Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Why are parents considered to be teachers?
|
?
|
|
|
What qualities characterize a competent parent?
|
?
|
|
|
How is discipline defined?
|
?
|
|
|
What are the guidelines that help parents to be effective disciplinarians?
|
?
|
|
|
How are structure and nurturance provided to
children through discipline? |
?
|
|
|
What basic methods of discipline can be used by parents?
|
?
|
|
|
What elements do the methods have in
common? |
?
|
|
|
How are they applied to a program of discipline?
|
?
|
|
|
Why are behavioral problems considered a
normal aspect of children's development? |
?
|
|
|
What is the downside to parenting?
|
There's no manual
It is one of the few is not the only profession that does not require prior training |
|
|
What are some of the ways in which parents learn to parents?
|
Trial and error
Self-education Intimate self-knowledge Model by one's own parents |
|
|
Intimate self-knowledge
|
What is to be expected of children at each stage of their development
|
|
|
What do many professionals believe about
parenting education? |
There's a considerable need for formal training that focuses on parenting
|
|
|
When do we usually think about parenting
training? |
We wait until there's a problem
|
|
|
What is the best way to think about parenting training?
|
As an intervention
An approach to preventing or minimizing problems in child-rearing |
|
|
What is a major concern of all parents? What
influences the way we parent? |
Teaching and guiding children
How to best teach those behaviors, values, and beliefs vary from culture to culture |
|
|
What are the certain values and beliefs that will have meaning and usefulness of the child
develops and into their future? |
Having personal integrity
Using one's ability to the fullest to attain life goals Valuing knowledge and learning for the sake of learning Having adequate interpersonal skills and the ability to help successfully with the stresses of life Acting in ways that are considerate of others' needs as well as one's own Children need to feel valued by parents and a few special adults such as teachers and relatives Need to develop their own personal attitudes, values, and in the, autonomy in their behavior To that their sexual orientation feel successful in terms of getting and expecting love |
|
|
Having personal integrity
|
Will guide appropriate, contributive,
law-abiding behavior |
|
|
What are some other the children may have?
|
?
|
|
|
How are these needs influenced by a family
ethnic group? |
?
|
|
|
Discipline
|
A derivative of the term disciple which means that people for students
|
|
|
What has largely been misunderstood?
|
Construct
|
|
|
How is construct best understood?
|
With the original definition in mind
|
|
|
Construct
|
Teaching children to behave in ways considered appropriate by their parents, teachers, and other caregivers
Involved measures to help children learn to control their impulses so they can learn to read and make appropriate choices |
|
|
How is construct the most effective?
|
Disciplinary actions must be positive,
reasonable, and temperate Methods and strategies of discipline should be geared toward child's age and developmental level To discipline a child effectively, an adult must understand the child and his/her particular needs and problems Discipline provides structure and children's lives by needs of the roles developed within their family system |
|
|
What does adult's preoccupation with
misbehavior lead to? |
More problems for adults
|
|
|
Are adult expectations too high and above the child's age and ability?
|
?
|
|
|
Are the instructions given to the child in a negative framework and with excessive don't and not enough do's?
|
?
|
|
|
Is the adult being consistent in enforcing rules and flexible in roles that are negotiable?
|
?
|
|
|
Why do children misbehave?
|
They are ill or becoming ill
They lack knowledge and experience of knowing how to behave They may feel unloved or and discouraged They may feel inadequate were incapable They may have forgotten about a rule |
|
|
What do you mind creating of discipline for their family system?
|
Understand how the concept of equitfinality
applies to a program of discipline Do not ease-of-use and verbal punishment Try to understand child's feelings of meditation Facilitate children's opportunities to learn, to think, and make choices Learn to value the individual differences of children |
|
|
What is a child's reaction to the demand for sameness? |
Child may comply with the rule by denying themselves to avoid conflict and peace
Child may rebel and seek self-definition by not acting as the parents wish Child may project blame on others did their part in conflicts Child may disengage initially demand for sameness is overwhelming |
|
|
What is typical when parents demand
sameness of their children? |
Power struggle
|
|
|
What should discipline be based on?
