Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the roles of culture and socialization in influencing parent – child relations?
|
?
|
|
|
What features characterize contemporary American families?
|
?
|
|
|
What are the principal types of forms and structures found in contemporary American families?
|
?
|
|
|
What is the nature of parent – child relations and ethnically diverse families in the US?
|
?
|
|
|
Explain how parents and coparents can contribute in promoting multicultural competence.
|
?
|
|
|
Race
|
A presumed classification of all human groups on the basis of biological or visible physical traits
|
|
|
Give examples of race.
|
Skin color
Physical features |
|
|
What does the race tell us about race -related constructs?
|
Child was little (to nothing) but is critically important given our racially conscious society
|
|
|
How are race related constructs largely viewed?
|
Social construction
Biological construct based on phenotype and skin color |
|
|
Give examples of skin color.
|
Black
White Asian Latino/Hispanic |
|
|
Ethnicity
|
Groups of people who identify themselves as interconnected because of shared history, nationality, or ancestry
|
|
|
How is ethnicity often used in the US?
|
A euphemism for brace when referring to people of color
As a non-racial designation for Whites |
|
|
Give examples of ethnicity within race.
|
Within Blacks: Haitians, Jamaicans, Africans
|
|
|
Culture
|
The transmission of knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors, and language from one generation to the next, usually within the confines of a physical environment
|
|
|
What type of behavior is culture considered?
|
A learned behavior
|
|
|
According to the text, what does culture serve as?
|
The lens through which parenting behavior may be observed regarding the proper ways to raise children to maturity in accordance with cultural values and beliefs
|
|
|
What is each culture likely to have?
|
Its own particular ways of dividing the proper ways of child rearing
|
|
|
Race -related constructs are non-synonymous with what?
|
Ethnicity
|
|
|
What is the US made up of?
|
A variety of subcultures that are differentiated from the larger society according to distinct sets of behaviors, values, and beliefs
|
|
|
Larger society
|
Mainstream America
|
|
|
What are 2 cultural conceptions of value systems?
|
Individualism
Collectivism |
|
|
Individualism
|
Encourage autonomy or independence in children
Promote children self-reliance Foster children's personal achievements Supports children's competitiveness Allow children to question and explore Allow children to participate in decision-making |
|
|
Collectivism
|
Have closer emotional ties to children for longer lengths in infancy and childhood
Emphasizes the extended family network in teaching children what is valued Stress obedience to authority Emphasize children learning and respecting social norms governing appropriate behavior Emphasize sharing of property and belongings Shapes child behavior that demonstrates responsibility and obligations to others |
|
|
When considering individualism and collectivism, what should we keep in mind?
|
Cultures' belief systems are not 'pure types'
There are individual differences in any culture Diversity also exist within racial, ethnic and/or cultural groups |
|
|
According to the text, what is socialization?
|
The set of interpersonal processes through which cultural meaning is passed on and changed
What parents do to teach children to conform to social roles and acquire personal values, and develop attitudes and behaviors typical or representative of their culture at large |
|
|
Parent-child relations
|
Influenced by
Take place within a cultural context |
|
|
How do parents and societal entities teach culture to children?
|
Socialization
|
|
|
How is socialization bidirectional?
|
Children participate with parents in this process
|
|
|
How is socialization a process related to racial/ethnic significance?
|
Messages are transmitted inter – and intra-generationally
|
|
|
What is involved in socialization?
|
Teaching children values and norms associated with race/ethnicity
Problem-solving skills that enable children to be flexible in their approach to race -related situations, without losing a core sense of self |
|
|
What are the 3 parts to the racial socialization triple quandary?
|
Cultural experiences
Mainstream experiences Minority experiences |
|
|
Cultural experiences
|
Promoting cultural customs, values, and traditions
|
|
|
Mainstream experiences
|
Promoting goals and values of the dominant culture
|
|
|
Minority experiences
|
Promoting awareness of and preparation to cope with minority status
|
|
|
What are the 3 racial socialization approaches?
|
Active
Responsive Passive |
|
|
Describe the active racial socialization approach.
|
Parent initiated race -related teachings of their child for the purpose of preparing the child for cultural growth and providing a "buffer" to societal injustices
|
|
|
Describe the responsive racial socialization approach.
|
Use of racial socialization and direct response to a child initiated interaction or situation initiated interaction in an attempt to provide a culturally affirming resolution
|
|
|
Give an example of a child initiated interaction.
|
Questions raised by the child
|
|
|
Give an example of situation initiated interaction.
|
Social exclusion
Racial conflict |
|
|
Describe the passive racial socialization approach.
|
Parents underutilization of racial socialization despite knowing its importance
|
|
|
What are the increases in racial socialization influences?
