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264 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What has been historically taken for granted?
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Married couples would have children if they were biologically able to do so
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How have these circumstances changed?
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Medical advances
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What specific changes have taken place in family formation?
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Planned
Even timed |
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Assisted reproductive technology
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Help certain couples make toward their dreams of parenthood
Gives people greater freedom of choice Accompanied by some unique challenges |
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In many cases, what do couples do?
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Emotionally plan to have children long before conception and birth
Discuss how many children they want and prepare for the entry of children and to their family system |
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What plays a central role in these complex family
planning issues? Why? |
Economic considerations
Children are no longer considered to be an economic asset as they were in the past |
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What can children be to a contemporary
American family? Based on this, what do couples do? |
An economic liability
Delay childbearing until they have established a sound financial base in order to cover the many expenses involved Delay having children until further educational or lifestyle goals have been achieved |
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What are the 2 factors that contribute to the
decision of becoming a parent? |
Social pressures
Emotional factors |
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What do children fulfill for adults in a particular family system?
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Different needs
Values Functions |
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What must potential parents examine when
deciding to expand their family system? |
The role that children play in fulfillment
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Explain why our society's views have gradually changed toward someone who does not desire to be a parent. What factors may motivate someone to remain childless? Would you consider parent had a prerequisite to being emotionally and socially fulfilled, or is it unrelated? Justify your position.
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?
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Why are economic costs considered carefully prior to having children?
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They often have a choice in whether or not to become a parent
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What do economic factors relate to couples'
delayed parenthood? |
Desired lifestyle
Educational outcomes |
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How much would it cost for middle-class
working family in the US to get through childbearing and child rearing? |
1/4 of the total lifetime income is devoted to meeting the cost of raising a child from birth through age 18
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What would it cost for a child born in 2010 to reach age 18?
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$225,000 for $1000 a month
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In the breakdown of family expenses, where does expenses related to raising a child rank?
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Third
After the family home and healthcare |
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Home
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31%
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Healthcare
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22%
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Child related expenses
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17%
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Food
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16%
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Transportation
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14%
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What are examples of a large ticket item in the calculation of family expenses?
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home
Healthcare Child-related expenses Food Transportation |
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What did the family expenditures consume?
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The majority of family income accounting for about half of the total outlay necessary for
raising children to maturity |
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What cost is not considered in preparation for having children? What is the is counterbalanced by?
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Potential loss of family income while one parent is not gainfully employed outside the home
Stay-at-home parent providing care that might otherwise be costly |
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What has changed, especially during the
economic recession? |
Fathers are taking on the child-rearing
responsibilities while mothers have been able to find gainful employment and economically competitive and challenging times Some parents choose not to reenter the workforce until the youngest child enters kindergarten |
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What is regarded as a valuable privilege? What is this accompanied by?
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The ability to raise children with full-time parental supervision
Financial sacrifices Career sacrifices |
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What do several structural factors relate to and influence the decision of of becoming a parents?
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Economic considerations
Marital status Employment status |
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Who tends to have a significantly lower
household income, single women or married women? What does this significantly influence? |
Single women
The quality of life that a woman can expect when raising a child as a single mother versus as a married mother |
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What are the factors that play a role in this
outcome? |
A younger single mother might interrupt her
education for parenthood This closes the door to obtaining higher wages from jobs that require longer educational path A single mother has to carry the burden of an entire household, but in a partnership or marriage, this responsibility would be shared |
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What is top priority when parents returned to the workforce?
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Finding a source of reliable, economical
childcare |
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What alternatives do many families rely on when returning to the workforce?
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Rely on relatives or in-home care of children
Agencies Nonprofit organizations Co-ops Proprietary services |
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How is the use of these services often seen?
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Less desirable than parental care
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What does research strongly suggest about non-parental care?
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Children are not harmed by during the early years of their lives, as long as it is of good quality and there is continuity of the significant
caregivers |
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What are the 2 factors that influence the
decision to pursue parenthood? What are the 3 things the factors associated with? |
Socioeconomic status
Ethnic group of a family The values adults ascribe to having children The functions adults ascribe to having children The number of children that a couple desires |
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A group's fertility rate
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The number of biological children that a woman has
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Which is the fastest growing minority in the US?
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Hispanics |
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How should having children be discussed among couples? Why is this important?
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Jointly
Find common ground Each family may have unique circumstances that contribute to the decisions regarding parenthood |
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Give examples of unique circumstances in couples decision to have children.
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Blended families may face slightly different
challenges from those of first-time marriages Whether one has children from a previous marriage |
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What are some issues were couples to consider when deciding about having kids?
