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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definitions of Family:
Traditional Family Legal / Social Family Economic Family |
Father, mother, and children living in one household w/ clearly defined gender roles.
Unit of 2 or more people who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption who live together.
Specific rules about who qualifies to be a family member, those who do are eligible for benefits. |
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Nuclear Family
Private Family
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Father, mother, and children living in one household.
2 or more people who maintain an intimate relationship that they expect will last indefinitely or in the case of children until that child reaches adulthood - live in the same household and pool income and household labor. |
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Public Family
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One adult or two adults who are related by marriage, partnership, or shared parenthood who is/are taking care of dependents and the dependents themselves.
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Definition of family Used in this Class
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Family is any sexually expressive relationship, parent-child relationship, or other kind relationship (assigned or created) in which people: form an economic/practical unit and care for children, dependents, or each other; consider their identity significantly attached to the group; commit to maintaining the group over time. |
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Family Structure
Family of Origin
Family of Procreation
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The composition and membership of the family, and the organization and patterning of relationships among individual family members.
The family into which one is born and or raised
The family that begins with a marriage or birth of a child. |
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Postmodern Family
Binuclear Family
Blended Family
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Used to describe the great variability in family forms today.
Family in which members live in two different households.
Same as step-family |
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Single-parent family
Extended family
Kin
Affiliated kin
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Family in which a child or children lives with only one parent. Relatives or kin beyond those in the nuclear family. Relatives by blood, marriage, remarriage, and adoption. Unrelated individuals who are treated like they are related. |
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What are the 5 components of marriage? |
Emotional Ceremonial Legal Sexual Faithfulness Parenting |
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According to William Goode what are the 4 benefits to living in a traditional family? |
Economic benefits Proximity (convenient to obtain help or company) Familiarity (seeing one another under both good and bad circumstances) Continuity (long-time emotional support, attachments, and assistance). |
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Lineage
Matrilineage
Patrilineage
Bilateral Kinship |
Used to limit the # of people who were considered related and thus entitled to the land, water, animals, and other resources. Mothers line Fathers line Both mother and father's line |
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Conjugal Family Extended Family |
A nuclear family of partners and their children where the family relationship is principally focused inward and ties to extended kin are voluntary and based on emotional bonds, rather than strict duties and obligations Family that includes not only the nuclear family but others as well (uncles, aunts, nieces, grandparents, etc) |
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Industrialization
Urbanization |
Change in the mode of production form substinance farming to wage labor.
The movement of families to cities. |
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Institutional Marriage
Individualized Marriage |
A social institution based on dutiful adherence to the time honored marriage premise of permanence and sexual exclusivity, particularly the norm of permanence.
Spouses remain together because they find self actualization, intimacy, and expressively communicated emotional support.
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Companionate Marriage
Familism
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Couples bound together by companionship, coupled with a gendered division of labor, pride in performing spousal/parenting roles, and hopes for the "american dream."
Decision-making philosophy of the traditional family before the IR: family collective concerns take priority over individual concerns. |
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Individualism
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Post-industrilization family economic philosophy: when decisions are made, individual concerns take priority over family collective concerns. |
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How did belonging to a kinship group or lineage help a family in a tribal, agricultural society?
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Groups served to ensure order, defend against outsiders, provide labor/obtain or provide food, assist others in the group, and recruit new members. |
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What were some of the general characteristics of Native American families during the colonial era?
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Family units based on lineage Related lineages (some matrilineal and some patrilineal) organized into tribes. Childhood appears to have lasted until puberty, with marriages occurring soon after. In matrilineal tribes, sons left the family of origin and joined the family's new wife. In patrilineal tribes, the opposite occurred. |
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What were some of the general characteristics of the White Colonial families during the colonial era?
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No lineages, but strong sense of community membership. Diversity in family structure (many step families due to deaths of parents, marriage not always official, form of bigamy could occur) Family considered economic unit Mostly patriarchal - man in charge. |
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How was family life similar and different for African Americans before and during slavery?
