Hdfs Chapter 3

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reproduction

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the process by which organisms create more organisms of their own

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male reproductive system

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-sperm produced and stay viable at temp. little lower than body temp. 96 degrees F.

- testes produce sperm and hormone called androgen responsible for secondary male characteristics

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female reproductive system

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-ovaries lie in pelvis

-sex hormones estrogen and progesterone( responsible for secondary characteristics)

- 1 ova expelled from ovaries a month

- moves threw fallopian tubes to womb or uterus

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fertilization

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a male sperm enters and unites with female ovum to form zygote ( fertilized egg)

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menstrual cycle

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one ovum reaches maturity in a follicle and goes to fallopian tube to uterus where sit can be fertilized

-if not fertilized the oveum degenerates after 24 hours and will be expelled from body during menstration

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In Vitro fertilization ( IVF)

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fertilization outside the body in a test tude in a lab environment

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Gamete intra- fallopian transfer (GIFT)

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form of IVF

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Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT)

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form of IVF

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Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICIS)

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form of IV

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ethnogensis

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process by which a fetus gestates in an environment external to the mother

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ethical implications of cloning

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human embryos mud not be designed only for destruction

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birth contorl

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diaphragm, pill, injectables, IUD

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human genome

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the genetic blueprint of all the genes on their appropriate chromosomes within the 6 feet of DNA coiled ip in every human cell

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genetics

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the scientific study of biological inheritance by geneticists and in 2000 the 1st draft of blueprints of human done by human genome project

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chromosomes

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long threadlike structures made up of protein and nucleic acid that contain the hereditary materials found in nuclei of any cell

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genes-

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transmits characteristics passed form biological parent to child

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Mitosis

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during which every chromosome in the cel splits lengthwise to form a new pair

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meiosis

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involves 2 cells divisions during which the chromosomes are reduced o half their original number

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allele

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one member of a pair of gens found on corresponding chromosomes that affect the same trait can only be 2 alleles per person for any characteristic one form each parent

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dominant/ RECESSIVE character

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completely masks or hides the other allele (A)

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Homozygous and heterozygous

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-homo:when both alleles from the parents are the same (AA) or (aa)

- when the two paired alleles are different (Aa)

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genotype and phenotype

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-G: the actual genetic makeup of an organism

-p: the observable or expressed characteristics of the organism

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3 stages of prenatal period

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1. germinal

2. Embryonic period

3. fetal period

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Germinal period

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characterized by

1. growth of the zygote after fertilization

2. establishment of the linkage between zygote and the mothers support system

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Embryonic period

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1. last from the end of the second week to the 8th week

2. rapid growth

3. the establishment of the placental relationship with the mother

4. early appearance of organs

5. human body becomes recognizable

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fetal period

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begins at the end of the 8th week and ends with birth

- less growth

variety of reflex responses

hair

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3 different birthing methods

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1. psychoprophylactic

2. lamaze

3. narutal child birth

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psychoprophylactic method

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encouraged to relax and concentrate on breathing

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lamaze

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emphasize the mothers participation in every phase of labor panting pushing blowing

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teratogen

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any environmental agent that contributes to birth defects

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lightening

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sinking downward and forward of baby lightens mothers discomfort

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birthing process 3 stages

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1. labor

2. delivery

3. afterbirth

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labor

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the strong muscle fibers of the utrus contract pushing the infant down and out toward birthing canal

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contraction

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spaced about 15 to 20 minutes apart last for 25 to 35 seconds

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Delivery

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begins once the infants head passes through thte cervix and ends when the bags completed passage threw birthing canal

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crowning

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when the widest diameter of the babys head is at the mother vulva

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Apgar scoring system

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- a score is given at 1 minute and 5 minuts after birth

-7-10 baby normal, 4-7 might require more help, 3-7 resuscitate

- 0 is no response, 1 little respond, 2 full response

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parent infant bonding

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process of interaction and mutual attention that occurs over time and forges an emotional bond

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preterm infant

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babies being born at less than 37 weeks

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postmature

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baby that is delivered more than 2 weeks after the 40 weeks

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postpartum depression

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anxiety insomnia and weepiness feelings of being unable to cope toughest of not wanting to care for the baby unrealistic fears and thoughts of wanting to harm the baby

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neonatal states

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1. regular sleep

2. irregular sleep: movement

3. Drowsiness

4. alert inactivity

5. waking activity

6.crying

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SIDS

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sudden Infant death syndrome 2- 4months all the way up to 1

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cephalocaudal principle

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from head to feet function of head first then trunk then legs leaner to control muscles in head and neck first

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proximodistal principle

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development from near to far from central axis toward extremities arm then wrist and fingers, leg then feet and toes

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visual constancy

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3-5 month old infants able to recognize object boundaries and object unity by detecting surface separations and contours