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Are you conforming to group pressure
because all your friends are having kids? Are you prepared financially, emotionally, and socially to experience the changes associated with having a child? How does the newborn fit into your spouse's life plans? What do you think you'll do if you second-guess your decision to have become a parent? A child doesn't necessarily improve the marriage relationship. Instead, it may introduce new challenges. A child and not a remedy for improving an ailing marriage. Seek counseling first. Do you like children? You enjoy playing with them? Have you spent time with children and know how they change everything out about your life? How might you feel if you have a child who have special needs? How might you feel that your decision to become a parent a decade or two from now? Your children are not a mirror of yourself work and you live your dreams for your children. Each child is unique. Can you expect your child as an individual who is distinctly different from you or your spouse? Are you aware that you are not responsible for your adult children's successes or failures? |
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What are some advantages and disadvantages to children nowadays? What are some ways that society's expectations a parent can be made more realistic?
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?
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Do most people generally want children?
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Yes
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What enters into a person's decision about whether to become a parent?
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Personal reasons
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Describe the personal reasons associated with the decision to become parents.
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Have their basis in the belief of one family origin
Social class Economic group |
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When may motivations for becoming a parents be present?
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Long before an individual has children
are seen as antecedents of the varying attitudes that people have toward this adult role role |
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How may the adults' underlying reason for
becoming parents be played out once children are born? What is this associated with? |
In child rearing script that they follow without questioning it
The experience that a person expects to have when interacting with the child Highly personal and unique to each individual |
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What type of theme is reflected in the reasons parents have for having children?
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Strong psychosocial theme reflecting pleasure in child rearing, feelings of love and affection, and attitudes of generativity |
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What is the fatalistic component to the desire to become a parents?
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Some people may be strongly motivated to
become a parent because they believe that procreation is the primary reason for their existence |
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What is the fatalistic component supported by?
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Religious doctrines
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What is a different aspect of a fatalistic reason to have children?
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Ensure the continuation of one family name and genetic line
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In some cultures and family system, which sex continues to be highly valued? Why? What has this type of thinking led to?
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Males
Family names are perpetuated for them There may be special significance attached to male heirs A surplus of male offspring Creating a shortage of available women to marry |
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What nature can the primary motivation for
having children and becoming a parent be? |
Altruistic
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What are some reasons that are altruistic in
nature? |
An unselfish desire to express affection and
concern for children |
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What may be satisfied through parenting
experiences? |
The desire to express one's sense of generativity
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What type of outlet does parenthood provide
according to Erikson's concept of generativity? How might this aspect also be considered? |
For the development of one's psychological need to be needed
A narcissistic motivation to become a parent |
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What does narcissism in the context refer to?
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The expectation that having children who left on the goodness of a person and serve as a
concrete, visible statement of maturity and adequacy as a sexually active adult Related to the need to conform to one's peers The idea that children will provide their parents with emotional security and love |
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What is the problem with the idea that children will provide their parents with the emotional
security and love? Why? |
There is no guarantee that children will
reciprocate parent's love Love has to be earned |
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How are reasons for becoming a parent
instrumental in nature? |
The children become instruments for the wishes of the parents
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Give an example of how the children become
instruments for the wishes of the parents. |
Many parents wish for children to achieve
specific goals because they believe that children are obligated to please their parents and needs and desires and goals of the parents |
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The reasons for becoming a parent are
instrumental in nature, what is the expectation? In this scenario, how is parenting seen? |
Children will reach levels of achievement that they were not able to achieve
A second chance at life for parents |
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Give examples of the levels of achievements
children can reach that the parents were not. |
Getting a college education
Learning a particular skill Being successful in a certain career |
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What made some parents unconsciously believe when their reasons for becoming apparent are instrumental in nature?
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They can relive their own childhood through their children
Some parents are motivated by the hope that their children will not repeat their mistakes |
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What are many men who appear to what
children concerned about? |
Being an ideal father
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Give an example of how many men who want to be fathers are concerned about being an ideal
father. |
Providing adequately for a family
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What is another instrumental reason for
becoming a parent? What is the problem? |
To secure an intimate relationship
Some people mistakenly believe that having children will rescue a troubled marriage |
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What is the reality in having a child to secure an intimate relationship?
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The presence of children does not appear to help or hinder marital satisfaction
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What is the increased strain on adults caused by?
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Managing multiple roles is likely to contribute to difficulties in a marriage
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What have studies that compare marriages with and without children found?
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Marital satisfaction is greatest or is enhanced among couples do not have children
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Who reports predominantly positive outcomes from having children?