|
Racial competence
Academic achievement Self-efficacy Self-esteem Behavioral competence |
|
|
What are the decreases and racial socialization influences?
|
Delinquency
Drug abuse |
|
|
What are the complexities of racial socialization?
|
Synergistic and dynamic
Bidirectional process Deliberate and unintended Transmission and reception Moderated by family and ecological characteristics |
|
|
Why is racial socialization so important?
|
Influences children's beliefs about the way the world works
informed children's beliefs and attitudes regarding 'the self' Helps shape children's repertoire strategies and skills for coping with and navigating racism Impact the nature of the child's inter – and intra – racial relationships and interaction |
|
|
Nuclear family
|
Historically it enables the fast, efficient movement of the family during migration
|
|
|
What happens to the nuclear family as evolution occurred?
|
Families became less mobile (less migration) and remained in specific geographic areas for longer periods of time
|
|
|
After evolution, what did the nuclear family give way too?
|
The extended family
|
|
|
Extended family
|
Several generations
|
|
|
What percent of contemporary families are nuclear?
|
7%
|
|
|
Describe the family forms of today.
|
Far more diverse than those of the past.
|
|
|
Give examples of the family forms of today.
|
Childless
Same-sex Family of choice |
|
|
Family of choice
|
Significant others who provide emotional and social support
|
|
|
What are the 4 functions of all families?
|
Reproduction of new members of society
Legitimizing sexual relations between adult Maintaining reciprocal economic relations between the family group and larger society Socializing children for their future and preparing them to function in society |
|
|
How many women in the US have married by age 30?
|
3/4ths
|
|
|
Has the age at first marriage increased or decreased for men and women? Why?
|
Increased
The number of young unmarried cohabitating has increased Increased number of nonparents Increased number of single parent families Increased number of unmarried women who are parents |
|
|
How many marriages end in divorce?
|
1 in 2 (50%)
|
|
|
When does divorce usually occur?
|
After 7 years
|
|
|
What is the increase in the age of first marriage related to?
|
Economic issues
Social issues It takes a longer amount of time to to have an established career and finish training/education The number of couples cohabitating The number of individuals deciding to remain unmarried Significant debate on same-sex couples in committed relationships as it relates to marriage |
|
|
Describe the overall birth rate.
|
Has decreased over the last 30 years resulting in smaller families |
|
|
How has the birth rate changed among adolescents?
|
Declined
|
|
|
What types of women have higher fertility rates and number of children over time?
|
Asian
Hispanic |
|
|
What has happened to the divorce rate over the past 20 years?
|
It has stabilized
It is the highest in our nation's history |
|
|
Who has the highest probability of divorce within 10 years?
|
Those that are 18 years or younger
Non-Hispanic white Black |
|
|
What are the 3 reasons divorce is more common?
|
Changes in status and role of women in society
Changes in laws that make divorce easier to obtain, less complicated, and less stigmatizing Strong desire for and importance of personal happiness |
|
|
When is remarriage likely to occur?
|
Among those who leave a first marriage be a divorce
|
|
|
How has remarriage changed is the mid-60s?
|
Overall decline in the occurrence rate
|
|
|
Do more men or more women remarry?
|
Men
|
|
|
When do first marriages usually end?
|
After 7 years
|
|
|
What is the time lapse between the first and second marriage?
|
3 years
|
|
|
When do remarriages normally end?
|
After 6 years
|
|
|
What are the 2 factors in family income?
|
The number of women who work outside the home
The challenges for dual-career families |
|
|
What percentage of women work outside the home?
|
2/3
|
|
|
What are the challenges for dual-career families?
|
Housework
Child care Child rearing PC interaction time |
|
|
What are 2 threats to the family?
|
Poverty
Homelessness |
|
|
When is poverty and homelessness most common?
|
In single headed households
|
|
|
Who are the most likely to be poor?
|
Black
Hispanic |
|
|
What is a major factor in family income differences?
|
Higher incident of single-parent household headed by women of color
|
|
|
What are the 2 trends associated with poverty?
|
Feminization of poverty
Increasing numbers of working poor |
|
|
Give an example of increasing numbers of working poor.
|
Working one or more jobs earning low wages with few or no benefits
|
|
|
The text describes the family as a refuge for individuals feel safe and buffered. Do you agree?
|
?
|
|
|
We are more conscious of discrimination based on age, gender, race, sexual orientation
and ethnic groups. Do you agree? |
?
|
|
|
Diversity in the form and structure of families is the norm. What are some of them?
|
2 – parent families
Single parent Single parent usually headed by women Military families Blended families Re – nested adult families Kinship families Gay/Lesbian families |
|
|
Describe 2 – parent families.
