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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Independent variables vary because of .....while dependent variables vary because of .....
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Independent variables vary on their own (ex. race) or because a researcher manipulates them (ex. placement in treatment versus nontreatment group)
Dependent variables vary because of independent variable. These are the outcome variables |
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Which type of variable is the outcome variable?
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dependent variables vary because of independent variable. These are the outcome variables
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What is the IV and DV?
Researchers announce: Girls are better at hopscotch than boys. |
IV: gender
DV: skill/ability at hopscotch |
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What is the IV and DV?
Researchers have told us that a literacy rich home environment is related to a child’s success in kindergarten. |
IV: degree of literacy richness in the home
DV: kindergarden performance |
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Researchers gave a panel of 14 volunteers whole slices of bread with butter spread on one side. No matter what kind of bread the participant received (white, wheat, or pumpernickel), all of the volunteers were able to identify which side of the bread the butter was on. This was the case even when some had their noses pinched with clothespins, where blind folded, or had their hands tied behind their backs.
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IV: type of bread, nose pinch, or hands behind backs
DV: whether/not they could decide which side the bread was on. |
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What is the operational definition of a variable referring to?
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Operational Definitions of Variables
Refers to the way a particular variable is being defined within the context of a specific experiment (for the purpose of measurement) |
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Describe the difference between Correlational vs. Experimental research.
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Correlational - Researcher gathers information on already existing groups without altering participants’ experiences
Experimental - Researcher randomly assigns participants to a control group and treatment group, can help determine casual relationship |
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Define internal validity
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To what extent does the independent variable, as opposed to extraneous influences, account for the change in the dependent variable?
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What are threats to the internal validity?
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Maturation, History, Lack of control
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What are the threats to external validity
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Selection bias, unrepresentative sample
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Define external validity.
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To what extent can the results of a study be generalized to people, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than those in the experimental arrangements?
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What are the 3 Common Types of Designs Used in Development Research?
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1. cross sectional
2. longitudinal 3. sequential |
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Distinguish between cross sectional, sequential, and longitudinal research designs.
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Cross-sectional
Allows us to study similarities and differences among age groups Quick and less expensive Cohort effect – Participants differ in historical experience, ex. study on 30, 50, 80 y/o for views on spending Cannot tells us about SEQUENCES of development, CUMULATIVE effects over time, or CONSISTENCY of behavior over time Longitudinal Design Allows us to look at change within a person Takes a lot of time and money Sample size usually smaller Sample attrition - Participants move away, drop out, die Practice effects - Become “test-wise” Findings may not generalize to other cohorts Sequential Combination of the two |
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What are some of the drawbacks associated with cross-sectional research design.
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Cannot tells us about SEQUENCES of development, CUMULATIVE effects over time, or CONSISTENCY of behavior over time
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What is the cohort effect? Which type of research design allows us to make use of the cohort effect?
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Cohort effect – Participants differ in historical experience, ex. study on 30, 50, 80 y/o for views on spending
-cross sectional designs do this. |
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How is what a Cross-sectional design allows us to study different from what a longitudinal design allows us to examine?
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Cross-sectional =
Allows us to study similarities and differences among age groups Longitudinal Design Allows us to look at change within a person |
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Cannot tells us about SEQUENCES of development, CUMULATIVE effects over time, or CONSISTENCY of behavior over time
Which study design is this? |
cross sectional
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What are some limitations of longitudinal design?
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Takes a lot of time and money
Sample size usually smaller Sample attrition - Participants move away, drop out, die Practice effects - Become “test-wise” Findings may not generalize to other cohorts |
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Sample attrition is a problem with what kind of study?
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longitudinal
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Practice effects are problematic in what kind of study?
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longitudinal
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Sequential research design is a combination of what two designs?
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cross-sectional
longitudinal |
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Unique problems arise when studying young children. What are they?
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Communication barriers
Infant perception Limited understanding/attention span Time consuming Ethical issues (ex. cannot always give informed consent |
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The results section gives the statistical procedures that were used and the results from these analyses. Is interpretation provided in the results section?
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No- only what was found is discussed.
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This section of the research paper outlines weaknesses of the study and often suggests areas for future research. What section is this?
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The discussion
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Distinguish between continuous and discontinuous development.
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continuous dev = occurs gradually, adding more of the same types of abililties
discontinuous = occurs abruptly, is very stage-like. |
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Is Freud's theory dicontinuous or continuous?
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Discontinuous - there are stages (for instance:
oral stage, anal stage, etc.) |
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Is Erikson's theory of psychosocial development discontinuous or continuous?
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Discontinuous - crises are stagelike
trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt |
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Are Piaget's ideas about cognitive development discontinuous or continuous?
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Discontinuous- stagelike
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational. |
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Do not worry if your 2-year-old is not toliet-trained, yet. When he is ready, he will practically train himself.
This statement was most likely made by which type of theorist? |
Maturational
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Oh, she will grow out of it, just leave her alone.
This statement was most likely made by which type of theorist? |
Maturational
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Children are not ready for reading until first grade
This statement was most likely made by which type of theorist? |
Maturational
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Preschools should have a punching bag to children can release anger.
This statement was most likely made by which type of theorist? |
Psychodynamic
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• • Do not interfere with dramatic play. Let children work out their emotional conflict
Said by.. |
psychodynam
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It is better to feed a baby on demand rather than on a rigid schedule.
said by... |
psychodynam
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Children who suck their thumbs were not allowed to breast feed long enough.
said by.. |
psychodyman
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Children who answer correctly will receive a gold star.
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Learning theory
I'm considering both social learning and (operant, classical, and instrumental) conditioning forms of learning theory. |
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It is important that children have good models for behavior
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Learning theory
I'm considering both social learning and (operant, classical, and instrumental) conditioning forms of learning theory. |
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You will spoil the baby if you pick him up when he cries.
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Learning theory
I'm considering both social learning and (operant, classical, and instrumental) conditioning forms of learning theory. |
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Distinguish between classical and operant conditioning
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classical - involuntary, instinctual behavior.
operant- voluntary behavior reinforcers increase rate of behavior punishers-decrease rate of behavior positives-involve giving negatives-involve taking away |
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Does operant conditioning tell us anything about how the behavior originated?
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NO
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A major premise of Bandura's social learning theory is that we learn thru modeling. According to social learning theory, Do we have to receive a direct consequence to to learn?
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NO- social learning states that we can learn from watching others receive consequences.
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self efficacy is a term that is associated with which of the theories of child dev?
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social learning theory.
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Children learn best when they are interested in what they are doing.
Said by... |
cog dev theory
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Children are active learners
said by... |
cog dev theory
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Children seek stimulation
said by... |
cog dev theory
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List the major theories of development.
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psychodynamic
learning (including classical, operant, and social learning-bandura) maturational cognitive dev - piaget sociocultural - vygot developmental systems-brofenbrener ecological |
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children, supported by teachers should be challenged with math probs slightly harder than they can compute alone.
said by... |
sociocultural theory
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Mother's stress at work may have an effect on her child's academic performance.
said by... |
dev systems
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welfare reform affects well being of all children.
said by... |
dev systems
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thinks about children in multiple environments, including their intxns with those environments...
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dev systems.
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Focuses on a person's adaptation to social demands as a means of development.
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Erikson's psychosocial dev.
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Psychoanalytic = psychosexual + psychosocial
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psychoanalytic = freud + erikson
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