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Older first-time parents
Parents with good support system |
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What may having a child also do?
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Please one's own parents
It is not unusual for older parents to subtly or directly pressure their adult children to become parents because of their desire to be grandparents |
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Why might adult children get into their parents' coercion?
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Out of the guilt of disappointing their parents
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Is it possible to fail to successfully adapt to
parenthood? What happens with someone is surprised pregnancy, is opposed to abortion, or does not wish to give a child up for adoption? How do they face the many challenges of involuntary parenthood? |
?
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What is the foundation for the family system?
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The committed relationship of a couple
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What does forming this type of relationship
require? |
Time
Effort Commitment to resolving conflicts Developing patterns Achieving a level of healthy functioning |
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How much time is devoted to achieving these goals?
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The first year following the commitment of
marriage |
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What does our culture support? What may
happen? |
Romantic notions about parenthood and child rearing that made it deceive adults about what these roles require
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What implies that parenthood improves a
couple's marital relationship and that a truly successful marriage is one in which happiness predominate all of the time? |
Folklore
Common sense |
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How do many fairytales end? What is the result?
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With the words "and they lived happily ever
after." We grow up with unrealistic expectation that somehow marriage is the panacea for all of life's challenges |
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What does the parenting require?
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Restructuring and reorganizing of a couple's committed relationship
A new baby, especially a firstborn, a lizard that positive and challenging reaction |
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What has been found on marital satisfaction of parents by researchers?
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Rather than improving a couple's relationship, the presence of children is associated with
decreasing marital satisfaction |
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Describe the decline of marital satisfaction. When does it begin, etc.?
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Following the birth of the first child
Continues to decline at the child grows Culminates at the lowest point when the child reaches middle childhood Then improves as the child goes through adolescence and onto early adulthood |
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What does research about role strain seem to
indicate? |
Children are detrimental to a couple's marital happiness
This is not a direct reason The children are part of a configuration that leads to increasing role strain during the initial years of child rearing, and it is this feeling of being pulled in all directions that caused the decline in marital satisfaction |
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When does role strain occur?
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When adults attempt to succeed at several
competing social roles |
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In this family system, what does the concept of role strain mean?
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The adults attempt to cope with the multiple roles of worker, parents, and marriage partner
They tried to perform all of the wall at a very high level of proficiency causing their performance in all rules to suffer to some degree |
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What takes precedence over their roles as
marriage partners? How? |
Children needs
Expending energy and resources |
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What may new parents experience? Why? What does this suggest?
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A decline in sexual relations
A decline in social activities Infant care demands a greater proportion of their energy, and resources It is important for all couples to develop a strong committed relationship prior to having children because the marital relationship will typically received less attention while they are actively involved in child rearing |
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What roles women frequently assume?
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Traditional mothering and housekeeping roles
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What roles do men frequently assume?
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Their careers and their role as a provider
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In what couple type does this trend occur?
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Even among couples who are gender-neutral
about roles within the home and the family |
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What does becoming a parent for the first time involve?
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Certain costs
Benefits |
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Give an example of one of the costs.
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Cohabitation versus marriage in the transition to parenthood
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Who experiences greater decline in social and psychological well-being upon becoming a first-time parent?
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Cohabitating women
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Who is most likely to continue a pregnancy?
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Cohabiting couples who believe that they have a future together
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What happens if couples realize that problems can be anticipated in their committed
relationship following the birth of a child? |
They are more likely to have an increased
awareness of the need to maintain their relationship |
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How may cohabiting women see pregnancy?
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As an added strain on the relationship
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What is the arrival of a child unlikely to do?
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Destroy the relationship, but it is not likely to
salvage one that is troubled |
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Although both partners makes back decreases and opportunities for shared leisure activities, how do partners react?
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Find other ways to experience their intimate
relationship |
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How can couples prepare and successfully cope with and live in the anticipated decline in marital satisfaction is they know in advance that this is a likely outcome of having children?
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?
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What do the parents experience regarding the new rules following birth of their first child?
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A period of adjustment
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How did early researchers use this event? How is this contemporarily seen?
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As a crisis in the family's lifespan
As a transition |
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What is the transition to parenthood influenced by?
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The timing of the birth of the first child
The gender of the adult |
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What is one of the major adjustments?
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That shift and priorities within the marital
relationship toward the parenting roles |
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Why does the satisfaction with marriage often decline?
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Stress that adults experience in managing their new roles
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What percent of couples desire offspring require medical intervention to fulfill their desires for parenthood?
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12% – 15%
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What is the problem with the rapid development of assisted reproductive technology (ART)?