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Before: strong ties to kin, marriage was a process, purpose of marriage was children, children before marriage okay.
After: family relationship and ties incredibly important, marriage/children more difficult |
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How did family life change for Mexican Americans once the U.S. acquired what is now the southwestern U.S.?
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Mexicans became more of a working class. Many were forced into barrios (segregated Mexican American neighborhoods in the U.S.) Male-dominance in the family was challenged, due to low-wage jobs and frequent separation from family. |
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What were the 4 new characteristics of white middle class families that emerged between 1776 and 1900?
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Marriage became based on mutual respect and affection. Wife cared for the home and children (seen as morally superior). Childhood was seen as time to protect and support children. Number of children per family declined. |
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What impact did the introduction/adoption of capitalism have on early American families?
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FIND ANSWER |
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How has marriage and family changed over the last 100 years (in general)? |
Rise in premarital sex Decline in birthrate Increase in divorce AND marriage rate Shift to companionate marriage Many more postmodern families (same-sex marriages, single-parent families, children outside of marriage) |
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Macro-level orientation / theories |
The Top-Down View - Focuses on large-scale patterns of society
Structural Functional Conflit Feminist (micro AND macro) Ecological (micro AND macro) Family Development (micro and Macro) |
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Micro-level orientation / theories |
The Bottom-Up View - Focuses on small scale patterns of society, concentrating on individual interactions Symbolic Interaction Family Systems Social Exchange Feminist, ecological, and family development (micro AND macro theories)
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Family systems perspective / theory |
Aks how do family roles change based on absence or presence of children or parent figures? Family members accomplish developmental tasks as they move through stages in the family life cycle. Family members roles and responsibilities change largely depending on how they have to adapt to the absence or presence of child-rearing responsibilities. |
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Family systems perspective / theory stages
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Married couple: no children Child-bearing family Family with preschoolers Family with school children Family with adolescents Family as launching center Middle-age family Aging family |
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Social exchange perspective / theory
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Asks what are the personal benefits from being in this relationship and what are the personal costs from being in this relationship? Highlights people's interactions (and relationship choices) represent the efforts of each person to maximize his or her benefits and minimize costs. |
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Ecological perspective / theory
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Asks how do individuals and families grow and adapt through interactions with their environment? Highlights the family is influenced by and influences its environment. |
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Breadwinner-homemaker family
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Father bread winner "brings home the bacon" Mother is the homemaker; takes care of all household and child rearing duties. |
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Social class 4 model |
Upper Middle Class - amassed wealth, privilege, prestige; owners or senior managers Middle Class - secure, comfortable income; can afford nice house/car, college education; professionals and medium-sized business owners Working Class - income provides reliably for minimum needs; men tend hold manual jobs. Lower Class - reliability to provide decent life questionable; working poor. |
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Social class 3 status model |
First group - college degree Second group - high school graduate / some college Third group - did not graduate high school |
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White collar
Blue collar
Pink collar
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Relating to the work done or those who work in an office or other professional environment.
Relating to manual work or workers, particularly in industry.
Relating to work traditionally associated with women. |
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What are specific examples of how social status influences life chances?
Sex
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Education, recreation, nutrition, health care, legal issues, occupations, marriage, becoming parents, divorce, parenting, age at retirement, etc.
refers to the biological characteristics with which we were born that determine whether we are male or female |
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Gender
Gender Role
Gender identity
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refers to the socially learned attitudes and behaviors associated with being male or female
refers to the behavior elected of a female or male in a particular culture.
refers to a person's psychological sense of whether he or she is female. |
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Gender Variance
Intersexual
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Refers to an intense psychological discomfort with one's sex
Refers to a person who has both male and female sex organs, or organs that are not distinctly male or female. |
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Role Conflict
Socialization
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Emotional conflict rising when competing demands are made on individual in the fulfillment of his/her multiple social roles.
