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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
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wrote Nature / "self reliance"
founder of transcendentalism |
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Bronson Alcott
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1st parent teacher association
Concord School of Philosophy wrote Ralph Waldo Emerson / Tablet improved aspects of public education |
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Henry David Thoeran
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wrote Civil Disobedience; written in jail after refusing to pay taxes
wrote Walden; biography of life in the woods breaks law to show faults |
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Transcendentalism
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religious renewal, literary innovation, social transformation
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Washington Irving
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wrote satire of New York
wrote Sketch Book: "rip van winkle" & "legend of sleepy hollow" |
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Noah Webster
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Grammatical Institute of the English Language
Dissertations of the English Language |
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James Cooper
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History of the U.S. Navy
Last of the Mohicans The Spy Leatherstocking Series criticized for works' weaknesses |
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Walt Whitman
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Leaves of Grass: Collection of poems
Drum Taps / Drum Taps: Sequel contained Eulogy for Lincoln |
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Edgar Allen Poe
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"Raven" , "Tell-Tale Heart" , "Annabell Lee"
Father of Modern Detective Stories Eureka - Big bang theory vs newton's principles |
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Nathaniel Hawthorne
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The Scarlet Letter
The House of the Seven Gables |
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The Underground Railroad
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Approx. 100,000 slaves
Depots = pit stops conductors = directors Harriet Tubman moved 3000+ stockholders = $ station masters = leaders |
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Liberty Party
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Goal: end slavery/discrimination
presidential candidate: James Bimey declines after Henry Clay |
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Abolition Movement
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emancipate slaves/end discrimination
need spiritual revivalism due to segregation during when slavery was "okay" |
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Gag Rule
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Created by John C. Calhoun
nation wouldn't accept anti-slavery petitions political cover for all politicians |
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Fredrick Douglas
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former slave -> abolitionist
recruits black militants for Union Army The North Star: biographical history |
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William Garrison
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jailed for criticizing slavery
organized anti-slavery society The Liberator: influential in the North |
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Benjamin Lundy
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1815 - Union Humane Society
1822 - anti-slavery journal takes over The Emancipator American Convention for the Abolition of Slavery |
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Elijah Lovejoy
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publishes St. Louis Observer
supports abolition Anti- Slavery Society of Illinois |
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Sojourner Truth / Isabella Baumfree
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ex-salve promised freedom
eventually runs from master part of popular spiritualism religious movement of the time |
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Wandell Phillips
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wrote in the Liberator
condemned Constitution due to slave protested Lovejoy's death |
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Free Soil Party - 1848
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made by Whig/Liberties
Free soil, labor, and men no slavery in the west no expansion of slavery |
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David Walker
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convinced slaves to get violent (Walker's Appeal)
anti-slavery article in Freedom's Journey |
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Liberia, American Colonization Society
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African American's can't fit into society
receives 100,000 dollar grant from Congress used for African Colony that fails from yellow fever 1821 - successful colony : Perseverance 1842 - 1st nonwhite president then independence |
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Theodore Weld
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not allowed to lecture on slavery
founds Anti-Slavery Society Congress Advisor non-biased schools open = CRAZY! |
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Amistad Ship
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slave plans muting against captors
kills captain and crew Salves arrested for revolt on ship |
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Harriet Stowe
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Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin
exposes slavery to world |
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MArtin Delaney
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1/2 slave
removed from Harvard Med School wrote of slave emigration Union Army - 1st officer |
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Brookfarm, MA
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Transcendentalist community
Goal: simple/intellectual life home for intellectual/literary figures 100 citizens Failure from: no money, bad land, small pox, and fire |
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Oneida, NY
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23 acres near Canada
mutual criticism, mal-continents, complex marriage failure from: small size, bad leadership. and isolation |
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Amana, Iowa
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German pietists
led by Christian Metz/Communism founded Ebenezer failure from: capitalism corrupts ideology, ideology fades |
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Shakers
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danced to get rid of sin
5,000+ followers 2nd coming of Christ, gender equality, simple lifestyle failure from: no one can have kids or teach people |
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New Harmony, Indiana
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Director: Robert Owen
"New Moral World" Great school system Failure from: no common religion, different views, and social classes |
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Second Great Awakening
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NE -> SW
revitalized Protestant denominations affected Baptist, Methodist, and Puritans |
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Charles G. Finney
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raised in Oneida (no religion)
rejected Calvinism Lectures on Revivals of Religion: equality for all |
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Lyman Beecher
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large abolitionist
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Unitarian Church
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founded by Miguel Servert - 16th century
questioned validity of trinity stands for unity instead of trinity |
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AME
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made by Free African Society
support group of abolitionists popular before civil war still around |
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Morman Church/Faith
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started in burned area of NY
believed Joseph Smith/radical Christian views used to have multiple marriages: paligamy |
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Prisons before Reforms
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very strict/crowded
completely isolated no chance for personal reform |
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Dorothea Lynde Dix
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family problems growing up
inspected jails for mistreatment funded from MA legislature established buildings for mentally ill/disabled |