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The accompanying legal and ethical issues
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Describe assisted reproductive technology in a social context.
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Well accepted
Couples are no longer secretive The media have given ample attention in popular films |
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What are the reasons for infertility?
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Often medically related
Social in nature, as when a single woman asks to become a mother |
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We did the services first become available?
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In the early 1980s
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Describe success rates of the various methods.
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The services have become increasingly
sophisticated They vary So many factors play a role |
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What are the factors that may play a role in
infertility? |
The age of the mother
The particular treatment methods used to attempt to achieve pregnancy |
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What is a problem with the services?
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Cost can be thousand dollars
Often not covered by insurance plans |
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What are will do people go through in order to achieve biological parenthood?
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Significant hardships
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What do others who have fertility problems do to achieve parenthood?
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Adopt children
Become foster parents |
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What are some approaches to becoming
biological parents through assisted reproductive technology? |
Fertility drugs
Artificial insemination by donor In Vitro Fertilization/Embryo Transfer (IVF – ET) IVF combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) Ovum transfer Gestational surrogacy (surrogate mother) |
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What are the challenges related to assisted
reproductive technology? |
Ethical
Legal Psychosocial Related to the cultural values associated with parenting |
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What must be made regarding embryo selection of preservation?
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Difficult decision
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What happens when surrogacy is involved?
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The legal and moral issues multiply
Pay for donor eggs Payments for carry a pregnancy to term |
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What are some questions asked when assisted reproductive technology takes place?
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How often should the firm of a particular donor be used?
If the same donor fathers too many children, is there a chance that his offspring may possibly date and marry later in life? Is it a problem for donors to get to know the children? Should the children you are conceived using this technology be told of their origins? How accessible should the information be concerning biological donors be to the child conceived through assisted reproductive technology? |
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What do some sperm donors want?
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To get to know the children
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Why is there concern about the quality of
parenting among those you have used in the reproductive technology? |
One study suggested that this factor is not as
important and that might appear because the quality of parenting was judged to be better among those using the techniques for contraception when compared with parents to the children naturally |
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Who scored similarly?
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Adoptive
Medically assisted parents |
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What acts as significant motivators to perform well in their parenting roles? When does this add greatly to the stress of parenting?
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The lengths to which couples with fertility
difficulties are willing to go to attain parenthood If a parent feels that they are performing less than optimally with regard to the parenting task |
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How are children conceived through assisted
reproductive technology compared to children conceived naturally? |
They are the same
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Why may couples who use assisted reproductive technology encounter many setbacks?
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Success is not guaranteed
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Describe the experience of taking part in
assisted reproductive technology. |
Emotionally demanding
Physically exhausting Financially draining Psychologically invasive in that the areas of private life become the object of medical concern |
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What must clinic staff and professional dealing with these situations understand and provide?
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The added stressors
Patients receive various forms of emotional support and counseling before, during, and after the procedure |
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Why is there also a certain amount of grieving?
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If the technique failed the couple has to
relinquish their dreams of biological parenthood |
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Surrogacy
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A couple can contract with a fertile woman to conceive a child by artificial insemination with a partner's sperm
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How is a surrogate paid?
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A fee plus the cost of prenatal care and delivery
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What does the surrogate mother agree to do in the contract?
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Relinquish all parental rights to the father and his partner when the baby is born
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Why is surrogate parent had not adoption?
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The father is a legal parent
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What is another issue that is likely to arise
following the child's birth? |
The child's right to information about surrogate mother's medical history
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Gestational mother
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Another variation of surrogacy
Someone who carries is a fertilized ovum to term She hosts the pregnancy |
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In the case of a gestational mother, who has the right to the chromosomal material of the
embryo? |
The biological gender
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In the case of a gestational mother, who has a genetic link to the embryo?
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The donor
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What can parenthood create?
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Greater closeness with grandparents
Heightened self-esteem for the couple |
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What does research show on the long-term
implications for the children who were created through various assisted productive techniques? |
The legal and ethical study of assisted
reproduction has been a rapidly evolving area of socialization |
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Is it likely that in the future all pregnancies will be managed by in vitro methods? What would be some circumstances that could lead to such an occurrence?
|
?
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Who is assisted reproductive technology
available for? |
Helping many individuals who are experiencing infertility
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Describe the cost of methods of assisted
reproductive technology. |
Emotionally
Physically Financially A rapidly developing area of medical research and intervention Some couples go through the grieving process when it fails to culminate in a live birth |
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What is the ideal situation with assisted
reproductive technology? |
It can help couples realize their dreams of
parenthood |
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Adoption
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A way of caring for children whose biological parents are unable to do so
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When does the decision of adoption often take place?