The processes by which people learn the characteristics of their group - the attitudes, values, and actions that are though appropriate for them. |
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Transgenderist
Transsexual
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Refers to a person with the biological sex of one gender who has the identity of the other gender, lives the full-time life of that gender, but does not undergo medical procedures to change that gender.
Refers to a person with the biological sex of one gender who has the identity or self-concept of the other gender AND undergoes medical procedures to change to that sex. |
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Transvestite
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A person (typically a man) who derives pleasure from dressing in clothes appropriate to the opposite sex.
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How are children socialized to accept and follow gender roles?
How are these gender roles maintained through adulthood?
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Children: given toys appropriate to our gender roles (dolls for girls; action toys for boys), names, clothing, colors, way our parents treat us, etc.
Adults: behavior/communication styles, appearance, interests, responsibilities, etc. |
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What are examples from class of psychological traits that are similar among males and females? What traits differ? |
Similar: self esteem, cheating behavior, impulsiveness, talkativeness, leadership styles.
Different: M frequency of masturbation, attitudes toward causal sex, agreeableness. |
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Courtship vs. Dating
Endogamy
Exogamy |
Period during which a couple develop a romantic relationship, especially with a view to marriage.
Marrying someone similar in race, age, education, religion or SES
Marrying someone outside of race, age, education, religion, or SES |
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Engagement
Closed fields
Open fields
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Formal agreement to get married.
Settings in which people are likely to interact and so potential partners may meet.
Settings in which people do not normally interact and so potential partners are not likely to meet. |
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Open courtship system |
Most of us generally make our own decisions about choosing our partners. |
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In addition to mate selection, what other functions does contemporary dating serve? |
Recreation Companionship Intimacy & Sex Socialization Status Achievement |
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What factors do many people consider in the filtering process of finding a spouse? |
Physical attractiveness (stage 1 - stimulus) Ambition, children, politics, religion (stage 2 - values) Work, parenting, housekeeping (stage 3 - roles) |
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What are the four ways that people typically deal with deteriorating dating relationships? |
Neglect Response - destructive reaction that tends to occur when a person is not much invested in the relationship. Exit Response - withdrawing or threatening to withdraw relationship Loyalty Response - choosing to stay with one's partner despite any probs but making no attempt to try to resolve them, hoping they will smooth out over time. Voice Response - choice of people who value the relationship and who are investing in it but who feel that it has probs. that need to be discussed. |
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How might biological forces contribute to some of the differences between males and females?
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Recent research suggest that the presence or absence and possibly the level of androgens during gestation has implications for brain development which creates biological differences between the sexes. |
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What is the gender-similarities hypothesis? |
Developed by Janet Shibley Holds that males and females are similar on most, but not all psychological variables. |
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What are some of the benefits and drawbacks of traditional gender roles for both males and females? |
Benefits for M: higher income and other job-related advantages; less domestic work and marital stress. Benefits for F: identity tied to relationships rather than work (gain more stratification). Drawback for M: job-related stress, less time for family, limited emotional expression, limitations on child custody if divorced. Drawback for F:reduced income and career fulfillment, dependence on spouse (unhappiness), beauty problem, less personal self-worth.
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Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love |
Three components: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment that develop at different times. Passion is the quickest to develop & fade Intimacy develops more slowly Commitment develops gradually |
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Intimacy
Passion
Commitment |
Close, connected feelings
Drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation
The decision to love someone and maintain that love |
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Romantic Love
Infatuation
Fatuous Love |
Part of Sternberg's theory - involves passion and intimacy
Part of Sternberg's theory - involves passion
Part of Sternberg's theory - involves passion and commitment
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Companionate
Liking
Consummate Love |
Part of Sternberg's theory - includes intimacy and commitment.
Part of Sternberg's theory - includes only intimacy
Composed of all three components, "complete love" |
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Suspicious Jealousy
Reactive Jealousy
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Occurs when there is no evidence or only ambiguous evidence for suspecting the partner is involved with someone else.
