Hd 204_Exam 3

Front 1

Power

Back 1

-power resides in interactions, not with individuals in a relationship
-therefore, it is a systems property
-"the ability, potential or actual, of an individual to change the behavior of other members in a social system"
-Power is dynamic
-it is transactional: changes over time
-understood by identifying verbal and nonverbal interaction patterns used to reach a goal
-defined by perception

Front 2

Power Bases

Back 2

-sources of, or resources used, to exert control
-normative resources
-economic resources
-affective resources
-personal resources
-cogitive resources

Front 3

Power Processes

Back 3

-controlled attempts to:
-influence
-persuade
-assert self over others
-"principle of least interest"

Front 4

Power Outcomes

Back 4

-refers to control over: decision making, implementation, the defining of social/family realities
-depends on who controls the family situation
-are influenced by power bases
-power in families/relationships can change over time

Front 5

Orchestration Power

Back 5

-non-critical decisions

Front 6

Implementation Power

Back 6

-biggger decision within family

Front 7

One-up Position

Back 7

-attempts to exercise control over one or more family members

Front 8

One-down Position

Back 8

-acceptance of the control implied by the one-up member

Front 9

Confirming Messages

Back 9

-acknowledgement of feelings of love and respect
-desire to comply giving of power

Front 10

Disconfirming Messages

Back 10

-"silent treatment"
-ignoring

Front 11

Rejecting Messages

Back 11

-punishment messages

Front 12

Influence

Back 12

-power is used to change or modify the behavior or beliefs of others
-direct influence: bargaining, reasoning, asking
-indirect influence: hinting, withdrawl, modeling
-Influences on influence: gender, age, personality, relationship

Front 13

Instramental Decision

Back 13

-the daily workings of a family

Front 14

Affective Decisions

Back 14

-relation to feelings/emotion
-difficulty with instramental decisions is related to difficulty with affective decisions
-families who deal with affective can deal with instrumental
-when basic needs are met, families can move to more abstract levels of operating

Front 15

Consensus

Back 15

-discussion continues until all members agree on an outcome
-compromise
-flexibility
-goal is accceptable solution for all

Front 16

De Facto

Back 16

-non-participatory
-one person makes a decision when members cannot agree or when no decision is clear cut
-sometimes needed to keep the family functioning
-sometimes can tear families apart

Front 17

Accomodation

Back 17

-members consent to a decision not because they agree, but because they think further discussion won't help anymore
-may accomodate with pleasure or disdain
-can result in alliances
-favors those with more power

Front 18

Zero-Sum Decisions

Back 18

-lowest level, most primitive
-hedoistic
-requires coercive power or punishment
-always one-up and one-down relationship
-no compromise or consensus

Front 19

How would you describe McDonald’s Model of family power? How does it help explain power in families?

Back 19

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Front 20

Describe the five power bases included in McDonald’s model.

Back 20

-normative resources: how we percieve our family, how it should be
-economic resources: who brings in the money
-affective: ability to do something can have power
-personal: self-confidence and personality
-cognitive: having knowledge over someone else

Front 21

What influences does being one-up or one-down have on relationships?

Back 21

-one-up and one-down relationships put a negative influence on relationships. One person is always trying to better the other person and that doesn't leave much room for equality and growth together.
-can lead to resentment

Front 22

When might someone use direct or indirect influence?

Back 22

Direct:
-one might use direct when they really need to get their point across that they need something to get done

Indirect
-when the situation is awkward or impersonal and hinting would be a better option

Front 23

List and describe types of decision making

Back 23

-Consensus: dicussion continues until all members agree on an outcome
-Accomodation: members consent to a decision not because they agree, but they agree because they think further dicussion wont help anymore
-De Facto: one person makes a decision when members cannot agree or when no decision is clear cut

Front 24

List and describe levels of decision making.

Back 24

-Zero-sum decisions: always a one-up one-down relationship, no compromise or consensus
-Decision Rules: rules of direct distribution, rules of designated authority, rules of negotiation
-Decisions based on principle: fairness and concern for others is principle

Front 25

Describe the three types of decision rules.

Back 25

Rules of Direct Distribution:
-how do families distribute their resources?
-space, time, energy, money?
-can setup competition or cooperation

Rules of Designated Authority:
-who has authority for what in the household?
-sets clear boundaries for what is appropriate behavior within the family

Rules of Negotiation:
-how will the family go about negotiating differences? Solving problems?
-what is and is not negotiable
-families that negotiate are more likely to involve family input and compromise

Front 26

What are the four stages of the decision making process?

Back 26

-Identify/clarify the problem: identify problem, atriculate a goal, assess resources
-Alternatives: generate and assess alternatives
-Build concensus: select best alternatives
-Putting decision into action: accept a decision, make a plan of action, implement the decision, evaluate the action and the problem solving process

Front 27

What gender differences exist in relationship to decision making?

Back 27

-decisions tend to fall along gender lines
-wives make decisions about domestic issues (laundry, chores, etc)
-percieved male decisions are about finances, cars, yard work
-happy couples tend to: make joint decisions, and are egalitarian about finances
-income is highly correlated with bargaining power and positive negotiation strategies

Front 28

What are some internal and external influences on family decision making?

Back 28

Internal Influences:
-Decision making changes: as children grow, with developing adulthood and families, and with experience
-self-efficacy=being pro-active
-negotiation skills assist decision making

External Influenes:
-forces outside the family are typically less flexible than within the family
-institutions, policy, agencies
-decision making patterns of past generations may not work for today's families

Front 29

What are some guidelines for making good decisions in a family?