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After a number of unsuccessful fertility
treatments |
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Why do some families with biological children to adopt?
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They perceive adoption is their altruistic calling
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Second – parent adoption
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A child may be adopted by the step parents,
giving this parents legal parental rights Happens in some blended families |
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What types of processes does adoption involve?
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Legal
Social Psychological |
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What process does adoption specifically involve?
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A younger person into a family system
Having to accept this person as one's relative |
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When adoption was originally written in the US,
what did custom place a significant emphasis on? Why is it is particularly important? |
The importance of blood ties among family members
The way that family property is inherited |
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How have the laws been recently revised?
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To make adoption easier and more accessible
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What is possible for parents with diverse
backgrounds? |
To adopt from equally diverse circumstances
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What are the factors associated with the
decision to adopt a child? |
Domestic adoption has slowed in recent years and has been supplemented by international adoption
More single mothers retain custody of their children, reducing the population of potential adoptees Adopting a child is primarily a function of childlessness, infertility, age, and a altruistic reasons Adopted children are frequently economically more advantaged than children raised by never married, single-parent mothers There is a greater preference for adopting newborn infants. Although a number of older children and children in foster care seek adoptive parents, and may be more difficult to place them. As far as international or intercountry adoptions are turned, the highest number of adoptees came from China, followed by Ethiopia, and Russia. More girls than boys were available for adoption, especially if they were born in China. This of these children are adopted within the first year of life, although a significant number were adopted during the second year. Through prior years to 2009, 60,000 children had been adopted from Russia alone. This gives an indication of the numbers of children settling into families as a result of international adoptions. |
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Describe the process by which most adoptions take place.
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Lengthy
Expensive Frustrating |
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Why is the process of adoption so frustrating?
|
The every application for adoption is approved by a particular agency
Not all result in a completed adoption |
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What are the potential hurdles parents can
expect during an adoption? |
Contacting an agency that will facilitate the adoption of eligible children
Screening of the potential parents. Undergoing a home study to determine in the port eligibility of parents. Searching for an appropriate child for adoption. Seeking a court decree declaring the adoption to be legal and final. |
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What can be a potential problem in the adoption experience? Why?
|
No local, state, or federal registries maintain a central database for matching potential parents with adopted children
Differences from state to state and from nation to nation regarding the laws governing adoption |
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What plays a role in the type of adoption that couples might pursue?
|
The presence of laws that govern adoption
The age and developmental status of an available child The potential compatibility between the parents and of an available child |
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Public adoption
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Typically takes place through an agency license for placement children for adoption
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Describe the agencies used for public adoption.
|
Nonprofit (supported by charities or religious
organizations) |
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What is the process of public adoption?
|
Potential parents locate the agencies
Typically offer counseling and education for potential parents regarding the adoption process and what to expect following adoption |
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What are some ways in which potential parents can locate the agencies?
|
Word-of-mouth
Web searches Referrals from lawyers, social workers, or medical sources |
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How long can the waiting period before
adoption? What occurs during this period of time? |
Up to 5 years
Parents are screened A search is made for an appropriate child |
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How much can potential parents seeking
adoption expect to pay? |
An application fee (often quite high)
The legal fees involved in formalizing the adoption The medical costs incurred by the birth mother Travel costs to collect the child |
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What do private adoptions involve instead of an agency? Give an example. What do they do?
|
A third-party
An attorney arranges the adoption between the potential parent and the birth mother |
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What do private adoptions offer to potential
parents? |
Greater control
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How are private and public adoptions different?
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The private adoption is usually more expensive
|
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What type of option is a private adoption?
|
It is not unusual for this to be a more risky
option and that the birth mother has greater latitude in changing her mind, even after his initial parents paid her medical expenses and signed the contract |
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What are the 3 types of private and public
adoptions? |
Closed Open Semi-open |
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What were adoption like up until about 2 decades ago?
|
Closed
The identities of that the adopted and biological parents friends known to each party and the communication between these families took place |
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Open adoptions
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It is possible to determine the identity of the
biological parents Adoptees and their adoptive parents have access to information records controversial |
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Semi-open adoption
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Access to information for all parties, but no
contact may take place |
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What may biological parents wish for regardless of the desires of the biological child?
|
Anonymity
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What can adoptees to access medical
information from their biological parents and family? |
Cite a need to know the medical history of the
biological parents and family |
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Describe the laws of adoption in many states. What does this result in?