|
Androgynous and gender neutral parenting
Dual and family centric – emphasis on work and family Decline in married parental units due to cohabitation |
|
|
Describe the single-parent family.
|
Binuclear family
|
|
|
What are the 3 means in which diversity and the temporary family forms and structures are created?
|
Divorce, desertion, separation
Having a child out of wedlock Death of one parent |
|
|
Describe military families.
|
Coparenting from a distance
Support networks of social cohesiveness contribute to emotional resilience |
|
|
When are blended families formed?
|
With at least one of the adult partners remarry |
|
|
What do blended families include?
|
Children of one or both remarried adults
|
|
|
What do children are blended families have?
|
Biological parent
Stepparent |
|
|
When do most blended families get married again?
|
Within 5 years
|
|
|
What is the median of blended families?
|
3 years
|
|
|
What are 3 challenges of blended families?
|
Complicated extended family network
Difficulty establishing stepparenting role Unique developmental tasks involved in forming a new and cohesive family identity |
|
|
Re-nested adult families
|
Adult children who return home
|
|
|
Give an example of adult children who return home.
|
Boomerang kids
|
|
|
What sex are adult children who return home?
|
Men
|
|
|
What is the usual age of these male children that return home?
|
Between ages 18 – 30
|
|
|
What are re-nested adult families usually the result of?
|
Economic crises
Personal crises Some return home to care for elderly parent(s) |
|
|
What do re-nested adult families require of society?
|
Extending our definitions of PC relations that focus less of the social power of the parents
|
|
|
Describe the makeup of kinship families.
|
Mostly white
Live in poverty Lack of health insurance coverage Likely to receive some form of public assistance |
|
|
Who do Kinship families consist of?
|
Custodial grandparents and grandchildren
|
|
|
What happens in Kinship families?
|
Grandchildren lived in grandparent maintained households
|
|
|
With whom do grandchildren usually live in kinship families?
|
Grandmother
|
|
|
How are kinship families usually created?
|
When parent experiences some type of personal problem and cannot effectively
|
|
|
Give an example of situations in which parents cannot parent effectively.
|
AIDS
Drug addiction Abuse |
|
|
What do each of the 3 generations involved in kinship families do?
|
Make a contributions
Face unique challenges |
|
|
What is the misconception of Gay/Lesbian families?
|
Gay and lesbian individuals want to remain single when these too have desires to form familes
|
|
|
Gay/Lesbian families
|
Form families that include children
|
|
|
Are there many differences between homo and heterosexual parents?
|
There are very few differences
|
|
|
What are the problems with research on gay and lesbian families?
|
There is very little research
The focus tends to be on lesbian parents not gay male parents |
|
|
How long are children and kinship family/grandparent headed households likely to remain?
|
6 years
|
|
|
What does ethnic identity influence?
|
The organization of family systems
The functionality of family systems |
|
|
What does ethnic diversity encompass?
|
Values
How families operate as a social system How they socialize their children How they use resources to promote family functioning |
|
|
Emic perspective
|
Culturally specific
Rhymes the scenic |
|
|
Etic perspective |
Culturally universal
Rhymes with poetic |
|
|
Ethnocentrism
|
Judging people from the perspective of our own cultural heritage
|
|
|
Ethno–blocking
|
The process of describing the American population in terms of 5 major ethnicities
|
|
|
What are the ethnic differences in parenting
concerning Caucasian parents of children? |
Includes just over 72% of the population (U.S. Census 2010)
Has dominated American culture due to size, positions of influence, and social and financial stature Middle-class values continue to play a huge part in providing template for parenting 'success' Consumerism of middle-class Caucasians |
|
|
What are the 2 parts of a model of parent – child relations?
|
Cultural universalism
Cultural relativism |
|
|
What are the ethnic differences in parenting in Hispanic parents of children?
|
Fastest-growing ethnic group
largest number of children per family More likely to live in large families Greater tendency to experience substandard educational levels |
|
|
Large families
|
4 more members
|
|
|
What plays a significant role in daily family life of Hispanic parents and children?
|
Religion
|
|
|
What specific type of support Hispanic parents of children have?
|
More extensive kinship based support network
|
|
|
Describe the model of parent-child relations and Hispanic families.
|
Hierarchal parenting
'Three Rs' Children learn cooperation, others – centeredness, family loyalty, the importance of La Familia |
|
|
What are the 'Three Rs' of the Hispanic family?
|
Personal relationships
Responsibility Respect |
|
|
What type of approach do Hispanic families usually use?
|
Authoritarian approach
|
|
|
Describe ethnic differences in parenting in African-American families.