Occurs when evidence is revealed of a past, present, or anticipated relationship with another person. |
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Martyring
Manipulation |
Maintaining relationships by consistently minimizing one's own needs while trying to satisfy those of one's partner.
Seeking to control feelings, attitudes, and behavior of one's partner in underhanded ways. |
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Sternberg's Theory of Love
What are some characteristics of relationships w/ only 1 component? What about 2 components? |
1: Liking (intimacy) like this characterized by closeness and trust; infatuation (passion) characterized by physical attraction & sexual arousal; empty love (commitment) characterized by strong commit. to mainintaing relationship; love like these are considered significantly less stable than love of 2 components. 2: presence of sexual passion & emotional intimacy; presence of commitment and emotional intimacy; commitment and sexual passion; love like these considered stronger than infatuation or liking
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Name and explain the three things love IS NOT |
Martyring, Manipulation, and limerence |
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Although love is usually associated with rewarding and positive outcomes, what are some exceptions? |
Being rejected Being the rejector (particularly when the rejected doesn't relent) |
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How does mature love differ from immature love? |
Immature love is passionate or romantic love whereas mature is companionate love. Immature: passionate thinking; passionate feeling; passionate behavior. Mature: found that your partner is trustworthy and stable, caring and kind, and someone you actually like. |
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Power
Conflict
Repressed anger |
The ability or potential to impose one's will on other people (get them to think, feel, or do something they normally wouldn't have done)
Two types - negative and positive
The unconscious suppression of feelings of anger so that they are expressed in other ways. |
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Passive-Aggression
Scapegoating
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Expressing anger indirectly
Blaming one family member for everything that goes wrong. |
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Gaslighting
Empathetic Listening (Active Listening) |
One partner (perhaps using sarcasm), constantly criticizes or denies the other's definition of reality.
Seek to understand before being understood
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How does unequal power affect relationships and the people in them? |
Can affect self-esteem, can inhibit satisfaction, love, and sharing of feelings, and can encourage manipulation. |
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What are some examples of objective measures of power? What is meant by subjective measure of fairness? Which is more powerful in regards to predicting marital satisfaction? |
FIND |
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6 types of power? Give healthy and unhealthy examples of each. |
Coercive - based on dominant partner's ability to punish partner with psychological, emotional, or physical abuse. H= UN= Reward - based on a belief that being agreeable with the partner will elicit rewards from that partner. H= UN= |
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6 types of power continued... |
Expert - stems from dominant partner's superior judgment, knowledge, or ability. H= UN= Legitimate - based on individuals ability to claim authority. H= UN= |
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6 types of power continued... |
Referent - based on less dominant partner's emotional identification with the dominant power. H= UN= Informational - based on the persuasive content of what the dominant partner tells another individual. H= UN= |
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What are the 5 rules for fighting fair? |
Attack problems, not your partner, avoid negativity. Focus on specific issues, use "I" statements, avoid mixed messages. Be sensitive about timing and place Say what you mean Let your partner know that you are listening |
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What is the sentence structure for effective "I" statements? |
I feel _______ when you _______ because ________. |
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What are they styles of poor listening? |
The faker The dependent listener The interrupter The self-conscious listener The intellectual listener |
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What are the four rules for effective communication? |
Create an environment that gives communication high priority and values others' viewpoints. Share power and hopes. Be specific, honest, and kind. Tell your partner what you wan tin positive terms, as for information, and listen well. |
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What is meant by the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse?" What are the 5 predictors of divorce in this theory? Provide examples of each. |
John Gottman - identified several red flags predicting divorce or breakup. Contempt Criticism Defensiveness Stonewalling Belligerence |
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What are the 9 things most likely to cause conflict in a relationship? |
Household tasks, money, sex, loyalty, power, nurturance, privacy/alone-time, children, differences in style. |
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Sexual Identity Sexual Orientation Sexual Monogamy |
(synonymous with sexual orientation)A set of sexual practices and attitudes leading to the formation in a person's mind of an identity as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, asexual.
