows for binding to heart valves?
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Strep Enterococcus
- dextran |
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What are some CF of subacute endocarditis?
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- heart murmurs
- fatigue - fever - anemia |
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Tx and Dx of Strep enterococcus?
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Dx: gram stain, culture
Tx: ampicillin |
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Which gram +ve diplocci has a capsule that allows it to escape phagocytosis?
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Strep pneumoniae
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What are the vir and toxins associated with strep pneumo?
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- polysaccaride capsule (vir)
- pneumolysin (toxin) |
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What are the CF of a strep pneumococci infection?
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pneumonia --> shaking chills, high fever, chest pain, respirations, SOB --> alveoli of one or more lung lobes fill up with WBC(pus), bacteria and exudate --> yellow green sputum ---> bactermia --> meningitis (+stiff neck), ottis media
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How is strep pneumo Dx and Tx?
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Dx: Gram stain, culture, +ve quelling test
Tx: penicillin, erythromycin |
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Which is the only pathogenic staph species?
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Staph aureus
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Which gram +ve cocci lives in nasopharynx and skin of up to 50% of people?
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staph aureus
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Which vir, enzymes and toxins are associated with staph aureus?
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- protein A, coagulase
- hyaluroinsdase (degrade BM), staph leukinase, lipase, protease - transpeptidase - penicllinase - leukocidins (destroy WBCs) - exofoliatin - enterotoxin - TSS toxin |
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Which organism causes local skin/subcutaneous infections that appear as impetigo, cellulitis, folliculits and carbuncles? and how?
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Staph aureus
- bateria colonize skin or nasopharynx (folowing intubation or viral RTI) - evade host defenses using: 1. protein A (binds Fc portion of igG) 2. coagulase (forms fibrin coat around organism), 3. hemolysins, and 4. leukcidins (destroy RBCs and WBCs) |
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Which gram + cocci can cause acute endocarditis?
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Staph aureus. Can present with high fever, chill and myalgia. Can cause embolism to brain or lungs.
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Which gram + cocci can invade synovial membranes and what is the result?
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Staph aureus.
- leads to septic arthritis, red swollen joing and decreased range or motion, and loss of joint function |
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What happens when staph aureus infects the face, skin, hair follicle or wound?
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face --> impetigo
tissue --> red hot shinny swollen --> cellulitis hair follicle --> absess -> deeper -> furnucle -> carbuncles wound -> absess and or cellultis |
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Which organisms can infect via catherters and what is effect?
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Staph epidermis
Staph aureus - bacteremia, endocarditis, septic shock |
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Which gram + cocci has a polysaccaride cap and is resident flora of the skin?
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Staph epidermidis
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What happens if staph epidermidis dissminates in blood?
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infection of prosthetic devices --> heart valves, prosthetic joints, catheters
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Which is the only pathogenic gram -ve cocci?
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Neisseria
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Which gram -ve cocci are kidney bean shaped?
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Neisseria meningitis & gonnorhea
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Which gram -ve cocci can escape phagocytosis?
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N. meningitis and N. gonorrhea
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Which Neisseria cocci are glucose and maltose oxidizers? just glucose?
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N. meningitis ( G & M)
N. gonorrhea (G only) |
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Which gram - cocci evades IgA antibodies with IgA proteases allowing it to cross mucosa and disseminate releasing toxins that disseminate and cause vascular necrosis and hemorrage sto skin (petechial rash)?
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N. meningitis
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Which organism has topism for meninges and causes inflammation?
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N. meningitis
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Which organisms can casue vascular necroses and hemorrage in adrenal glands leading to adrenal insufficiency, shock, DIC --> multiorgan failure --> possible death
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N. meningitis
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Which organism survives only in humans and uses pili to attach to mucosal cells of the urethra and vagina and can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease?
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N. gonnorhea
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Dx and Tx of N. meningitis?
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Dx: GS, culture, maltose (to differentiate from N gonnorhea)
Tx: Penicillin |
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Which gram - cocci can cause purulent discharge and painful urination?
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N. gonorrhoea
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Infection of which gram - cocci does not provide immunity after infection?
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N. gonorrhea
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Tx and Dx of N. gonorrhea?
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Dx: culture pus from urethra or vagina, GS
Tx: 3rd gen cephalosporin, fluroquinoles |
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Which 3 bacteria share the shiga toxin?
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E. coli, Shigella and Vibro
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Which gram - bacilli is heat labile?