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depth perception

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birth infants have two dimensional vision the ability to tell the distance of various objects

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criteria used to define learning

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1.their must be a change in behavior

2. this change must be relatively stable

3. the change must result from experience

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Sameroff two sucking techniques

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expression: involves pressung nipple against root of mouth with tongue sqeezing

suction vacuum like

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3 main characteristics of Piagets sensorimotor period

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1. coordinate the way they interact with environment

2. recognize environments permancese

3. begin to know environment

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Bruners 3 modes of cognitive representation ( ways we know something)

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1. enactive-through doing it

2. ikonic representation- threw a picture of image of it

3. symbolic representation( some symbolic means like language

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Decrement of attention

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losing interest in watching an object or event that is unchanging

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recovery of attention

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regaining interest when something new happens

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vital contributions languages makes to the human condition

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1. enables us to communicate

2. it facilitates thought and other cognitive processes

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thought shapes language or language shapes thought

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- thought takes place whether or not language exist

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caregivers speech

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simplified vocabulary higher pitch exaggerated simple sentences and high proportion of questions

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mothers or partnese

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a simplified redundant and highly grammatical sort of language pitch of voice correlated to age.

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Language acquisition Device

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in born language generating mechanism

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phonemes

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smallest units of language such as long A in the word bake

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surface structure

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the worlds language differ in surface structure

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deep structure

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language have basic similarities in their composition

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transformational grammar

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preverbal intuitive rules( individuals turn deep structure into surface structure and vice versa

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body language

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which is the nonverbal communication of meaning through rhythmic movements of hands or head and through voice and gesures

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gaze

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we look at the eyes and face of another person and make eye contact ( end of 2nd year)

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pointing

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observed in infants as young s 2 months old usually begins at 12minths nonverbal precursor to language

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paralanguage

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the stress pitch and volume of vocalizations by which we communicate expressive meaning( how something is said)

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language reception

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the quality of receiving or taking in messages

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crying

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birth to 1 month makes

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cooing and babbling

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vowel like

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holophrases

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single words that convey different meaning depending on the context in which they are used

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overgenerlize

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children produce many words but tend to over generalize a word beyond its core meaning

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two word utterances

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see doggie

where ball

sit chair

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telegraphic speech

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children who begin to use short precise words in 2 or 3 word combinations "mommy drink milk

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emotion

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are the physiological changes subjective experiences and expressive behaviors involved in feelings

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social referencing

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the practice whereby an inexperienced person relies on more experienced persons interpretation of an event to regular their behavior

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3 functions that are served by emotional rations

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1. emotions help humans survive and adapt to their environment

2. emotions guide and motivate human behavior

3. emotions support communication with others

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Izard differential emotions theory

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contends that each emotion has a distinctive facial pattern. Persons facial expression colors what the thinking brain feels

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Campos theory

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instead of merely registering a response to an event emotions serve a function they emerge and are expressed as an individual seeks to accomplish something in interaction with their environment

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The Greenspans model of infant and young child emotional progress

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1. 0-3 months, self regulation and interest in the world, infants learn to calm themselves, develop interest in the world

2. 2- 7 months, falling in love,develop interest in human world

3. 3-10, develop intentional communication, develop human dialogue

4.9- 18 months, emergence of an organized sense of self,integrate their behavior

5. 18 to 36, creating emotional ideas, create own mental images

6. 30-48, emotional thinking- the basis for fantasy, reality, and self esteem,

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attachment

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affectional bond that one individual forms for another and that endures across imd and space

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strange situation

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study a mother and her infant enter an unfamiliar playroom where they find toys and a stranger

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stranger anxiety

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a wariness of unknown people common among 7-8 months

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3 stages of attachment

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1. infants are aroused by all parts of the environment

2. infants display indiscriminate attachment

3. babies show signs of specific attachment

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attachment styles

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1. securely attached infants( greet mother when returned

2. insecure avoidant infants( ignore mother)

3. insecure resistant infants (cling to mother

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Reactive attachment disorder ( 2 types)

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- don't form bonds with others

1. emotionally withdrawn inhibited: don't react when care is gives or seek comfort in others

2. indiscriminate: look for affection form anyone

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stranger anxiety

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7- 8 months

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goodness of fit

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refer to the match between the characteristics of infant and their family

- if good the opportunities, expectations and demands of environment match the childs temperament

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Psychoanalytic view

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Frued

-relationships with mothers is significant

personality

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Psychosial views

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oral sensory stage- development of the basic trust in others( Erikson

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Behavioral ( learning

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BF Skinner reinforcememnt

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Bronfenbrenner

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Ecological view environment influences child

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mother/ father as care giver

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-interaction lay group work for the child understanding itself

-help develop secure attachment

-important I'm emotional development

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the

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end