Hdfs 361 Exam 3

Front 1

What are Kohlberg's 3 stages of sexual identification?

Back 1

Sex Role Identity
Sex Role Stability
Sex Role Constancy

Front 2

Notice differences (skin color, hair texture) but cannot categorize in a meaningful way
At what age does this occur?

Back 2

By age 2

Front 3

Can classify, but get confused about labels (‘White’ people are not really the color white),
At what age does this occur?

Back 3

Preschool (3-4)

Front 4

get confused about range of people that fit within a single category
At what age does this occur?

Back 4

Preschool (3-4)

Front 5

do not understand constancy of race
At what age does this occur?

Back 5

Preschool (3-4)

Front 6

Very interested in differences and similarities

Back 6

Kindergarten (5-6)

Front 7

becoming more group-oriented,

Back 7

Kindergarten (5-6)

Front 8

exploring issues of fairness

Back 8

Kindergarten (5-6)

Front 9

Understand racial constancy

Back 9

Early elementary (7-8)

Front 10

can understand multi-group membership (Asian-American, woman, mother)

Back 10

Early elementary (7-8)

Front 11

What are Kohlberg's 3 stages of sexual identification?

Back 11

Sex Role Identity
Sex Role Stability
Sex Role Constancy

Front 12

The Preoperational Stage (roughly ages 2-7)is characterized by what 5 things.

Back 12

1.Egocentric Thinking
2.Animistic Thinking - Tendency to attribute thoughts, feelings, and emotions to inanimate objects
3.Inability to Conserve
4.Irreversibility is the inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point.
5.Lack of Hierarchical Classification

Front 13

are mental representations of actions that obey logical rules.

Back 13

operations

Front 14

• Piaget described preschool children in terms of what they _______, rather than ____, understand

Back 14

• Piaget described preschool children in terms of what they cannot, rather than can, understand

Front 15

The Preoperational Stage spans what yrs?

Back 15

2-7

Front 16

the inability to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one’s own

Back 16

egocentrisim

Front 17

The Three mountain experiment was designed to test which principle?

Back 17

egocentrisim

Front 18

In terms of the 3 mountain experience, people of what age Realize that the doll doesn’t see what they see, but still select the wrong photo?

Back 18

6&7 y/o

Front 19

In terms of the 3 mountain experience, people of what age Pick scenes at random?

Back 19

4 yr

Front 20

In terms of the 3 mountain experience, people of what age Can sort scenes a little, but seem unable to disassociate themselves

Back 20

5

Front 21

In terms of the 3 mountain experience, people of what age
Reliability select the right photo?

Back 21

9&10 y/o

Front 22

In a test similar to the 3 mountain experiment, c. Borke (1975) study looked at perspective taking using Grover in the car, on different angles of the firetruck, children did better at younger age. Why is this?

Back 22

if know characters, they tend to do better

Front 23

Tendency to attribute thoughts, feelings, and emotions to inanimate objects

Back 23

Animistic Thinking

Front 24

a. Piaget probed into consciousness by asking if different objects could feel different stimuli . He did this in order to test...

Back 24

Animistic Thinking

Front 25

Kids Usually use spontaneous movement as a cue to something being “alive”. This is an example of...

Back 25

Animistic Thinking

Front 26

c. Post-Piagetians distinguish between _________________ , 4 y/o could detect what was alive or not

Back 26

c. Post-Piagetians distinguish between self imposed and external movement , 4 y/o could detect what was alive or not

Front 27

refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when outward appearance changes.

Back 27

Conservation

Front 28

Not attained until 6 or 7 years of age even when rows are rearranged right in front of child

Back 28

one to one matching task

Front 29

Sucess on the one to one matching task not attained until 6 or 7 years of age even when rows are rearranged right in front of child. The inability to represents is reflective of the inablility to do what?

Back 29

Inability to Conserve

Front 30

What are the 3 central reasons why kids can't conserve?

Back 30

1. Centration
2. Their thinking is perception based, not logically based
3. They focus on the end state rather than the transformation

Front 31

Most 4 year olds don’t rely on one-to one matching, but instead focus on only one aspect of the lines, usually length, this is called

Back 31

centering (centration)

Front 32

. If a child is using one-to one correspondence, and it is destroyed through spacing, they...

Back 32

will not conserve

Front 33

. One line LOOKS longer, so it must have more. What principle does this exemplifiy?

Back 33

Children’s thinking tends to be perceptually based, not logically based. (The perception-based nature of children's thinking also makes it difficult for them to conserve).

Front 34

What are the forms of racial socialization? Which one is associated with the best outcomes?

Back 34

Preparation for bias
Promotion of racial mistrust
Egalitarianism
Cultural Socialization – Best outcomes
NEED TO ADD SOMETHING BY WAY OF A DEFINITION FOR THESE.

Front 35

• Becker (1989) gave children only one line of objects (“there are 8 cups”) and asked them to match another object to it, the result helped them see...