|
Helping children develop internal structure that is based on healthy self-esteem rather than fear, guilt, or shame
|
|
|
What are the 6 late in which the parents provide instruction for their children from least amount of strictness to strictest?
|
Rigid
Criticism Nonnegotiable rules Negotiable Marshmallow Abandonment |
|
|
Rigid
|
For child's welfare
Old rules written in concrete Ignores child's developmental tasks Threatens abuse Children during have no say |
|
|
Criticism
|
Labels with bad names rather than setting
standards for the major Use of "never" "always" Negates children Failure focuse |
|
|
Nonnegotiable rules
|
Reasonable nonnegotiable rules of self-esteem in children
Children count on the rules and learned that there are rules when kept |
|
|
Negotiable
|
Teaching children how to think clearly and to problem solve
Rules are negotiated and firmly enforced |
|
|
Marshmallow
|
Grants freedom without requiring responsibility in return
It sounds supportive, but it implies the child does not have to or is not capable of following rules Discounts child's ability |
|
|
Abandonment
|
Lack of rules, protection, and contact
|
|
|
When it discipline most is effective?
|
When provided to children within an
atmosphere of nurturance Shows children that they are loved and lovable unconditionally |
|
|
What are the 6 ways that parents provide both positive and negative nurturance for their
children? |
Abuse
Conditional love Assertive Supportive care Indulgence Neglect |
|
|
Abuse
|
Relating to child by assault
|
|
|
Conditional love
|
Connect with child by the use of threat and
conditions |
|
|
Assertive
|
Comforting and loving
Freely given |
|
|
Supportive care
|
Nurturing support that offers help
Encourages child to think and do what they are capable of doing for themselves |
|
|
Indulgence
|
Is a sticky, patronizing kind of love
Promotes continuing dependence on the parents and teaches child not to think for themselves and not to be responsible for others |
|
|
Neglect
|
Passive abuse
Lack of attention, emotionally, or physically Parents unavailable or ignores child needs |
|
|
What is the difference between child abuse and discipline?
|
?
|
|
|
What you parents have the right to do?
|
Discipline their children
|
|
|
When is spanking and the use of corporal
punishment not considered abuse? |
Done appropriately
|
|
|
Cpl. punishment
|
Commonly referred to as physical discipline
or spanking The application of physical force, including strike with the hand or with an object, against the body of another |
|
|
What is considered child neglect or abuse Cpl. punishment is used?
|
Significant trauma
Significant tissue damage |
|
|
Give examples of significant tissue damage.
|
Bruises
Welts Lacerations |
|
|
How is defined in the juvenile, civil code?
|
The infliction of a serious physical injury by other than accidental means
Creating a substantial risk of that injury by other than accidental means Using cruel or grossly inappropriate procedures or devices to modify behavior |
|
|
Behavior modification
|
A treatment approach
Based on the principles of operant conditioning Replaces undesirable behaviors with more desirable ones through positive or negative reinforcement Used to treat a variety of problems in both adults and children Has been successfully used to treat obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), phobias, enuresis, generalized anxiety disorder, and separation anxiety disorder, etc. |
|
|
Enureris
|
Bedwetting
|
|
|
What is behavior modification based on?
|
The principles of operant conditioning
|
|
|
BF Skinner (1904 – 1990)
|
American behavioralist
Formulated the concept of operant conditioning which was introduced to the general public in his 1938 book, The Behavior of Organisms |
|
|
Operant conditioning
|
Through which behavior could be shaped by
reinforcement or lack of it Considered applicable to a wide range of human and animal behaviors |
|
|
The basic assumptions about behavior modification and operant conditioning? |
All behavior is learned
Behavior is a function of its consequences A given behavior encouraged and taught when it is immediately rewarded or reinforced Reinforcement may be either positive or negative in nature Learning may generalize from one situation – setting to another |
|
|
Positive reinforcement
|
Encourages certain behaviors through a system of rewards
|
|
|
What will increase the likelihood that the
behavior will occur again in the future? |
The reward must be given immediately following the behavior
|
|
|
Negative reinforcement
|
Uses a negative reinforcer
|
|
|
Negative reinforcer
|
An event or behavior whose reinforcing
properties are associated with its removal |
|
|
What increases the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur again?