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Allows an adoptee to access the records of their adoption
Reunions with birth parents (frequently the mother) are occurring |
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What are the several issues which have been identified as a critical adjustment challenges for multiracial adoptive families?
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When adoptive parents see themselves as
rescuing a child from a potentially disadvantaged life, they tend to cast the child into the role of the victim and expect the child to be grateful for their generosity Some extended family members may have to adjust to a child who is of a different racial background, and this will challenge them in their ability to grow toward greater multicultural competence The insidious influence of racial stereotyping may affect adoptive families Despite these challenges, research has repeatedly demonstrated that transracial adopted children are not harmed by their experiences, although there are reports of identity issues. In fact, children may benefit from such placements. The high visibility of its racial adoptions by celebrities have aided increased tolerance. The frequency of international adoptions is also enhanced tolerance and acceptance |
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What is an example of how the insidious
influence of racial stereotyping may affect adoptive families? |
An Asian child may be expected to excel in
academics or an African-American child in athletics |
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In what cultures are the issues involved in
transracial foster care and adoption especially is accentuated? What do these groups have in common? |
African-American
American Indian Alaska native children They are overrepresented in the foster care population when compared to the representation of children in the general population |
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What do the Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994, Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 prohibit?
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The delay or denial of placement of children
on the basis of disparities between the race, color, or national origin of foster and adoptive parents and that of the child |
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You are the parent of a transracial adopted child. You've been asked to address a group of potential adoptive parents who are likely to
pursue this option for creating a family. What advice would you give these adults about what to expect, what to avoid, and ways to react to others who might fail to display multicultural competence? |
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What do some potential parents tire of which
results in them turning to agencies that assist in placing international children? Why does this exist? |
The long waiting period
The numbers of these adoptions have increased in recent years |
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Americans have adopted from all over the world,
where does the majority come from? Describe the children. How is a positive outcome? |
Asian countries
Mostly infants at the time of adoption, lessening the cultural adaptation challenges encountered with older adopted children |
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Child Citizenship Act of 2001
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Confers US citizenship to foreign – born children when the adoption is finalized
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What are international adoptions noted for?
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High risk
Many difficulties |
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What is the problem with the health histories received? What does this do?
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May be inaccurate or falsified
Increases the risk of adopting a child with unanticipated medical needs |
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What are families of the fees associated with
international adoptions? |
All agency
In-country expenses Meals Lodging |
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What is the downside to international
adoptions? |
It may not be able to choose a desirable trial
The difficulties in gathering a health history for the child in government restrictions may make for a daunting obstacle course |
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American families
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Increasingly multicultural
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What type of unsuccessful international
adoptions are there? Give an example. |
Where the adopting parents wanted to return the child, as it they were an object, after finding out that the challenges were insurmountable
Aggressive children who attacked their adopted family |
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What are contributing factors to an unsuccessful international adoption?
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Early neglect
Severe neglect Parental deprivation Reactive attachment disorders |
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What are some antecedents to these situations?
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The adoptive parents may get insufficient or
inaccurate information about the adoptee, and the medical histories are incomplete. According to ethical adoption practices, children should be clearly identified as having special needs or medical concerns so that adoptive parents know how to offer the relevant support and are informed of the unique challenges. If a monetary exchange is involved, which it usually is, it becomes difficult to draw the line between necessary expenses and possible profit motive on the part of international agencies in the countries of birth of the adoptees Interventions and psychological techniques aimed at addressing the outcomes of early parental deprivation and concomitant attachments disorders are being researched |
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What happens when the adoptive parents get
insufficient or inaccurate information about the adoptee and the medical histories are incomplete? |
With limited background information on the biological parents, it is difficult to ascertain whether the child was at risk prenatally, for instance, whether the child was exposed to alcohol or drugs by the mother.
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According to ethical adoption practices,
why should children be clearly identified as having special needs or medical concerns? |
So that adoptive parents know how to offer the relevant support and are informed of unique challenges
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What is unethical to do during international adoptions?
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Attached dollar amount to the life of the child
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What are these linked to the changes in brain development presenting as reactive attachment disorders and developmental delays?
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Problems with long stay in ever crowded orphanages
Extreme neglect Sensory deprivation The absence of constant caregivers Aimed at addressing the outcomes of early parental deprivation and concomitant attachments disorders are being researched |
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What are interventions in psychological
techniques aimed at? |
At addressing the outcomes of early parental
deprivation and concomitant attachments disorders are being researched |
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Why might some parents be separated from their children and maybe denied visitation or even parental rights?
