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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behavior Theory: Learning accoring to theories
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must be observable and measureable.Pos and Neg reinforcers
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Cognitive: according to theories
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What happens in the entire process of thinking. How they take in stimulus through developmental stages
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Social Learning Theory: according to theories
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interaction between someone else, somehow through a relationship. Stress the need to provide models for people to imitate
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Who came up with the Sensorimotor period and what is it?
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Piaget. It refers to the coordination of motor activities with sensory inputs(Rely on senses to make meaning) First 2 years of life. Babies begin to look at what they are listening too.
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Object Permanence
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capacity to view the external world as permanent. Infants lack object permanence. (out of sight, out of mind is how infants think) It is the Inability to represent the world externally.
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According to Bruner we know something in 3 ways... what are they?
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Enactive: through doing it
Ikonic: through a picture or image of it Symbolic: symbolic means such as language. |
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What are the 2 contributions to human life that Language makes?
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1. it enables us to communicate with one another
(interindividual comm.) 2. It facilitates individual thinking.(intraindividual comm.) |
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What are two thoughts of Language?
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1. thought takes place independly of language
2. words are only necessary to convey thoughts to others. |
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Language develops __________ to thought
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Parallel with, or prior too.
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Conceptualization
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grouping perceptions into classes or categories based on similarities
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Kinesics
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nonverbal communication or body language
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1 month: language
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cries, makes small throaty noises
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2 Months
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begins producing vowel like cooing noises, but sounds are unlike adults
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3 Months
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Cries less, coos, gurgles at the back of the throat, squeals, and occasionally chuckles
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4 Months
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Cooing becomes pitch modulated; vowel like sounds begin to be interspersed with consonantal sounds; smiles and coos when talked to.
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6 months
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vowel sounds are interspersed with more consonantal sounds which produce babbling; displays pleasure with squeals, gurgles, and giggles, and displeasure with growl and grunts.
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8 Months
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Displays adults intonation in babbling; often uses two syllable utterances such as "mama". Imitates sounds
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10 Months
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Understands some words and associated gestures, may say "no" and shake head.
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12 months
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Employs more holophrases, such as "baby", "bye bye", many imitate sounds of objects such as "bow wow" give signs of understanding commands.
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18 months
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possesses a repertoire of 3 to 50 words;
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24 months
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has repertoire of more than 50 words; uses two word utterances more frequently; displays increasing interest in verbal communication.
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Ten Fundamental Emotions
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Sadness, surprise, fear, enjoyment, anger, guilt, disgust, shyness, interest, shame.
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Izard thinks...
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Each emotion has its own distinctive facial pattern
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Emotion
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The physiological changes, subjective experiences and expressive behaviors that are are involved in such feeling such as love, joy, grief, and anger.
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Charles Darwin says...
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-says that emotion have survival value
-Emotions communicate to members of own kind and other species important messages regarding their inner disposition. |
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Darwin: Purposes of emotion
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-Emotions help humans survive and adapt to their enviroment
-Emotions serve to guide and motivate human behavior -Emotions support communication with others. |
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Two types of Emotional Intelligence
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1. Interpersonal Intelligence
(to understand others) 2.Intrapersonal Intelligence (personal, more insightful. |
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What is the course of Attachment?
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First there is arousal from the enviroment: then you dont like withdrawal from any one attachment: Last, you find a specific attachment.
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Temperament
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refers to the relatively consistent, basic disposition that underlie and modulate much of a person's behavior.
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Who states the Psychoanalytic view and what is it?
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Frued. Adult neurosis has its roots in childhood conflicts associated with the meeting of instictual needs.
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Who states to Psychosocial view and what is it?
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Erickson: development of basic trust in others. Trust vs. mistrust: First social achievement: willingness to let mother move out of sight.
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What are the theories of personality development?
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-The psychoanalytic View
-The psychosocial view -The behavioral view(learning) -The cognitive View -The ecological View |
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Behavioral View
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-also called learnin view. Watson and Skinner.
-concerned with outward display of emotions -Rewards appropriate behaviors -Extinguishes inappropriate behaviors |
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The cognitive View
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Piaget.
How children reason and solve problems. |
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The ecological View
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Bronfenbrenner.
-Enviromental influences contribute to development |
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Securely attached infants
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when mother returned to the room: warm greetings, little anger when left, consistent, sensitive, and responsive parenting, indicate when wanted to be comforted
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Insecure/avoidant infants
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ignored and avoided mother on her return. These infants show little distress at being released from parents. tend to treat a stranger similiar to a parent.
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Insecure/resistant infants
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they would cling to the mother, and hide from stranger. But when mom returned the infant would seek contact only to reject her by squirming and pushing her away.
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Disoranized/disoriented infant
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upon parental return they show confusion and apprehension toward their mother. at greater risks for maladaptation.
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Stranger anxiety
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common in 8 months old, seems to peak at 13-15 months, then decreases.