Sexual activity with one partner. |
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Heterosexuality
Homosexuality
Bisexuality |
Attracted to the opposite sex partners
Attracted to same sex partners
Attracted to partners of both sexes |
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Asexuality Sexual Values Absolutism |
Have emotional feelings and may desire intimate relationship with others, just not sexual ones.
Deeply held beliefs about what is right and wrong, desirable and undesirable sexual behavior.
People who adhere to strict codes, usually based on religion that dictate what is right and wrong. |
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Hedonism
Relativism
Sexual Scripts |
"If it feels good, do it, but don't hurt anybody in the process."
"What you do sexually depends on the person you are with, how you feel about each other, and the nature of the relationship."
Set of expectations as to how one should behave in sexual situations. |
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Patriarchal Sexuality Expressive Sexuality
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Beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors developed to protect the male line of descent.
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Sexual infidelity
Open Marriage
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Not remaining faithful in a relationship.
Marriage in which a married couple agrees that each may have emotional and seek relations with others, while still keeping the marriage the primary relationship. |
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Swinging
Polyamory |
Marriage arrangement in which couples exchange partners in order to engage in purely recreational sex.
Arrangement in which committed couples exchange partners in order to engage in purely recreational sex. |
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What is the American Psychiatric Association's official position on sexual orientation? |
In 1973 homosexuality was removed from its list of mental disorders. |
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Regards to the sexual revolution: How did the sexual values and behaviors of Americans (married and unmarried) change during this time period? |
Behaviors and attitudes changed regarding premarital sex and marital sex. More people engaged in intercourse |
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Regards to the sexual revolution: How did accessibility to birth control and changes in the laws regarding sexuality influence behavior during this time period? |
FIND |
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Basic timeline for LGBT rights as they currently stand? |
FIND |
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What are the four stages in acquiring a gay or lesbian identity? |
1- Sensitization: "Am I different?" confusion, denial (occurs before puberty) 2- Identity Confusion: "I'll prove I'm not gay," (occurs during adolescence). 3- Identity Assumption: "I know I'm gay, but which people should I tell?" M: 19-21 yrs F: 21-23 4- Commitment: "I'm gay, but that's not all I am." |
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Name and describe four standards of premarital and non-marital sex. |
Double Standard - premarital or non-marital sex is more acceptable for men than it is for women. Permissiveness w/ Affection - allows premarital/non-marital sex provided that they have an affectionate and committed relationship. Permissiveness w/o Affection - (recreational sex), allows premarital / non-martial sex regardless of the amount of affection or stability in their relationship. Abstinence: voluntary avoidance of sexual intercourse. |
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What are some of the risk factors of sexual infidelity? What kinds of effects can infidelity have on a relationship? |
Risk Factors: Loneliness, martial dissatisfaction, opportunity, power/ego, cyber-adultery, sex addiction (?) Effects: Jealousy, Trust issues, risk of STDs/unplanned pregnancy, feelings of financial exploitation, increased attention to couple communication. |
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Covenant Marriage
Heterogamous Marriages |
Anti-divorce contract in which couples demonstrate their strong commitment to marriage by 1) getting pre-marital counseling 2) getting marital counseling in times of marital difficulties and 3) agreeing not to divorce until after a separation of two years or after providing adultery or domestic abuse.
Those in which the partners are of different education, ethnicity, race, religion, age, and/or social class. |
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Homogamous Marriages
Marital Success
Permanence |
Marriages between partners of similar education, ethnicity, race, religion, age, and/or social class.
(Marital quality) measured in terms of stability, happiness, and flexibility.
Partners promise to stay together lifelong. |
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Postnuptial Agreement
Prenuptial Agreement
Sexual Exclusivity |
Same as prenuptial agreement except that it Is worked out by partners whoa re already married to one another.