|
An unpleasant stimulus is removed
|
|
|
Give an example of how an unpleasant stimulus is removed increases the likelihood of the
behavior occurring again. |
Terminating an existing electric shock after
a rat presses a bar in a negative reinforcer |
|
|
Punishment
|
The application of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus in reaction to a particular behavior
For children, this could be the removal of television privileges when they disobey their parents or teacher |
|
|
Extinction
|
The removal of reinforcement altogether
Eliminates the incentive for unwanted behavior by withholding the expected response |
|
|
Give an example of extinction.
|
Child throwing a tantrum and parent removing their attention by ignoring it (attention acts as a reward/reinforcer and therefore is an incentive for the tantrum to continue)
|
|
|
What are the steps to follow in establishing a
behavior modification plan? |
Identify target behaviors
Identify effective rewards and consequences Enforce the plan |
|
|
Target behaviors
|
Behaviors you wish to increase and those you wish to decrease
|
|
|
Give examples of target behaviors.
|
Keep hands to self
Wait your turn Play quietly Follow directions the first time asked Stay in your seat |
|
|
What type of target behaviors work best?
|
Those that are clearly defined
|
|
|
What are the best ways in which to identify
target behaviors? |
You may want to first target one behavior
As your child has more work best with the program, add a second target behavior to work on Be clear about the behavior you want to see eliminated Talk with your child about behaviors that lead to problems |
|
|
Give examples of talking with your child about behaviors that lead to problems.
|
"Rather than blurting out whenever you want to say anything, we're going to work on you slowing down and take turns"
"Sometimes you have trouble staying in your seat when you are supposed to so we are going to work on sitting in your seat appropriately. It is important to sit still and keep all 4 chair legs on the floor" |
|
|
What types of awards are needed to be
effective? |
Those that motivate
Those that reinforce and strengthen a behavior |
|
|
Give examples of rewards for children.
|
Stickers
A small edible treat Earning tokens are point that may eventually be used to "purchase" small items like toys |
|
|
Give an example of a social reward for children.
|
A pat on the back
Extra time on the playground Verbal praise |
|
|
Negative behaviors
|
Receive consequences should discourage the
inappropriate behavior |
|
|
Give examples of consequences to negative
behaviors. |
Loss of privileges
Loss of tokens or points Time out |
|
|
How can a behavior modification plan be
successful? |
Must be a good plan
Then it must be consistently enforced |
|
|
How should rewards and consequences be given
in the behavior modification plan? |
As soon as possible after the target behavior has occurred
|
|
|
How should consequences be given to negative behaviors in the behavioral modification plan?
|
Immediately
|
|
|
What type of consequences work best?
|
Natural
logical |
|
|
What is also helpful in enforcing the behavioral modifications plan?
|
Monitoring
Feedback |
|
|
Give examples of implementing the behavior modification plan across settings.
|
School
work Home |
|
|
What is it Bandura's social learning theory?
|
That people learn from one another
Explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences |
|
|
What are the ways in which Bandura's social learning theory suggests that people learn from one another?
|
Observation
Imitation Modeling |
|
|
What has Bandura's social learning theory been referred to as? Why?
|
A bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses
attention, memory, and motivation. |
|
|
What do people learn by observing according to Bandura's social learning theory?
|
Others' behavior
Others' attitudes Others' outcomes of those behaviors |
|
|
What is the process of Bandura's social learning theory?
|
People form an important idea of how new
behaviors are performed |
|
|
Attention
|
Various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid
|
|
|
Give examples of attention.