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Separation Anxiety
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distress when caregiver leaves, common in 4 to 8 months old
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Gross motor skills
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large muscles and coordination of arms and legs
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Fine motor skills
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holding a pencil, little muscle, specific hand eye coordination.
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During what years is the head bigger then the body?
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Early Childhood 2-6 years
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Kids with Coordination Problems..
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-have greater risk for significant social problems
-Recreational or physical therapist -Occupational therapist |
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Sensory Development
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-visual, tactile, and kinesthetic senses
-hearing and language development -olfactory, and gustatory sensations (Smell and taste) |
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What about a 5 year old childs brain?
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it is about 90% of his or her final adult body weight.
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Variability in Eating behaviors
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-refuse certain foods
-Eating frequency -Dental Health affects nutritional intake. -Food allergies -a vegetarian diet |
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Self Care behaviors:
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-Toilet Training: shows indepence, 3rd year
-Sleep: more consistent -Illness and Immunization |
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Garners Multiple Intelligence
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-Verbal-linguistic:
-Logical-mathmatical -Visual-spacial -Musical -Bodily Kinesthetics (building) -Interpersonal -Intrapersonal -Naturalist -Existentialist |
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Preoperational Thought
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Piaget's theory
this period is from 2 to 7 years old. Childrens achievement in this period is that they develop the capacity to represent the external world internally through the use of symbols |
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What did Piaget observe
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that although children make major strides in there cognitive development, there reasoning and thinking processes hava a number of limitations
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Centration
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concentration on one feature of a situation and neglect other aspects. (when water from a tall thin glass is full, and poured into a short wide glass and half empty)
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Conservation
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refers to the concept that the quantity or amount of something stays the same regardless of changes in its shape or position
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Sates and Transformation
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children pay attention to the states, rather than the transformation
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Nonreversibility
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series of operations can be gone through in reverse order to get back to the starting point which is the concept of reversibility of operations which the child lacks this cognitive ability
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Egocentrism
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lack awareness that there are viewpoints other than ones own
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Language Acquisition
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mastery of phonolgy (different sounds with in the language) and morphology (how a word can change forms)
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Developmental Phonological Disorders
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are language disorders that involve difficulty in learning to use easily understood speech by 4 years old.
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Reasons for late talkers:
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-quiet babies
-premature -twin -male -biligual -siblings communicating childs wish. |
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Vygoskys Perspective
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Zone of proximal development: child learns in a social setting
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Zone of proximal development
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tasks that are a little too hard for children to accomplish alone, can be mastered by children when they are helped by a more skilled partner.
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What does memory refer to?
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It refers to the retention of what has been experienced
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Metacognition
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individuals awareness of there own mental processes
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Metamemory
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individuals awareness of their own memory process. (phone numbers, address)
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Time frames of memory
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-Sensory: fraction of a sec-several seconds
-Short term(working): very brief, no more than 30 sec. -Long term: over a period of time |
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Information Processing
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memory includes recall, recognition, and the facilitation of learning.
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Moral Development
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social feelings first appear in the preoperational stage, for the first time feelings can be represented, recalled, and named. The ablility to recall information makes moral feelings possible.
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Emotions serve as what?
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organizers and motivatiors
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What skills are necessary for social competence?
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-self control
-Managing emotions -knowing options |
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What do parents emotions affect?
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Childrens adjustment and social competency
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ways of expression
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-Large and fine muscle control
-Voice qualities |
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Functional Play
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is repetitive (rolling a ball or model car around)
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Constructive Play
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involves manipulating objects or toys to create something else (building blocks)
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Parallel Play
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involves solitary play near others (putting a puzzle together alone)
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Onlooker Play
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is observational(watching others play games)
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Associative Play
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involves two or more children sharing toys and materials (sharing a box of crayers, but coloring own things)
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Cooperative Play
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interacting with someone else
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What are the types of play?
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-pretend play
-exploration play -Playing Games -Social Play -Rough and tumble play |
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Boys Play
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-physical
-Competition |
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Girls Play
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-Intimate
-Affectionate |
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Acquiring Emotional Understanding
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-the link between feeling and thinkin
-Responding to emotions of others -Forming emotional ties |
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Socialization
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the process of transmitting culture, of transforming children into bona fide, functioning members of society
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Parenting Styles: Authoritarian
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Parents operate from hostile, rejecting, and restrictive parenting(shape, control children, absolute)
Children are discontented, withdrawn, distrustful |
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Parenting Style:
Authoratative |
parents provide firm direction but give freedom within limits.
The children are self reliant,self controlled, explorative, contented |
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Permissive:Parenting Style
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absence of accepting and affirmative enviroment. Parents wanna be friends.
the children regulate own behavior, they are less self reliant, explorative and self controlled |
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Harmonious
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No parent interaction
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Effective discipline is
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consistent and unambiguous
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Nonfamiliar social Influences
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Peers
Media: Video games |
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Preschoolers watch an average of ..
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3 to 4 hours of television per day.
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