Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How would you describe how neural processing occurs in the brain?
|
In a loop type system that is always running but may be regulated for function.
|
|
Damage to the brain that disturbs the regulation of neural processing loops results in what?
|
A shift out of homeostasis resulting in unchecked and unbalanced processes. This results in abnormal brain function.
|
|
What are four ways the brain can be organized?
|
1. Left vs Right
2. Anterior vs Posterior 3. Hierarchical Processing 4. Cortical vs Subcortical |
|
What are four specializations of the left hemisphere?
|
1. Speech, reading and writing
2. Praxis - skilled motor movements 3. Verbal memory 4. Processing detail |
|
What are six specializations of the right brain?
|
1. Arousal, self awareness
2. Spatially directed attention 3. Emotion and affect 4. Nonverbal memory 5. Visuospatal and gesalt processing 6. Non-language sound, music |
|
Which hemisphere's functional prognosis is better when lesioned?
|
The left hemispehere has a better functional prognosis when lesioned because the patients are aware of their deficits and can on them.
|
|
What is unique to right hemisphere lesions?
|
Patients tend to not be aware of them.
|
|
Where do inputs and ouputs generally enter and exit from the brain/spinal cord?
|
Inputs usually enter dorsally and outputs usually exit ventrally.
|
|
What are areas posterior to the central sulcus generally involved in?
|
1. Processing information from the enviroment
2. Sensory gating 3. Sensory association |
|
Areas anterior to the central sulcus generally are involved in?
|
1. Planning and formulating cognitive and behavioral goals
2. Run hypothetical situations to evaulate "if I did something this way" 3. Incorporate behavior relevance, reinforcement value and emotion into cognition |
|
What gathers all the sensory information coming in and combines these biulding blocks into action, behavior and cognition? What type of processing is this?
|
1. Multimodal association cortex
2. Hierarchical |
|
What structures act like machinery to carry out orders from the cortical center?
|
Subcortical structures
|
|
What are four jobs of the subcortical structures?
|
1. Initiation
2. Cessation 3. Modulation 4. Control |
|
Besides being a relay station, what does the thalamus modulate?
|
1. Consciousness
2. Arousal and Vigilance |
|
What two qualities make up emotional tone? What controls this emotional tone? What is the purpose of emotional tone?
|
1. Arousal and vigilance
2. Thalamus 3. Keeps a tonic stimulation to the cortex to keep it primed to react to enviromental stimuli |
|
What is the foundation for higher attentional processes? Why?
|
1. Thalamus
2. It is linked to every major area of the cortex |
|
What processes is the basal ganglia involved in?
|
1. Initiation, cessation and maintance of action
2. Also has a role in motor, cognitive and behavioral function |
|
What is the dorsolateral area involved in?
|
Cognition
|
|
What is the lateral orbitofrontal area involved in?
|
Inhibition of processes
|
|
What is the anterior cingulated area involved in?
|
Integration of limbic and cognitive processes
|
|
What sort of disorder are preservation and intrusion symptoms of?
|
A hypercognitive dysfunction of the BG
|
|
A diminished fluency/semantic search effectiveness (can't use words rapidly) is a symptom of?
|
A hypocognitive dysfunction of the BG
|
|
OCD, mania, gambling, addiction and affective lability are symptoms of?
|
A hyper-emotionally guided dysfunction of the BG
|
|
Avolition and flat affect are sypmtoms of?
|
A hypo-emotionally guided dysfunction of the BG
|
|
What is the main job of the cerebellum?
|
It receives the motor plans from the corticospinal tract and evaluates them using "reality" inputs from the limbs and send the information back to the cortex
|
|
Cognitive ataxia and dysmetria of thought are symptoms of what?
|
A dysfunction of the cognitive aspects of the cerebellum
|
|
Cerebellar emotionally guided behavior disorders include(2)?
|
1. Affective lability
2. Psychiatric symptoms |
|
What are the four domains of cognition?
|
1. Motor and sensory
2. Language 3. Attention 4. Executive function |
|
A lesion to the premotor area or SMA can result in?
|
1. Akinesia
2. Bimanual Dyscoordination |
|
A lesion to the multimodal association cortex results in what?
|
Apraxia
|
|
What is apraxia?
|
The inability to perform skilled motor movements NOT due to impairments in basic motor movements, basic cognition or impaired comprehension.
|
|
What are some specific areas where a lesion could cause apraxia?
|
1. Corpus callosum
2. SMA 3. Inferior parietal lobe |
|
What allows communication between the two hemispheres? What especially uses this for communication?
|
1. Corpus callosum
2. SMA's |
|
A lesion of the corpus callosum involving the dyscommunication of the SMAs results in what?
|
Alien hand
|
|
What do you see with "alien hand"?
|
The hand is still connected to higher cortical areas but no longer connected to lower cortical areas. This means it is not as inhibited as it should be. This results in the hand acting out on its own.
|
|
A lesion where will cause conditions such as visual loss, somatosensory loss or auditory loss?
|
Primary sensory level
|
|
A lesion in the sensory association center results in what?
|
Agnosia
|
|
What is the impairment of object recognition in the presence of relatively intact basic perception and language?
|
Agnosia
|
|
What is the agnosia for faces called?
|
Prosopagnosia
|
|
What allows for obeject recognition in agnosia?
|
The fact that agnosia is a single sensory defect and the other sense's input can help you identify the object.
|
|
What is the result of a lesion of the multimodal association center in regards to sensory cognition?
|
1. Hemispatial neglect
2. Visuospatial integration deficits |
|
What are two areas that act like specialized areas of language?
|
1. Broca's region
2. Wernicke's region |
|
Which area gives meaning to words?
|
Wernicke's area
|
|
Which area allows one to talk?
|
Broca's region
|
|
What connects Wernicke's area and Broc's area?
|
Arcuate fasiculus
|
|
What is used as a shortcut for repetition of words.
|
Arcuate fasiculus
|
|
A(n) (anterior/posterior) lesion results in active language problems.
|
Anterior
|
|
A(n) (anterior/posterior) lesion results in receptive language problems.
|
Posterior
|
|
If one has fluent speech but it does not make any sense, they have?
|
Wernicke's aphasia
|
|
If one is non-fluent with intact comprehension, they have?
|
Broca's aphasia
|
|
If you have fluent speech but cannot comprehend, you have?
|
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
|
|
If you have non-fluent speech but normal coprehension, you have? No impaired repetition.
|
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
|
|
General level of responsivity
|
Arousal
|
|
Realignment of sensory organs
|
Orientation
|
|
Processing one stimulus over another
|
Selective attention
|
|
Simultaneous processing of stimuli
|
Divided attention
|
|
Manipulation of information in attention span
|
Working memory
|
|
Is modulation of attention a anterior or posterior function?
|
Anterior
|
|
What mediates the modulation of attention?
|
Cortical Basal ganglionic loops
|
|
What is the shifting of attention from one thing to another referred to as?
|
Stimulus pull
|
|
What part of the brain is responsible for planning and goal formation, organization, sequencing, set thinking and abstract thinking?
|
Dorsolateral frontal lobe
|
|
What part of the brain is responsible for inhibition, behavioral and cognitive modulation and evaluating relevance and reward
|
Orbital frontal lobe
|
|
Failure to initiate ideas or courses of action
|
Impaired initation
|
|
Inability to control impulses
|
Impaired inhibition
|
|
Decreased mental flexibility
|
Impaired set shifting
|
|
What gives rise to personality?
|
Executive function
|
|
What is the point of convergence of cognitive, emotional, and motivational aspects of behavior?
|
Executive function
|