|
Distinctiveness
Effective valance Prevalence Complexity Functional value |
|
|
What affects attention?
|
One's characteristics
|
|
|
Give examples of one's characteristics.
|
Sensory capacities
Arousal level Perceptual set Past reinforcements |
|
|
Retention
|
Remembering what he paid attention to
|
|
|
Give examples of retention.
|
Symbolic coding
Mental images Cognitive organization Symbolic rehearsal Motor rehearsal |
|
|
Reproduction
|
Reproducing the image
|
|
|
Good examples of reproduction.
|
Physical capabilities
Self observation |
|
|
Motivation
|
Having a good reason to imitate
|
|
|
An example of motivation.
|
Past (traditional behaviorism)
Promised Viccarious |
|
|
Promised
|
Imagined incentives
|
|
|
Vicarious
|
Seeing and recalling the reinforce model
|
|
|
What are people often reinforce for?
|
Modeling the behavior of others
|
|
|
What did Bandura suggest that also reinforces modeling?
|
Environment
|
|
|
How is it possible that environment reinforces modeling?
|
The observer is reinforced by the model
The observer is reinforced by a person The behavior now leads to the consequences Consequences of the model's behavior affect the observer's behavior viccariously |
|
|
Give an example of how the observer is
reinforced by the model. |
A student who changes dress to in with certain groups have a strong likelihood of being
accepted and thus reinforced by that group |
|
|
What are examples of help parents reinforce behaviors that the children model? |
?
|
|
|
Describe how the observer is reinforced by third person.
|
The observer might be modeling the actions of someone else, an outstanding class leader or student.
The teacher then notices this and complements the observer for modeling this behavior thus reinforcing the behavior. |
|
|
What can produce satisfying or reinforcing
results? |
Many behaviors that we learn from others
|
|
|
Give an example of how many behaviors that we learn from others can produce satisfied or
reinforcing results. |
A student in my multimedia class could observe how the extra work a classmate does is fun.
The students in turn would do the same extra work and also receive enjoyment. |
|
|
Vicarious reinforcement |
Consequences of the model's behavior affect the observers behavior vicariously
Where in the model is reinforced for a response to the observer should interest in that same response |
|
|
How did Bandura illustrate vicarious
reinforcement? |
By having students watch a film of a model
hitting a inflated clown doll |
|
|
What happened to the children that were not
reinforced in Bandera's illustration? |
They also began to hit the doll
|
|
|
Alfred Adler
|
A psychologist
He was an advocate of equality among people of all races including children Democratic child training (Democratic, respectful, and practical parentings) |
|
|
What does Alfred Adler's nonpunitive concepts of democratic and respectful parenting assume?
|
Children are social beings
A child's behavior is goal oriented A child's primary goal is to belong and to feel significant A misbehaving child is a discouraged child Social interest or responsibility, a desire to contribute A child is equal in value to adults Mistakes are opportunities to learn Make sure the message of love gets through |
|
|
What are the 2 approaches to using the
Adlerian techniques in parenting children effectively? |
|
|
|
Step and Positive Discipline Series
|
?
|
|
|
Systematic Training for Effective Parenting
(STEP) |
?
|
|
|
Parent Effectiveness Training (P. E. T.)
|
Program that offers parents a specific communication and conflict resolution, skills it takes to build and maintain an effective relationship with the child, in any and all circumstances
|
|
|
What is the parents role in the Parent Effectiveness Training (P. E. T.)?
|
Counselors that problem solve rather than
offering solutions Express their feelings to children about troublesome behavior in nondamaging ways |
|
|
What happens when complex occurthat cannot be avoided? |
Parents use the no–lose method of conflict resolution |
|
|
What are some ineffective disciplinary methods? |
Discipline or parental behavior that is inconsistent Irritable explosive practices Inflexible, rigid discipline Bribes |
|
|
Bribes |
Reward given before desired behavior |