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E.coli
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Which E.coli strain releases ST, and LT exotoxins and what is the effect?
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ETEC (toxigenic) - inhibits Na/Cl reabsorption leading to water and electrolyte loss --> watery diarrhea
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Which ecoli strains cause bloody diarrhea?
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EHEC (hemorragic) and EIEC (invasive)
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Which of the specific Ecoli release shiga like toxin and how does this present?
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EHEC inhibits 60S ribosome and inhbits protein syntehsis --> hemmoragic colitis -> blood diarrhea and abdominal cramps
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Which ecoli can invade epithelia cells and diseminat leading to fever, sepsis, meningitis(new born) and pnemonia?
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EIEC (invasive)
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Which gram - organisms have pili?
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- Neiseria
- Ecoli - Pertussis |
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How is ecoli Dx and Tx?
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Dx. Gram stain, culture, lactose fermentation
Tx: cephalosporin; aminoglycosides |
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Which gram - bacilli is always a pathogen and is trasmitted fecal orally?
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Shigella
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Which gram - bacilli invades enteroepithlial cell and causes fever, bloody diarrhea, ab cramps and dissemination?
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Shigella and EHEC
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Dx and Tx of shigella?
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Dx. Stool culture
Tx. fluroquinolones |
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Which 4 disease states are caused by salmonella?
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1. typhoid fever
2. carrier state 3. Sepsis 4. gastroenteritis (diarrhea) |
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Which gram - bacilli is transmitter fecal orally and invades intestinal epithelium and causes fever, abd cramps and watery/bloody diarrhea?
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Salmonella typhi
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Which gram - bacilli can invade regional lymphnodes and dismminate to the spleen causing diarrhea, rose spots on abdomen and transient rash?
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Salmonella typhi
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Which gram - bacilli can survive intracellularly in monocytes (carrier state)?
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Salmonella typhi
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Dx and Tx of Salmonella typhi?
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Dx: Microscopic exam (stool), selective media with antibiotics
Tx: fluroquinolone, erythromycin |
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What are the 3 most common causes of diarrhea in the world?
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C. jejuni
ETEC Rotavirus |
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Which gram - bacili is transmitted fecal orally and is both capable of invading small intestinal lining AND releases LT toxin causing either bloody loose or watery diarrhea?
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C. jejuni
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What are the two toxins released by C. jejuni and their effects?
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LT -> inhibit Na/Cl reabsorption -> diarrhea
Cytotoxin -> mucosal cell destruction |
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Dx and Tx of C. jejuni?
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Dx: microscopic exam (stool), selective media w antibiotics
Tx: Fluroquinolone, erythromycin |
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Which gram - bacillli is microaerophilic and urease +ve?
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Helico pylori
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Which org is the most common cause of duodenal ulcers and chronic gastritis (inflammed stomach)?
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H. pylori
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Which org is the second leading casue of gastic stomach ulcers?
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H. pylori
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Tx for H pylori?
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Metronidazole
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Which organisms inhabits soil, water and large intestine and causes infection following breach of immune defense barriers ( burn, UTI, Immunocompromised)?
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P. aeruginosa
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Which org releases endotoxin A and inhibits protein synthesis leading to cell cell damage and inflammation at site of infection?
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P. aeruginosa
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Whic gram - bacili can cause corneal infectoin, endocarditis, foot ulcer, osteromyelitis, pneumonia and otitis?
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P. aeruginosa
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What are the 4 toxins important for P. aeruginosa nutrition and dissemination?
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1. Exotoxin A paralyzes host cell protein machinery
2. Phospholipase C cleaves phosphate from phospholipids and damages host cell membranes (phosphate feed oragnism) 3. Elastase - cleaves elastin, collage, complement proteins, and Ig and allows org to disminate 4. endotoxin - shock |
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What are the effect of cholera toxin?
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1. stimulate g protein to produce cAMP which inhibits Na/cl reab
2. inhibits NaCl reab and stimulates HCO3 secretion -> watery diarrhea |
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Which organism causes istonic fluid loss, sunken eyes, poor skin turgor, and diminished pulse?
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Vibrio cholera
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Dx and Tx or cholera?
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Microscopic exam of stool (no WBC)
Tx. fluid and electrolytes + doxycycline |
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Which org has a capsule with O antigen, non motile and causes pneumonia with sig lung necrosis and bloody sputum? can be hospital aquired causes UTI and sepsis
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Which org posses the LPS toxin and colonizes and infects resp tract causing acute epiglotitis -> sore throat -> wheezing, difficulty swallowing, drooling?