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Of their abusive and neglectful behavior
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What is related to the accompanying of a
dramatic increase in the number of families you experience poverty and related charges? |
An equally distressing increase in the number of children who experience out of home
placements |
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When they children be removed from their
parents? |
When a community or state agency has
determined that children are not safe in their parents' home or that it is not in their best interests to be exposed to an unhealthy PC environment |
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Foster care or family foster care
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In this setting, children are cared for by trained and licensed adults who provide substitute parental care
Homes are intended for children with special needs Could also be provided by child relatives |
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Kinship care
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Homes that are intended for children with
special needs Parents are compensated for the services that they provide, although expenses typically exceed the amount that is provided by the supervising agency |
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What was the number of children in fostercare in 2009 as compared to 2000?
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423,773
A decline of about 20% |
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What was the average age?
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9.6 years
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What groups represent the largest numbers in
foster care in the US? |
Infants less than one-year-old
Adolescents to 17 years old |
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What is the average length of stay in foster care?
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2 years and 7 months
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What percent of all children are in foster care were African-American or Caucasian?
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70%
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What is the problem of African-American
children in the foster care population? |
They are overrepresented
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What sex are most of the children in adoption?
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Boys
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How to place children in foster care wish for?
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To be reunited with their parents or to be adopted
Goal is attained when foster care is terminated |
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How many years did those children who are
waiting to be adopted spend in the system? What age were they? |
3 years
Between 12 and 16 years of age |
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What percentage of parents with children in
foster care had their parental rights terminated? |
17%
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What are the most common reasons for
placement in foster care? |
Parental abuse
Parental neglect |
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What percentage of families involved with child protection services are affected by addictions and related disorders?
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80%
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Suppose you are caseworker for child protective services. How would you explain what was
happening to a child being placed in foster care because her parents had been charged with running a methamphetamine operation in the family house? |
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Foster parents
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May be married or single
Come from all social backgrounds May or may not be fully employed outside the home |
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What does every state have in relation to foster
parenting? |
Own criteria for accepting individuals as foster parents
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What are some criteria for foster parents?
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Being a minimum of 21 years of age
Being a good character, being motivated, and providing positive references Having no criminal record or history of child abuse or neglect Having a regular source of income Successful completing foster care training Being certified and first-aid through the Red Cross Passing a home inspection |
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What are adult to become foster parents often motivated by?
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Their own childhood experiences in foster care
In altruistic desire to meet the needs of children who come from difficult family circumstances |
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What do many children arrive to foster care with? What is the result?
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Emotional problems
Behavioral problems May have been placed repeatedly since being removed from their parents' care |
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What are some ways in which foster parents are uniquely challenged by dealing with a variety of issues that are not typically experienced by other adults care for children?
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Supervising a shot you have been abused,
rejected, or unloved, and has trust issues Being paid little for demanding work Dealing with agencies, social workers, and even angry, defensive biological parents Having little community support respect for being a foster parents Experiencing a high rate of burnout |
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You are in charge of developing
a training program for potential foster parent. Classes will be given weekly for about 3 months. What major topics would you include in the training? What outside speakers would invite to address the trainees? |
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What happens when children are removed from their parents' care?
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They are placed into foster care or family foster care
Occurs due to parental abuse or neglect Intended to be a temporary solution |
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What does data collected by the federal
government about foster parents indicate? |
The lengthy stay in the foster care system is far from temporary for most children
Certain demographic variables are characteristic of children in foster care |
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What is foster care are not usually related to?
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The child being cared for
, although some children are cared for by relatives |
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What do foster parents resemble? What must they do?
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Other adults in most communities
Must meet criteria established by state social agencies in order to to be licensed They must complete training to be foster parents Face challenges that are unique to their situation of cheering for unwanted or neglected children |
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Support groups
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Offer information and education about
parenthood |
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How do these groups assist individuals and
couples? |
Men are included and welcome, giving the
message that they are essential participants in the parenting process People gain reassurance that others share similar fears, misgiving, and stress regarding becoming or being parents Expectations about parenthood and childrearing can be examined in a safe environment Couples can network and create social support that can take the place of family support that may not be available by helping couples strengthen their relationship during the challenging time when they are transitioning to parenthood |
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Parenting classes
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Baby helpful to new parents, especially during the first few weeks and months following the child's birth
May be structured according to topics May need for several weeks |
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The Boot Camp for New Dads
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Run by the New Father' s Foundation, Inc.
addresses the unique needs of fathers and strengthen their role in family formation All day session is offered on a weekend New fathers are asked to bring their children to the session with the Fathers are assigned to an experienced father who has previously graduated and who's children are older |
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How does fathers being assigned to an experience father US previously graduated and his children are older do?
