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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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In nature vs. nurture, nature would say...
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all things are genetically determined
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A study where different groups of people of different ages are studied.
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cross sectional
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Ex: To study memory cross sectionally, we might select groups of people of various ages, such as groups of 25, 35,45, 55, 65, 75 and 85 y/o.
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What type of study is used to determine how a 5 y/o thinking changes as they get older?
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longitudinal
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A 5 y/o plans to do something. What stage of development is he in?
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initiative vs. guilt
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Erickson's stage 3-6 years of age. Positive characteristics are: Purpose, ability to organize activities around some goal: more assertiveness and aggressiveness (Oedipus conflict with the parent of the same sex may lead to guilt).
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At what stage is a person in identity vs. role confusion?
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adolescence
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One of Erickson's Psychosocial stages. Age 12-18. Positive characteristics and typical activities would include; Fidelity, adaptation of sense of self to pubertal changes, consideration of future choices, achievement of a more mature sexual identity, and search for new values.
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What is the stage that early adulthood persons are in?
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intimacy vs. isolation
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An older adult looks back on his life and wishes he had done things differently, what stage is he in?
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integrity vs. despair
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Positive characteristics: Wisdom; person conducts a life review, integrates earlier stages and comes to terms with basic identity, develops self-acceptance.
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Piaget- an infant learns about his environment by watching and using his senses. What is this?
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Sensorimotor
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At what stage does a child not know that rolling a ball of clay into a long thin piece can be reversed back into a ball again?
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Preoperational
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Otherwise known as conservation.
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What is an example of zone of proximal development?
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a parent showing a child how to put together a puzzle, then the child demonstrates it.
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When a person thinks, 'honesty is the best policy' but also considers that honesty may hurt someone's feelings. He considers that there may be times when honesty may hurt someone's feelings. he considers that there may be time to be honest and other times not to be depending on the given situation. What type of thinking is this?
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Dialectical thought
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Labouvie-Vief also makes the point that many young adults begin to turn away from a purely logical, analytical approach, toward a more open , perhaps deeper, mode of understanding that incorporates myth and metaphor and recognizes and accepts paradox and uncertainty.
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What types of traits are produced by many different genes?
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Polygenic
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What is a charcteristic that monozygotic twins have that dizygotic twins do not always have?
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They are always the same sex
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What has to be done with an infant that was born with phenylketonuria?
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Resrict the intake of milk and other proteins
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What disease caused by a dominant gene doesn't cause problems until middle adulthood and then causes physical and mental problems?
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Huntington's Disease
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What can be caused by a low birth weight?
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Developmental delay
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Why do infant reflexes disappear?
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The functions of the infant are taken over by the brain cortex.
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What nervous system development occurs during infancy?
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They gain more neurons
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At what stage of development are children in when they understand reversal?
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Operational
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The child's logic takes a great leap forward with the development of new internal operations such as conservation and class inclusion, but is still tied to the known world: by the end of this period he can answer simple "what if" questions. Conservation is the understanding that matter doesn't change in quantity when it's appearance does.
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What is the leading cause of death in pre-schoolers?
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Accidents
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What is the term for analyzing a task and determining how best to solve it?
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Metacognition and metamemory
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Freud's stage of infancy?
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Oral
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Freud's stage of adolescence?
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Genital
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major task is to achieve mature sexual intimacy.
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Freu'ds stage of early childhood?
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Phallic
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Freud's stage of middle childhood
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Latent
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Freud's stage of toddlerhood and early childhood?
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Anal
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Psychodynamic theorists are also called...
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Psychoanalytical theorists
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Ist psychodynamic theorist
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Freud
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Psychodynamic theorists say personality is mainly...
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unconscious
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Psychoanalytical theories are theories proposing that developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behavior.
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According to psychodynamic theorists, what shapes personalities?
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parents
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They also believe that developmental change happens because internal drives and emotions influence behavior.
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What are the three main points of Freud's theory?
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Childhood experiences determine adult personality: unconscious mental processes influence every day behavior; and conflict causes most human behavior.
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According to Freud, each adult personality consists of...
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Id, Ego and superego
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Freud's personality component that develops around 6 mos.
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ID
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Freud's personality component that mediates the ID and reality and is the executive branch?
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EGO
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Freud's personality component thatt occurs around 6 years of age?
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Superego
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Freud's personality component that functions on the pleasure principle?
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ID
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Freud's personality component that functions with personal conscience: personal ideals
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Superego
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Part of the personality that is the moral judge.
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Freud's personality component that functions at birth...
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ID
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Freud's personality component that contains the libido?
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ID
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Freud's personality component that functions with the reality principle...
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EGO
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The thinking part of the personality. Develops in the first 2-3 years of life. Keeps the needs of the ID satisfied.
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Freud's personality component that functions with the morality principle...
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Superego
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Contains the rules of society and develops near the end of childhood, at about age 6. Once the superego develops, the ego's task becomes more complex. It must satisfy the id without violating the superego's rules.
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Freud's personality component that seeks instant gratification, unconscience instincts and is irrational...