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H. Influenza
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Which gram - org can cause septic arthritis, ottis media, sore throat, fever, meningial infectoin, vomitting, fever, altered mental status?
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H. influenza
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Which org releases LPS toxin following Tx with antibiotis leading to violent immune reponse and neuronal destruction?
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H. Influenza
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Dx and Tx of H influenza>
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Dx: GS, culture, ELISA, +ve quelling test
Tx: 2nd - 3rd gen cephalosporin |
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Which gram - bacilli attaches to resp tract epithlial cells via filamentous hemagglutini pili and causes a violent cough?
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B. Pertussis
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Which organism releases a tracheal cytotoxin that destroys epithlial cells, impairs clearance of mucous and produces cough?
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Pertussis
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What is the effect of the pertussis toxin?
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increases histamine sensitization, increases insulin, increases lymphocyte production
inhibits phagocytosis |
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Which org causes attaches to ciliated epithlial cells to stimulate cytoplamic adenylate cyclase to produce extra cAMP impairing chemotaxis, production of H2o2 and superoxide --> evasion of host defenses
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Pertussis
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Dx and Tx of Elisa?
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Dx: elisa (culture), direct fluorescnes labelled Ab, PCR
Tx: Erythromycin |
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Which org can be transmitted via aerosolized contaminated water and settled in lower resp tract?
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Legionella
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Which gram - bacilli is a facultative intracellular parasite?
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Legionella
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How does Legionella survive inside macrophages?
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prevents fusion of phagosome to lysosome and can live and reproduce intracellularly
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Which gram - bacilli can cause pontiac fever, severe pneumonia, and a non productive cough?
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Legionella
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Dx and Tx of Legionella?
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Dx: Culture, serology, urine antigen test
Tx: erythromycin, rifampin |
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Which gram - bacili is tranmitted through personal contact and causes scarring of the eyeline OR genital infection?
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Chlamydia
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Which organism can cause urethritis, cervicitis, PID, epididymitis, prostatitis?
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Chlamydia
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Which gram - bacili can cause blindness (trachoma)?
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Chlamydia
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Which gram - org has no peptidoglycan layer and no murmaic acid?
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Chlamydia
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Dx and Tx of Chlamydia?
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Dx: PCR, serology
Tx: Genital and eye = doxycycline |
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What is the org responsible for syphilis?
|
T. Pallidum
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Which spirochete can be transmitted sexually OR can cross placenta to infect fetus?
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T. Pallidum
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CF of 1 degree syphilis?
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- regional lymph node swelling
- painless ulcers |
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CF of 2 degree (bacteremia) syphilis?
|
- hair loss
- rash on palms and soles of feet - lymphadenopathy - fever - weight loss |
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Which gram - bacilli can lie dormant?
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T. Pallidium
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CF of 3 degree syphilis?
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- neurosyphilis
- CV (aortitis) - Gummas of skin and bone (localized granulomatous lesions --> fibrotic) --> deep knawing pain |
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Dx and Tx of T. Pallidum?
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Dx: ELISA, VDRL, PCR
Tx: Peniciilin G, Erythromycin, doxycycline |
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Which are the bacteria with no cell wall?
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Mycoplasm pneumonia
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Which org possess P1 attachment protein that allows it to bind resp. epithlium and cause either tracheobronchitis or walking pneumonia?
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Mycoplasma pneumonia
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CF of walking pneumonia?
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- fever
- sore throat - malaise - dry hacking cough |
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Dx and Tx of Mycoplasma pnemonia?
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Dx: CXR (patchy infiltrate), culture, complement fixation test, cold agglutins, rapid ID test
Tx: macrolids, tetracyclins, quinolones |
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Which org can infect middle and lower lung zones (with greatest airflow?
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Mycobacterium TB
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Which org leads to caseous necrosis and why?
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M. TB
- activagted macrophages cause local tissue destruction |
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What is a Ghon focus and which organism causes it?
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Calcified tubercle (mid or upper lobe)
Ghon focus + perihillar lymphnode = ghon complex |
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Which org can lay dormant as a granuloma?
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M. TB
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Effect of TB reactivation in: pulm parenchyma, pleural/pericardial, lymph nodes, kidney, joints, skeletal, CNS, milliary?