Contract signed by the couple before the wedding that specifies in advance how property will be divided and children cared for in the event of divorce or one partners death.
Each partner promises to have sexual relations only with the other. |
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What are the most common reasons people give for getting married? |
Love Companionship Desire for children Happiness Habit or convenience Money Dependence Fear of AIDS |
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People generally go into a marriage with what 3 expectations? |
Marriage as a rite of passage - an event signaling a major change from one social status to another. Marriage in expectation of sexual exclusivity and permanence. Marriage as a legal commitment. |
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Describe the 4 phases of family life (include the main features of each phase) |
1-Beginning: Identity bargaining (realities of the marriage oblige spouses to adjust their idealized expectations of each other); loss of independence; new friends/relatives; career & domestic roles. 2- Child Rearing: stages of child rearing; changes during the child-rearing years. 3- Middle Age: (empty nest syndrome) improved marital satisfaction; lack of martial satisfaction. 4- Aging phase
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What are the top 5 factors that people consider "very important" to a successful marriage? According to research studies what are the actual characteristics of successful marriages? |
People: faithfulness, happy sexual relationship, sharing household chores, adequate income, and good housing. Research: Similar backgrounds (homogamy), commonalities (similar characteristics & interests), economic status, work, & two paycheck couples, and domestic work & childcare - importance of equity (partners give in proportion to what they receive) and equality (partners have equal status are equally responsible for domestic, financial, and emotional tasks). |
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Roommate marriages
Commuter marriage |
People living under same roof for years & years; no sexual bond, but roommates develop deep emotional attachment to one another.
Dual-career marriage in which each partner lives in a different geographical area, yet the pair still maintain their commitment to their family. |
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Transnational marriages
Living apart together couples |
Those in which one partner is in the United States and the other and perhaps the children are in another country.
(Dual dwelling duos); happily married couples who are committed to each other but who live in separate quarters. |
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Skipped-generation households
Adultolescents/boomerangs |
Grandparents raising grandchildren (usually because death, divorce, drugs, abandonment, incarceration, mental illness).
Adult children, usually in their twenties, who have moved back in with their parents. |
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Traditional family
Nonfamily household |
Unit made up of two or more people who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together.
Consists of 1)a person who lives alone or 2_ people who live with unrelated individuals within a housing unit. |
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Lifestyle
Voluntary temporary singles |
Pattern by which a person organizes his or her living arrangements in relation to others.
Those who are open to marriage but find seeking a mate a lower priority than other activities. |
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Involuntary stable singles Stay-over relationships Cohabitation |
Those who would like to marry and are actively seeking mates. Living together; couple living in an emotional and sexual relationship w/o being married. |
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3 shifts or patterns seen in contemporary household arrangements? what reasons underly these changes? |
FIND |
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Identify and explain the myths and realities about singles. |
M: singles are self centered; R: more involved w/ friends than marriage people are. M: singles are financially better off; R: more singles live below poverty level.. M: singles are happier; R: tend to believe they are happier, however they are also more likely to be lonely, depressed, anxious, and stressed. M: singles are confirmed in their singlehood; R: most singles expect to be single for short period of time and to be married within 5 years. |
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What are some reasons that couples give for cohabitating instead of marrying? |
Alternate way of being single - convenience; sliding into relationship. Testing ground for marriage. Alternative to marriage |
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People who choose cohabitation before marriage tend to share certain characteristics. What are these? |
FIND |
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What does research say about outcomes for cohabitating couples compared to married couples? |
[Depends on the level of commitment and communication prior to moving in. Long-term cohabiting couples (for at least 4yrs) differ little from married couple in conflict levels, amount of interaction, or relationship satisfaction.] Less homongamus, higher incidence of depression, have more sex outside relationship, more likely get divorced if married. |
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Why might we see poorer outcomes for children in some cohabitating families compared to married families, but not all? |
FIND |
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What is it about cohabitation that can be problematic for children? |
The instability is what causes problems. Spend less on child's education |
