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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What cytokines are involved in activating the Th1 response?
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IL-12. INF-gamma and IL-2 sustain the Th1 response after it's committed.
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What cytokines are involved with the Th2 response and Ab formation?
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IL-4 (and IL-13).
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What cytokines suppress the Th1 response?
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IL-10, IL-4.
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What cytokines suppress the Th2 response?
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INF-gamma (which also activates the Th1 response).
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What cytokine is always associated with neutrophils?
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IL-8.
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What cytokine is always associated with eosinophils?
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IL-5.
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What cytokine is associated with fever?
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IL-6.
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In an Arthus Reaction, what information from the biopsy can you use for a diagnosis?
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Anti-C3 (complement reaction)
Anti-IgG (secondary immune response) |
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Describe the sequence of events in an Arthus Reaction.
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1) Ag binds to Ab
2) Classical complement pathway - C3b opsonizes the Ag-Ab complex. 3) Neutrophils respond when their Fc-gamma receptors are activated. 4) IC's build up and neutrophils attack, resulting in local tissue damage. |
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What is one steroid that suppresses the immune response?
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Cortisol (Corticosteroids)
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Why are females more susceptible to autoimmune diseases?
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More vigorous Ab response to certain pathogens, presumably due to the influence of estrogens.
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What is a Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction?
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Atopy, allergy, asthma, anaphylaxis.
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What is a Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction?
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Ab to cell structures.
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What is a Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction?
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Immune complex diseases (SLE)
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What is a Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction?
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Delayed hypersensitivity (TMMI response) - sarcoidosis.
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What causes fatigue?
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IL1, IL6 - inflammation and fatigue.
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What causes kidney disease, skin rash, and joint pain?
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Circulating immune complexes build up in these areas because there are high levels of Fc-gamma-R and C3b-R which attract basophils and mast cells that attack tissue. These regions are also attractive due to the broad vasculature in these locations.
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What information can be taken from a skin biopsy of a patient with SLE?
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Anti-IgG, Anti-C3,C4, Anti-C1Q (IC disease indicator).
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What are treatment options for SLE?
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Suppression of inflammatory response by corticosteroids.
Suppression of B-Cell synthesis of Ab's to prevent IC formation by blocking IL-4 and IL-10. Forming an autoreactive Ab to eliminate B-cell clones. |
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What might cause bacteria to be resistant to phagocytosis?
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Encapsulation of bacteria, and those located in fibrin may be resistant as well.
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What is the cause of red urine in IC disease?
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Damage to the glomerulus due to accumulation of immune complexes.
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What is the reasoning behind the patient's polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia?
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Persistent infections frustrate the immune response resulting in further somatic hypermutation of B-cells to produce more efficient Ab's that are specific to different antigenic epitopes.
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What is the pathogenesis of Goodpasture's syndrome?
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Patient produces IgG's that are specific to his/her own Type IV collagen, leading to an attack on the basement membrane of the glomerulus and alveolus, not directly on either tissue.
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How is the pathogenesis of Goodpasture's syndrome different from an immune complex disease? To what class of hypersensitivity disease do each belong to?
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The first three diseases were Type III hypersensitivity diseases, meaning that immune complexes were the precipitating force. Goodpasture's is Type II, which is when Ab binds to a cell structure. Here, the problem was that Ab bound to collagen, not the glomerulus.
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