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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 different approaches to defining stress |
1. state of the organism (strain) 2. characteristic of the environment (stressor) 3. transaction between person & environment |
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4 biological pathways for stress |
1. direct sympathetic activation 2. sympathetic - adrenal medullary 3. hypothalamic - pituitary adrenal cortex 4. cellular mechanism |
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4 ways of measuring psychosocial stress |
1. trauma 2. stressful life event 3. chronic role strain - poverty, poor health 4. daily hassles |
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5 major coping strategies |
1. problem-focused: manage the problem 2. emotion-focused: manage the emotion 3. cognitive reappraisal: manage the meaning 4. seek social support 5. prayer/religious coping |
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how does stress change with age? |
older adults more vulnerable to physiological stress, poor recovery from injury, most likely to die during natural disasters/wars |
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how does coping change with age? |
older adults cope as well or better than younger adults, use fewer strategies, greater use of routines |
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what is a curveball? |
an unexpected life event |
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mental health definition |
successful mental functioning resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships, the ability to change and cope with adversity |
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prevalence of Mental Health disorders |
one disorder is 46% two or more is 28% |
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how does mental health change with age? |
high rates of depression, tendency to isolate and not recognize their depression or tell anyone |
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who is at greatest risk for suicide? (3) |
1. 50% who commit suicide are depressed 2. increased risk for older, Caucasian men 3. adolescents are more likely to attempt suicide while older adult are more likely to complete |
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what are the different types of interventions? (6) |
clinical therapy education psycholpharacology service delivery environmental interventions legislation |
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what are the goals of these interventions? |
alleviation, compensation, enrichment, prevention |
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what is environmental press? |
goal is to find the optimal level of environmental support for people of low levels of competence |
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how does living independently vary by age & sex? |
men live independently at much higher rates than women ages 65-74: 79% of men live alone and 61% of women ages 75+: 68% of men live alone and 35% of women |
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what are the pros and cons of independently living |
pros: familiar setting, maintain control, community support available (meals on wheels) cons: difficult for those in suburban areas and rural communities, inner cities may be dangerous, limited access to emergency medical care in rural areas >>>driving |
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what are the types of semi-independent living? (7) |
retirement hotel (single room) retirement community shared housing housing coops assisted living facility auxiliary dwelling continuing care retirement community |
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what are types of long-term care facilities? (3) |
institutions nursing homes special care units |
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what communication styles should not be used with elders? (6) |
patronizing speech elderspeak inappropriate use of first names terms of endearment "honey" "sweetie" assumption of greater impairment than may be the case persuading to demand compliance |
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what is Sternberg's Triarchic Theory? |
stage theory with passion usually preceding intimacy, then commitment |
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what are gender differences and similarities in mate selection? |
differences: for women, status is more important. Men always preferred the attractive women regardless of status or dress. similarities: kindness, empathy, sense of humor |
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what is the Upswing Hypothesis? |
Marital levels of satisfaction are highest in the early years, followed by a dip when children are adolescent, but then an increase (upswing) after children are launched. |
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what are types and effects of parenting? (4) |
1. Authoritarian: low warmth, high control. Children are often moody with conduct problems. 2. Authoritative: high warmth, high control. Children are often curious, confident, and independent. 3. Permissive: high warmth, low control. Acceptance and encouragement but little predictability can lead to impulsivity, low self-control. 4. Indifferent: low warmth, low control. Children may be demanding and disobedient. |
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what makes a marriage last? (5) |
fewer disagreements more enjoyment from sources of pleasure greater physical and psychological health less negative affect and more affection feeling of support |
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what predicts divorce? (4) |
negative affect withdrawal more negative behaviors than positive criticism, contempt defensiveness, and stonewalling |
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positives and negatives of care giving? |
Negatives: major strain in late life, physical demands, financial demands, creating a safe environment, daily activities (bathing, meals), making end-of-life care decisions. Positives: positive reappraisal, problem-focused coping and goals, spiritual beliefs & practices, closer social relations |
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how has work changed? |
used to be almost entirely agricultural, then industrial |
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what factors influence choice of careers? |
1. Based on the notion of person-environment fit 2. Relationship between personality and occupation is “moderate but significant” 3. Primary motivator is agency (self-efficiency) 4. barriers/oppertunitities in the environment |
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what factors influence career trajectories & satisfaction? (4) |
social class gender cohort ethnicity |
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why does retirement exist? (3) |
1. Instituted to prevent unemployment among the young 2. During the Great Depression there had been much unemployment 3. Political stability |
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who does social security support? |
supports retirement, families, older adults, people with disabilites and their families |
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what is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid? |
Medicare: (A) hospitalization, (B) outpatient services Medicaid: long term care only for people with limited income & assests |
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what are the two accomplishments of the Affordable Care Act? |
huge increase in the insured |