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1. pulm parenchyma --> most reactivation occurs in upper lobe (high 02 tension) --> weight loss, productive cough, chronic low grade fever, sweats, slow erosive effects as body M0 and T cells battele to wall off bacteria)
2. Pleural and pericardial --> fluid accumulation around heart and lungs 3. Lymph node: usually cervical --> swell, mat together and drain = scrofula 4. Kidney: RBC and WBC in urine 5. Skeletal.: thoracic and lumbar spine intervertebral disks 6. Joints: chronic arthritis 7. CNS: subacute meningits 8. Milliary TB: tubercles (granulomas) all over |
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Dx and Tx for TB?
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Dx. Acid fast stain, rapid culture, PPD skin test, CXR, PCR and DNA probes, M. TB direct test
Tx: Isoniazid, Rifampin, pyrasinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin |
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Which org lives in water or soil and usually only infects birds but can infect AIDs patients?
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M. Avium intracellulare
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What is Vibrio Cholerae's major exotoxin and its effect on the body?
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Cholera toxin - binds receptors in gut epithelium and increases cAMP
Effect: inhibits Na/Cl reabsorption --> water and electrolytes lost --> watery diarrhea (like ETEC) |
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What is ETEC major exotoxin and its effect on the body?
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LT toxin (ETEC) - binds receptors in gut epithelium and increases cAMP
ST toxin - same as LT toxin but via different receptor (increase cGMP) Effect: inhibits Na/Cl reabsorption --> water and electrolytes lost --> watery diarrhea (like cholera) |
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What is B. Pertussis major exotoxin and its effect on the body?
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Pertussis toxin - increase in cAMP
Effect: increase histamine, insulin sensativity in cells, impairs chemotaxis and production of H202 superoxide --> evasion of host defenses --> --> cough (due to tracheal cytotoxin) |
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What is C. diptheria major exotoxin and its effect on the body?
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Diptheria toxin - binds cell surface receptors and causes a cascade which inhibits protein synthesis
Effect: heart and neural cell damage + fever |
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What is P. aeruginosa major exotoxin and its effect on the body?
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exotoxin A - binds cell surface receptors and causes a cascade which inhibits protein synthesis
Effect: inhibits protein synthesis -> cell damage and inflammation (ear, lungs, bones, feet, heart) |
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What is S. dysenteria major exotoxin and its effect on the body?
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Shiga toxin - binds 60S ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis
Effect: immune mediated inflammation --> hemmoragic colitis --> ab cramps + bloody diarrhea (with WBC) + fever also a decreased in intestinal reabsorption (malnutrition) |
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What is EHEC major exotoxin and its effect on the body?
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Shiga-like toxin: binds 60S ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis
Effect: immune mediated inflammation --> hemmoragic colitis --> ab cramps + bloody diarrhea (with WBC) + fever also a decreased in intestinal reabsorption (malnutrition) |
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What is C. tetani major exotoxin and its effect on the body?
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tetanospasm - cleaves protein involved in vesicle fusion to PM and thus inhibits release of neurotransmitters (GABA and glycine) that normally act to inhibit other neurons
Effect: increase frequency of muscle contractoin --> spasms --> lock jaw (risus sardonicus) + resporatory failure + tetany |
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What is C. botulism major exotoxin and its effect on the body?
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botulism toxin - blocks fusion of Ach vesicle to membrane and thus prevents neurotransmission
Effect: decrease frequency of contraction |
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What is S. aureus major exotoxin and its effect on the body?
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TSST-1 - induces excess cytokine release (superantigen)
Effect: toxic shock syndrome |
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What is S. pyogenes major exotoxin and its effect on the body?
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erythrogenic toxin - induces excess cytokine release (like TSST-1)
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Which organisms can cause septic arthritis?
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- N. gonorrhoea
- S. aureus - H. influenza |
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WHich organisms can cause infection of bone (osteomyelitis)?
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- Staph aureus
- Salmonella typhi |
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Which organism can cause myosistis (inflammation of muscle)?
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- S. aureus
- Coxsackie virus B - Dengue fever |
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Which organisms can cause necrotic fasciitis (inflammation of facia ie layer below subcutaneous fat that contains blood vessels)?
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- S. pyogenes
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Which organism can cause cellulitis (inflammation of subcutaneous fat layer)?
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- S. pygoenes
- S. aureus - P. aeruginosa |
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Which organism can cause formation of bullae on skin?
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- S aureus
- S pyogenes |
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Which organisms can cause vesicles to form on skin?
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- VSV (varicella zoster virus aka chicken pox)
- Small pox virus - HSV 1 and 2 - Coxackivirus |