Back 35

inequality (i.e. if they had spoons left over, then the child could answer no there are not 8 spoons)

Front 36

Becker (1989) gave children only one line of objects (“there are 8 cups”) and asked them to match another object to it.
4.5 - 5.5 y/o could answer Beckler's task accurately. This suggests....

Back 36

Piaget under estimated children’s knowledge.

Front 37

In terms of children's abilities, What 2 things affect performance on conservation tasks?

Back 37

Specific knowledge and skills

Front 38

In terms of children's abilities, Reasoning improves as .......

Back 38

skills and knowledge improve

Front 39

What distinguish experts from novices?

Back 39

Cognitive abilities do not distinguish experts from novices, but rather it is detailed and specific knowledge

Front 40

The inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point.

Back 40

Irreversability

Front 41

the organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences between the groups.

Back 41

Hierarchical classification

Front 42

Thoughts about thinking

Back 42

Metacognition

Front 43

Putting thoughts or mental states to another person

Back 43

theory of mind

Front 44

What does Theory of mind help children to understand?

Back 44

Theory of mind helps children understand people’s behaviors and beliefs

Front 45

What is the False belief task designed to test?

Back 45

theory of mind, metacognition

Front 46

M&M box, 3 y/o thought everyone would know it contained pencils, better by ...

Back 46

4-5. This tests theory of mind (metacog)

Front 47

When do children 1st start to distinguish real from pretend?

Back 47

• 2 y/o start to do this, but this still confuses children into middle childhood

Front 48

Even ___year olds become scared and have been shown to hide from monsters in video games. What does this suggest?

Back 48

8, suggests that the inability to distinguish real from pretend persists into middle childhood.

Front 49

Parents are demanding and controlling, they stress obedience.

Back 49

Authoritarian parenting

Front 50

These parents place firm limits and controls on the child and allow little verbal exchange.

Back 50

Authoritarian parenting

Front 51

• Children are often unhappy, fearful, anxious, lack intellectual curiosity, fail to initiate activity, and have weak communication skills

Back 51

Authoritarian parenting

Front 52

Behave well when someone is there to enforce rules, but do not internalize rules well.

Back 52

Authoritarian parenting

Front 53

• Parents are highly involved with their children, but place few demands or controls on them

Back 53

Permissive Parenting

Front 54

children never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way

Back 54

Permissive Parenting

Front 55

• Children are often aggressive, domineering, and noncompliant.

Back 55

Permissive Parenting

Front 56

They tend to have poor impulse control and be relatively immature.

Back 56

Permissive Parenting

Front 57

• Parents encourage children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions.

Back 57

authoritative

Front 58

• Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the children.

Back 58

Authoritative Parenting

Front 59

• Children are often cheerful, self-controlled and self-reliant, achievement-oriented, maintain friendships with peers, cooperate with adults, and cope well with stress.

Back 59

Authoritative Parenting

Front 60

An understanding of oneself in relation to significant others

Back 60

self-concept

Front 61

In this stage, children label themselves as boys or girls

Back 61

Sex Role Identity

Front 62

In this stage, children become aware that boys grow up to be men and girls grow up to be women.

Back 62

Sex Role Stability

Front 63

In this stage, children understand that sex remains the same in all situations.

Back 63

Sex Role Constancy

Front 64

What is the order associated with kohlberg's 3 stages of sex role identification?

Back 64

Sex Role Identity
Sex Role Stability
Sex Role Constancy

Front 65

What are the two forms of sex role acquisition?

Back 65

1.Cog dev approach- kohlberg
2. gender shema theory - children acquire schema that guides gender linked interests and behav, use info processing to do this.

Front 66

process by which external culturally organized experiences are transformed into internal psychological processes that organize how people behave by following social rules.

Back 66

internalization

Front 67

the ability to control one's emotions, behaviors, and mental states.

Back 67

self regulation

Front 68

the inhibition of an action that is already underway

Back 68

effortful control

Front 69

What is the difference between Autonomous & Heteronomous Morality?

Back 69

heteronomous =morality subject to external controls

autonomous= rules are agreements among people, not decrees handed down by adults

Front 70

Describe the 3 types of social rules described by social domain theory.
(assoc with moral dev)

Back 70

The 3 rules vary in how broadly they can be applied.
At the most general level are the MORAL RULES, which cannot be transgressed and are found in all societies
SOCIAL CONVENTIONS are at the next level. They specifiy how males and females should act, what people should wear. They vary across sociaeties. PERSONAL SPHERE RULES are associated with situations in which children make decisions based on their personal preferences

Front 71

awareness of one's own and others' emotional states, capacity for sympathy and empathy, and ability to differentiate inner and outer emotions.