|
Most likely between adults
Face challenge of the poverty Racial socialization Physical discipline Larger proportion of female-headed family units |
|
|
What African-American parents intolerant of?
|
Wasted time
|
|
|
What is expected of African-American children at a young age?
|
Responsibility
Independence |
|
|
What is the main emphasis in African American families?
|
Educational success
|
|
|
What type of punishment is most likely to be viewed positively in African-American families?
|
Cpl. punishment
|
|
|
What is encouraged in African American families?
|
Early autonomy of children
|
|
|
What ethnic differences in parenting in Asian American families?
|
Make up a smaller percentage of the population
Live in fewer geographical areas Encourage children while providing stable family life |
|
|
What do parents of Asian American families
invest heavily in? |
Children
Educational achievements |
|
|
What do parents of Asian American family
value? |
Strong parent – child relationships
|
|
|
What do Asian American families emphasize?
|
Closeness
Strict adherence to family rules |
|
|
What is expected of Asian American children?
|
To achieve maturity at an early age
|
|
|
What is not tolerated in Asian American families?
|
Physical aggression
Verbal aggression |
|
|
What is expected of older children and Asian American families?
|
Serve as role models
|
|
|
What is used in Asian American families?
|
Confucian training doctrine
|
|
|
Describe the birth rate of American Indian and Alaska native families.
|
They are high
Large number of births to single parents |
|
|
What are the complications of American Indian and Alaska natives families?
|
Large number of single parents
Prevalence of households headed by women High rates of unemployment Substance abuse and related disorders |
|
|
What are American Indian and Alaska native children at high risk of?
|
Living in poverty
Not finishing their education Experiencing violence |
|
|
What have the complications of American Indian and Alaska native families led to?
|
Traditional family structure and values have been damaged
|
|
|
How are children seen in American Indian and Alaska native families?
|
Treasured gifts
|
|
|
What parenting styles do American Indian and Alaskan native parents use?
|
Permissive
Punitive methods Controlling methods |
|
|
What is a factor of the type of parenting styles used by American Indian and Alaskan native
parents? |
Which tribe they belong
|
|
|
How do American Indian and Alaskan native parents guide children's development?
|
By combining nurture and control
|
|
|
What do American Indian and Alaska native families emphasize when it comes to tribal and immediate family groups?
|
Unity
Cohesiveness |
|
|
What our children taught in American Indian and Alaskan native families?
|
To perceive people and things based on intrinsic traits and characteristics
|
|
|
How are multiracial and interethnic parents and children seen historically?
|
These relationships were frowned upon
|
|
|
How were racial and interethnic relationships viewed in Colonial times?
|
Colonial laws prohibited marriage between people of different races as early as 1761
|
|
|
When did the Supreme Court ruled these laws unconstitutional?
|
1967
|
|
|
Describe the view of multiracial and interethnic marriages since the law was changed in 1967.
|
They have increased partly as American society desegregated and an increase of socioeconomic opportunities
|
|
|
What do multiracial and interethnic families encourage?
|
Activities that build ethnic identity
|
|
|
What do multiracial and interethnic families emphasize?
|
Exposing children to effective adult role models and multiethnic family contexts
|
|
|
What is the focus of multiracial and interethnic family?
|
Increased multicultural competence
|
|
|
What federal legislation was passed in 1965 affecting immigrant families?
|
Laws regarding immigration to the US that gave priority to do without you guilt, refugees, and the family members already in the US
|
|
|
Has the number of immigrants coming to the US increased or decreased since 1960?
|
Increased
|
|
|
Describe restrictions for immigrant family since September 11, 2011.
|
They are more stringent
Families may be scrutinized more carefully |
|
|
What are the child rearing challenges faced by immigrant families?
|
Economic difficulties
Language barriers General acculturation problems Challenges of biculturalism |
|
|
What do immigrant families encourage?
|
Educational achievement
Community success |
|
|
What cultural factors mold the values and behaviors that parents employ?
|
Individualism
collectivism |
|
|
Describe contemporary American families.
|
Diverse family forms and structures
|
|
|
What helps shape parenting behaviors and child behaviors?
|
Ethnic diversity
|
|
|
How can a family be described as a social system?
|
?
|
|
|
What role does attachment play in parent-child relations?
|
?
|
|
|
What major concepts describe how a family functions as a social system?
|
?
|
|
|
How can we best describe developmental changes that occur over time within family systems?
|
?
|
|
|
How can ecological theory assist in understanding of individuals within the context of their family system?
|
?
|
|
|
How does psychosocial theory address issues in parent – child relations?
|
?
|
|
|
How do other psychosocial theories address issues and parent – child relations?
|
?
|
