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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception
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Gametes
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The new cell formed by the process of fetilization
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Zygote
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The basic unit of genetic information
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Genes
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The substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Molecules
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Rod-shped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs
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Chromosomes
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Twins that are genetically identical
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Monozygotic twins
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Twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time
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Dizygotic Twins
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The one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present
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Dominant Trait
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A trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed
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Recessive Trait
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The underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism
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Genotype
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An observable trait; the trait that actually is seen
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Phenotype
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Inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait
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Homozygous
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Inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait
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Heterozygous
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Inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait
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Polygenic Inheritance
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Genes that are considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome
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X-linked Genes
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The study of the effects of heredity on behavior
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Behavioral Genetics
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A disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism
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Down Syndrome
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A disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation
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Fragile X Syndrome
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A blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it
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Sickly-cell Anemia
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A disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment
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Tay-Sachs Disease
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A disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts
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Klinefelter's Syndrome
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The discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders
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Genetic Counseling
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A process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother's womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed
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Ultrasound Sonography
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A test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo
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Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
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The process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus
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Amniocentesis
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Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual
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Temperament
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The determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed
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Multifactorial Transmission
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The process by wich a sperm and an ovum--The male and female gametes, respectively--join to form a single new cell
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Fertillization
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The first--and shortest--stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first 2 weeks following conception
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Germinal Stage
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A conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord
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Placenta
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The period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems
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Embryonic Stage
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The stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth
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Fetal Stage
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A developing child, from 8 weeks after conception until birth
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Fetus
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The inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant
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Infertility
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A process of fertilization in which a man's sperm is placed directly into a woman's vagina by a physician
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Artificial Insemination
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A procedure in which woman's ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man's sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory
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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
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A factor that produces a birth defect
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Teratogen
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A disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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A condition in which children display some, although not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
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Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE)
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The term used for newborns
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Neonate
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An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass
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Episiotomy
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A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns
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Apgar Scale
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A restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce brain damage
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Anoxia
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Close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following birth, argued by some to affect later relationship strength
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Bonding
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Infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception (also known as premature infants)
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Preterm Infants
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Infants who weigh less the 2500 grams( around 5.5 pounds) at birth
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Low-birthweight Infants
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Infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90% (or less) of the average weight of the same gestational age
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small-for-gestational-age Infants
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Infants who weigh less than 1250 grams (around 2.25 pounds) or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb fewer than 30 weeks
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Very-Low-birthweight Infants
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Infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother's due date
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Postmature Infants
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A birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal
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Cesarean Delivery
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A device that measures the baby's heartbeat during labor
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Fetal Monitor
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The delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in fewer than 1 delivery in 100
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Stillbirth
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Death within the first year of life
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Infant Mortality
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Unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
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Reflexes
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A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
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Classical Conditioning
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A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences
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Operant Conditioning
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The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
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Habituation
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Different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation
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States of Arousal
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The principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body
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Cephalocaudal Principle
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The principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward
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Proximodistal Principle
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The principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills
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Principle of Hierarchical Integration
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The principle that different body systems grow at different rates
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Principle of the Independence of Systems
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The basic cell of the nervous system
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Neuron
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The gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another
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Synapse
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A fatty substance that helps insulate reurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses
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Myelin
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The upper layer of the brain
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Cerebral Cortex
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The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience
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Plasticity
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A specific, but limited time, usually early in an organism's life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development
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Sensitive Period
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Repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior
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Rhythms
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The degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation
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State
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The period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming
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Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
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Unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
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Reflexes
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A theory of how motor skills develop and are coordinated
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Dynamic Systems Theory
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The average performance of a large sample of children of a given age
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Norms
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A measure designed to determine infants' neurological and behavioral responses to their environment
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Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
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A disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting
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Nonorganic Failure to Thrive
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The physical stimulation of the sense organs
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Sensation
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The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain
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Perception
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