Back 71

Socio-Emotional Competence

Front 72

Identify the categories associated with racial socialization

Back 72

cultural socialization = emphasizes racial heritage and pride
preparation for bias = stresses racial discrim and prejudice
promotion of racial mistrust = encourages mistrust of the majority race
egalitarianism =emphasizes the equality of members of all races

Front 73

emphasizes racial heritage and pride

Back 73

cultural socialization

Front 74

stresses racial discrim and prejudice

Back 74

preparation for bias

Front 75

encourages mistrust of the majority race

Back 75

promotion of racial mistrust

Front 76

emphasizes the equality of members of all races

Back 76

egalitarianism

Front 77

Which form of racial socialization had best outcomes?

Back 77

cultural socialization

Front 78

What are the disadvantages of physical punishment?

Back 78

PEARL DAD

Parent is avoided

Exploration & initiative reduced

Aggression modeled

Root Cause not adressed

Leads to Child abuse

Developmental outcomes are not better for spanked children

Angers and upsets child

disrespectful to the child
learn

Front 79

What percent of U.S. children will spend part of their childhood in single-parent family?

Back 79

50 %

Front 80

A host of behavioral, social, and academic problems are associated with the single family structure. Why?

Back 80

S FL SC
SES is greatest factor

Financial stress (Only 73% of entitled parents receive child support and few receive the full amount)
Less supervision while parent is working

Social stigma
Crisis of divorce, if parents were married (HOWEVER there is a selection bias – Problems were most likely present before the divorce)

Front 81

Between __ and ____ children being raised by gay or lesbian parents

Back 81

Between 3 and 14 million children being raised by gay or lesbian parents

Front 82

• Many studies have tried to find difference between children w/ homosexual and children with heterosexual parents. What have they found?

Back 82

• Researchers conclude these children are “just as healthy on measures of gender identity, sexual orientation, intelligence, moral reasoning, behavior problems, personality, and locus of control” What does this line of research tell us?

Front 83

• In Ohio, and most other states, children cannot be adopted by nonbiological, same-sex parent. Why is this a prob?

Back 83

(cannot be covered under health insurance, are not entitled to social security survivor benefits, not entitled to child support/visitation after a breakup)

Front 84

__ in __ U.S. children currently live in poverty. Where do we rank among members of industrialized world?

Back 84

• 1 in 4 U.S. children currently live in poverty, second worst in the ‘industrialized’ world

Front 85

What percentage of poor children are chronically poor?

Back 85

50%

Front 86

As of 2002, how many children are uninsured?

Back 86

7.8 million children uninsured (80% had at least one parent who works full

Front 87

• Poverty puts children at risk for what sorts of probs?

Back 87

• Poverty puts children at risk for mental, physical, intellectual, and health (ex. lead poisoning) problems

Front 88

• By age 18, children will have spent more time watching TV than.....

Back 88

attending school or doing any other activity, except sleeping

Front 89

What % of of children’s programming contains violence?

Back 89

80%

Front 90

Children’s Saturday morning television contains ____violent acts per hour adult prime time contains ___ per hour),

Back 90

• Children’s Saturday morning television contains 20-25 violent acts per hour adult prime time contains 3-5 per hour),

Front 91

• By age 18, children view _____acts of violence including _____ murders

Back 91

• By age 18, children view 200,000 acts of violence including 16,000 murders

Front 92

The link between violent television (including superheros) and aggression well documented. Is this a causal or correlational link?

Back 92

• Causal (not just correlational)

Front 93

• Cross-cultural studies, with TV newly introduced....

Back 93

show increase in aggression

Front 94

• For every hour a child under 3 watches TV each day, risk of attention problems at age 7 increase by...

Back 94

10%

Front 95

• For every hour a child under 3 watches TV each day, risk of attention problems at age 7 increase by 10%. Why is this?

Back 95

(brains become hard-wired and accustomed to fast-paced TV so they find it difficult to pay attention to slow-moving real world.

Front 96

In terms of childcare, child outcomes are most affected by...

Back 96

quality of care, not hours in care.

Front 97

What factors affect the quality of childcare?

Back 97

PLAN TIC

Physical setting
Licensing requirements
Amount of supervision
Nature of program

Training, satisfaction of caregiver
Involvement by parent
Caregiver/child relationship

Front 98

Children in childcare are sick ______________________, but they are sick ________________________ when they begin school

Back 98

Children in childcare are sick more frequently , but they are sick less frequently when they begin school

Front 99

What are some short term effects of involvement in headstart?

Back 99

Slightly ahead academically until grade 3 when differences even out.

Front 100

What are the long term effects of involvemt in head start?

Back 100

o Increased probability of completing high school
o Increased probability of attending college
o Elevated earnings in one’s early 20s
o Less likely to be charged or convicted of crime.

o We also find suggestive evidence that African-American males who attended Head Start are more likely than their siblings to have completed high school.
o Evidence of positive spillovers from older children who attended Head Start to their younger siblings, particularly with regard to criminal behavior.