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ID
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The ID is a person's basic sexual and aggressive impulses which are present at birth.
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Freud's personality component that functions with the pleasure principle...
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ID
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Freud also believed we go through 5 stages of psychosexual development. Each stage represents a different______ zone or part of the body where pleasure originates.
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Erogenous
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What are the three erogenous zones according to Freud/
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Mouth, anus, genitals
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What is the major task/ conflict of the oral stage?
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Weaning
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One of Freud's psychosexual stages. Mouth lips and tongue is the main focus of the libido. Characteristics of adults fixated in this stage are: oral behavior such as smoking, overeating, passivity and gullibility.
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Major task of the anal stage
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Toilet training
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Major task of the phallic stage?
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Identification with the same sex parent
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Major task of the latency stage?
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Social contacts beyond the immediate family
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Major task of the genital stage?
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establishing intimate relationships
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Major task is to achieve mature sexual intimacy. Some characteristics of adults fixated in this stage are, adults who have successfully integrated earlier stages should emerge with sincere interest in others and mature sexuality.
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According to Freud, children experience conflicts between urges in the erogenous zones and societies rules______ can result when either these urges are frustrated or over indulged in any one erogenous zone.
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Fixation
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Ex; Freud states that during the oral stage if an infants needs are unmet, the infant would carry into adulthood a need to use her mouth to attain physical gratification of her instinctual drives. Fixation would manifest itself in oral behaviors such as nail biting and swearing. Erickson went beyond Freud's point of view to state that responding to the infant's other needs by talking to him, comforting him, and so on, was just as important.
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Extreme messiness, overly orderly, overly concerned with punctuality.
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anal
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Obsessive eating, smoking, drinking
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Oral
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Excessive masturbation, frequent flirting, excessive modesty...
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Phallic stage
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Sarcasm, overly demending, aggressiveness
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Oral
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Excessively timid, overly proud, promiscuity
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Phallic
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Some characteristics of adults fixated in this stage are: Vanity, recklessness, sexual dysfunction or deviancy.
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Love of bathroom humor, anxiety about sexual activities, overly giving.
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Anal
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Fear of dirt, rebelliousness.
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Anal
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Erickson's stage of infancy..
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Trust vs. mistrust
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Erickson's toddler and early childhood.
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Autonomy vs. shame
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Positive characteristics: Will; new physical skills lead to demand for more choices, most often as saying 'no' to caregivers; child learns self-care skills such as toileting.
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Erickson's early childhood.. ages 3-6
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Initiative vs. guilt
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Erickson's middle childhood age 7-11
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industry vs. inferiority
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Positive characteristics include: Competence, cultural skills and norms, including school skills and tool use (failure to master these leads to sense of inferiority)
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Erickson's adolescence
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Identity vs. Role confusion
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Positive characteristics : Fidelity; adaptation of sense of self to pubertal changes , consideration of future choices, achievement of more mature sexual identity and search for new values.
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Erickson's early adulthood ages 20-45
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Intimacy vs. isolation
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Love: person develops intimate relationships beyond adolescent love: may become parents.
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Erickson's middle adulthood
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generativity vs. stagnation
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Erickson's late adulthood 65 yrs and over
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Integrity vs. despair
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The stage theorist of the social theory of psychosocial development
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Erickson
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One of Freud's most distinctive concepts is the idea that behavior is governed by both conscious and unconscious processes. He believed that the libido is to be the motivating force behind most behavior. Erickson's theory refers to psychosocial stages more than psychosexual ones. Erickson believed that an individual must successfully resolve a crisis at each of the eight stages of development.
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What is Erickson's theory based on?
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Eight stages of development with each having a developmental task with two polarities.
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According to Erickson, pre schoolers and primary school age children must be able to function in the outside world independently of their parents. When they do this, they achieve the goal of_____ this is one side of the pole. But, if they can't move away from parental attachment, and control they reach the other pole or______.
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Initiative--- guilt
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Who is instrumental in helping children and parents achieve the goal of initiative vs. guilt?
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Teachers
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Which of Erickson's gaols is described here.. A child who enters school that achieves initiative and aquires the skills of reading, writing, math, and social and communication skills making him/her successful in school. The child achieved the goal of _____.
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Industry
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birth - 1 y/o;Trust vs. mistrust
1-3y/o; Autonomy vs.shame and doubt 3-6y/o; Initiative vs. guilt 6-12y/o; Industry vs. inferiority 12-18 mos: Identity vs. role confusion 18-30 y/o; Intimacy vs. isolation 30 y/o- old age; Intimacy vs. isolation Old age; Integrity vs. despair |
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Failure to achieve the goals of industry leads to
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Inferiority.
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Was a developmentalist with a focus on cognitive development.
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Piaget
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What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?
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Sensorimotor
Preoperational Concrete operations Formal operations |
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Piget's stage for ages 0-2 years. The child learns by doing, looking, sucking and touching.
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Sensorimotor
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The baby understands the world through her senses and her motor actions, she begins to use simple symbols, such as single words and pretend play, near the end of this period.
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