Back 29

-treat each equally (sense of justice)
-respect rights to free choice (sense of autonomy)
-help others achieve goals (sense of caring)
-create awareness of consequences of good and bad decisions
-keep promises (sense of loyalty)

Front 30

What are some types of decisions families need to make (list 5)? Label each decision as orchestration or implementation oriented. Identify the type(s) of power that might exist in a family in relation to such decisions. What decision-making strategies would be most beneficial in relation to each decision?

Back 30

types: back to mcdonalds thing

Front 31

Self-Efficacy

Back 31

-being pro-active

Front 32

Conflict

Back 32

-part of family development
-sometimes it is not worth it
-sometimes it is worth adressing issues
-we learn conflict patterns through generational transmission
-couples will establish conflict styles within the first two years

Front 33

Dialectical Tension

Back 33

-conflict can lead to dialectical tension between individuals involved

Front 34

Convert Conflict

Back 34

-not readily visible; hidden

Front 35

Conformity Orientation

Back 35

-focus on avoiding confict
-more likely to resist their romantic partners' aggressive moves and to engage in mutually negative behaviors with their partners

Front 36

Conversation Orientation

Back 36

-do not avoid conflict
-not as likely to resist romantic partner's moves

Front 37

Pseudomutuality

Back 37

-everyone/everything appears to be fine but underneath there is conflict

Front 38

What influences might conflict have in a relationship?

Back 38

-confict could either be beneficial or harmful to relationships
-without conflict the relationship doesnt grow, its provides autonomy for you to be your own person
-it could also hinder a relationship if conflict becomes too much and isn't dealt with positively

Front 39

What are three styles of conflict?

Back 39

-accomodation: occurs with nonagressive/cooperative people
-competition: agressive/get what you need at the cost of others
-compromise: agree

Front 40

List and describe the stages of conflict.

Back 40

-prior conditions stage: what is going on when the conflict starts, members awareness of rules, themes, and boundaries
-Frustration and awareness: non-verbal cues contribute to frustration
-Active conflict stage: verbal and non-verbal interchange, clear strategy of persuasion
-Solution or non-solution: solution=creative, constructive, or satifying, non-solution= destructive, disappointing, non productive
-Follow-up stage: aftermath of the conflict, reactions follow conflict, will affect future interactions (holding a grudge), linked to prior conditions stage
-Resolved stage: conflict resolved through negotiation or resolved because family grows beyond the issue of concern

Front 41

List and describe rules for conflict resolution.

Back 41

Rules Governing Consideration:
-consider different ideas

Rules governing Rationality:
-men use rational arguments more; women use emotional strategies

Rules Governing Self Expression
-must be respectful

Rules Governing Conflict Resolution:
-don't go to bed angry
-having a cooling off period

Front 42

Select two of the family/couple typologies and summarize the research about those typologies and family conflict

Back 42

Closed:
-suppression of individual opinion
-fuctioning depends on agreement
-family can be divided if one or more persons disagree with major issue

Open
-resolution through group consesus, promises kept
-conflict viewed as learning opportunity

Front 43

How does a family’s developmental stage influence conflict?

Back 43

?

Front 44

What are some types of destructive conflict? What influences might each type have on relationships within the family?

Back 44

-verbal attack: put downs; insults
-gunnysacking: dumping stored resentments all at once-after the last straw
-physical attack: violence leads to violence
-each of these types of destructive conflice have a negative influence on relationships. They can lead to higher rate for divorce, and hardship on children

Front 45

What are guidelines for constructive conflict?

Back 45

-Listen: reflective; restating
-Fight fairly: "I feel ____ when ____happens", stay in here and now, watch non-verbal cues, no name calling!
-manage physical environment: sit near and talk, few distractions

Front 46

What are elements of constructive conflict?

Back 46

-listen reflectively
-fight fairly
-manage physical environment

Front 47

What are possible outcomes of unresolved conflict?

Back 47

-distances family members
-can result in physical seperation
-emotional cutoff: distancing self from source of conflict, but having emotional baggage; not truely free from issues/conflict

Front 48

Stress

Back 48

-involves a physiological response to stressors-events or situations that are viewed as powerful negative or positive forces

Front 49

Vertical Stressors

Back 49

-family patterns, myths, secrets, legacies

Front 50

Horizontal Stressors

Back 50

-developmental life cycle transitions
-unpredictable
-untimely death, chronic illness, accident

Front 51

System stressors

Back 51

-individual
-nuclear family
-extended family
-community, work, friends
-social, cultural, politics, economics

Front 52

Generativity

Back 52

-"family time" or the positions and roles individuals hold in families

Front 53

Integrity

Back 53

-satisfied with how you lived your life and dont have any unresolved issues
-reflecting on life

Front 54

Life Course Approach to studying stress

Back 54

-how varying events & their timing in the lives of individuals affect families (particularly historical context)

Front 55

Developmental Stages Approach to studying stress

Back 55

-individuals experience critical periods of change, or life stages, until death

Front 56

Individual Time

Back 56

-chronological age

Front 57

Generational Time

Back 57

-"family time" or the positions and roles individuals hold in families

Front 58

Historical Time

Back 58

-events that occur during the era in which one lives.

Front 59

Provide examples of vertical, horizontal and system stressors. Explain when each might have the most influence on an individual or family.

Back 59

Verticle: everyday stressors
Horizontal: unpredictable stressors

Verticle: marriage; if everyone in my family is divorced, why should i get married?
Horizontal: transitions; puberty for example

Front 60

Describe the benefits/challenges of using the Life Course Approach to studying stress. What benefits/challenges exist when utilizing the Developmental Stages approach?

Back 60

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Front 61

Identify and describe common/somewhat predictable stressors faced at each life stage. How do each of these stressors affect all family members?

Back 61

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Front 62

What can families do/seek to provide support/assistance when facing stress?

Back 62

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Front 63

Explain the possible effects of life course transitions. What roles might change as families move through the life course?

Back 63

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