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Expose new fathers to mentor with whom they can relate
Gain insight into what it means to be a new father, what infants are like, what kind of care and for me, and what to expect from themselves and their partners |
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What do such educational experiences help new parents learn?
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Resources
Equipment Methods for child care |
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What may new mothers be at risk for? What have these new mothers with assisted in doing?
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Postpartum depression
Reducing their level of anxiety and parenting difficulty via a program that provides a workbook and weekly support by telephone |
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Who also benefits from assisted reproductive technology methods?
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Making a successful transition into their new roles when they have a positive social support of their nuclear and extended families and friends
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How can the transition to new parenthood be
facilitated? |
When couples successfully negotiate
coparenting roles and changes in the division of labor and household tasks, and then renegotiate these issues when conflicts arise |
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How long do families continue to provide
support for new parents? |
A limited time
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What are grandparents called upon to do?
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Provide assistance with older children
Help with household chores Provide information about child care Be generally supportive |
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What happens when long distances separate
extended families? |
Some families consider moving closer to
grandparents and to their family of origin to have additional support after the birth of a child |
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What is another aspect of support for the
parents? |
Family leave time from employment
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Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
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A federal law requires qualified employers to grant up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave and
continued benefits during any 12 month period to employees for birth and care of a newborn child Jobs are protected and reinstated upon completion of the leave |
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What does parental leave that is shorter than 12 weeks frequently results in?
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Poor adjustment to work, relationships, and
parenting responsibilities by the new mothers and fathers |
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When does the transition to parenthood
become very concrete? |
At childbirth
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What is frequently offered as part of one's health insurance coverage? Who was it offered by?
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Childbirth education classes
Physicians Churches Nonprofit community groups |
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What can the decision to become a parents
be influenced by? |
Economic considerations related to the cost of childbearing and child rearing
Structural factors including employment status, values and beliefs, and the desired family size Psychosocial influences such as parenthood may be seen as an expected developmental task of adulthood Personal reasons such as the values and functions that children may serve for adults |
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What are available for assisting individuals and couples who face fertility issues?
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Medical technologies
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What is the problem with the medical
technologies that assess couples and individuals who face fertility issues? |
Cost |
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Give examples of these medical technologies.
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In vitro fertilization
Ovum transfer Surrogate motherhood |
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What issues are relevant in using assistive
reproductive technologies? |
Ethical
legal |
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Adoption
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Involves challenges for both adults and children
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What do adopted children usually have a greater chance at?
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Improved life situation
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What are the number of reasons people choose to become adoptive parents?
|
Completing their families for the addition of
children Experiencing parenthood For altruistic reasons |
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What may prospective parents choose to
pursue? |
Different options or adoption with their
advantages and disadvantages |
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What are adults encouraged to openly discuss?
|
The circumstances surrounding a child adoption
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When are children separated from their parents and parental rights are terminated temporarily or permanently? Where these children placed?
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When they are abused
When their home is unsafe In the foster care system to be cared for by nonrelative |
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What do children in the foster care system wish to find?
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A permanent place within loving families
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What happens with their family of origin fails them?
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They wish to remain with their foster families or to be adopted
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Why should the stability in the foster family
be greater than that of the family of origin? |
Justify the placement
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What type of criteria must adult to become
foster parents meet? |
Criteria established by the state in which they
reside and become certified by attending a training course |
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Why do adults assume the foster parenting role?
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They feel called or for altruistic reasons
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Why foster parenting a challenge?
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Children have often been abused
Are suspicious of adult Have emotional or behavioral problems Have special needs |
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What types of problems that parents who lose custody of their children have?
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Addiction and related disorders
Suffer from psychiatric problems Face extreme poverty Is that a criminal record Not capable of fulfilling the parents will role responsibility Not capable of providing a stable and nurturing home environment |
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What must foster parents deal with?
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Different agencies
Officials The pay that they received for providing helping them pay for a child is quite low as most payments are intended to cover the basic cost of caring for a foster child, not as an incentive to profit from the unfortunate situation High degree of burnout |
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What made you parents need assistance with as they become adjusted to their new role?
|
Support groups for new mothers, new fathers, or both
Parenting classes Assistance from family members |
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Explain how some of the justifications for parent had have shifted 11th century and how the
decision to become a parent become more complex. |
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Explain the impact of first time parenthood on a couple's committed relationship.
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Describe some of the typical adjustment and
reactions to pregnancy. |
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Describe some of the challenges, legal as well as social, in fostering or adopting children.
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Explain why do parents could benefit from
support describe the type of support systems generally available to them. |
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