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Prison Problems in New York
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given no rights
isolated in cells no $ outflow from prisons |
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Auburn System, NY
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reformed system for NY
planned day for prisoners: congregation system |
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Impact
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prisoners can do/learn stuff
$ outflow from prisons |
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Asylum Movement
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originally boarded together
groups got separated into institutions allows for individuals to be helped |
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Magazines
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Atlantic Monthly:
economy, politics, religion, slavery, etc. |
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Godey's Lady Book
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Magazine for women
keeps women up to date known for detailed covers / religiousness |
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Harper's Weekly
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1st to include pictures in text
hard artists on field of action |
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Newspapers
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more popular in the US than in other countries
reverse triangle method to determine importance web-network of shared reporters (Associated Press) Chicago Tribune, New York Times, Freedom Journal Penny Press = lower class newspaper. NY Sun = penny paper |
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Effects of Magazines
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increased literacy/decreased postage = popularity
more specific than newspapers |
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Background of Temperance Movement
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started in Europe
modernization of Alcohol's use |
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Neal Dow
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Temperance Union - early on
Maine Temperance Society Founder - 1827 Laws to ban selling of Alcohol - Maine Laws Rome Riot refuse laws "Napoleon of Temperance" |
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Little Rock Methodists
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no hard stuff: 1831
after 1862: all is illegal women played a part |
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Georgia Temperance Society
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mainly baptists
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Ohio Women's Temperance Society
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had a constitution
no alcohol at all |
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Sons of Temperance
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against all alcohol
newcomers elected from within dudes only then women allowed |
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Maine Laws
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created by Neal Dowe
1st state to ban recreation alcohol for "medical/mechanical" use made impact in other states Dry vs Wet States |
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Women's Christian Temperance Union
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educate women of alcohol's negative effects
turned into a no alcohol club oldest that still exists |
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T.S. Arthur
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Ten Nights in a Bar Room: about drunks that destroy a village
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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called for women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY
Speech: Declaration of Sentiments Women's Loyal League National Woman's Suffrage Association Women's Bible Women's Bible |
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Catherine Esther Beecher
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supported kindergarten education
Hartford Female Seminary Western Female Institute American Women's Educational Association Treatise on Domestic Economy |
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Margaret Fuller
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1st female book reviewer
1st library user 1st feminine book: Women in the 19th Century The Dial; magazine |
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Lucretia Mott
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abolitionist, Quaker minister
Convention for Women's Rights:Rochester, NY convention in Seneca Falls, NY didn't believe in suffrage, only equality for women |
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Louisa May Alcott
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Little Women: a novel
contained women's rights/abolition messages |
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Reforms Associated with Religion and the Second Great Awakening
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Temperance
/ Prison Reform |
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Reforms Associated with Literature
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Public Education
/ Hudson River Art School / Public Information |
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Reforms Associated with Societal Issues
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Abolitionist
Temperance |
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Reforms Associated with Women's Rights
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Education
Temperance Abolitionist Women's Rights |
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Reforms Associated with Democracy
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Public Info
Women's Rights Education Abolition Temperance Religion/Great Awakening |
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Reforms Associated with Nationalism
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Public Information
Education Literature Hudson River Art School |
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Horace Mann
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1837 - Secretary of MA Board of Education
increased funding to schools, preparation/support of teachers, compassionate discipline school district libraries nonsectarian religious education |
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Prudence Crandall
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1831 - Private Girl's Academy
1833 - African American girl enrolled 1833 - New school for "young ladies and little misses of color" CT Passes bill that says no school for African Americans |
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Henry Barnard
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1837 - General Assembly
Free education 1838 - Board of Commissioners of the Common Schools focused on Elementary Education set standards for public education 1867-1st commissioner of Education |
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Noah Webster
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A Grammatical Institute of the English Language
helped found Amherst College Wrote first American dictionary |
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Elizabeth Blackwell
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Attended Geneva Medical College
opens institution for women to be doctors opens New York Infirmary for Women and Children becomes "Champion for Women's Rights" in England |
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Catherine Beecher
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wrote Treatise on Domestic Economy
Opened Western Female Institute that ends up getting closed |
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W.H. McGuffey
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Wrote the McGuffey's Reader
Taught at University of Miami 1845 - Professor at the University of Virginia |
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Emma Hart Willard
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taught kids in her house
1814-Middlebury Seminary 1821-Troy Female Seminary |
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Calvin Wiley
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created the Superintendant position
set standard for licensed teachers wrote the North Carolina Reader |
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Wilberforce University
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underground railroad stop
largely an African American university closed in 1862 then reopened |
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Oberlin College
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Northeast Ohio
founded by Rev. John J. Shipherd and Philo P. Stewart largest number of African American graduates first women graduates with BA degree |
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Mount Holyoke College
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founded in 1857
one of the Seven Sisters rigorous curriculum female college |
