Harper Nur 111 Exam 2

Front 1

 
Lipoprotein that lowers surface tension in the alveoli, reducing the amount of pressure of needed to inflate the alveoli.

Back 1

Surfactant

Front 2

Normal BP

Back 2

120/80

Front 3

Alveolar collapse

Back 3

Atelectasis

Front 4

ACE inhibitors are commonly used to treat hypertension. How do they work?

Back 4

ACE inhibitors block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and prevent production of aldosterone. Both angiotensin II and aldosterone raise BP

Front 5

Drugs that prevent liver production of cholesterol but damage liver

Back 5

Statins

Front 6

ACE inhibitors end in...

Back 6

"prill"

Front 7

An imbalance between oxygen demand and supply for the heart that causes chest pain

Back 7

Angina

Front 8

pH level in acidosis

Back 8

Arterial blood pH < 7.35

Front 9

Tests to determine if MI occurred

Back 9

Triponin and CKMB

Front 10

pH level in alkalosis

Back 10

Arterial blood pH > 7.45

Front 11

Blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream

Back 11

Pulmonary embolism

Front 12

ABG analysis for respiratory acidosis

Back 12

pH: < 7.35 ; PaCO2: >45 Mmhg; HCO3: norm

Front 13

Tachycardia

Back 13

> 100 bpm

Front 14

ABG analysis for respiratory alkalosis

Back 14

pH: > 7.45 ; PaCO2: <35 Mmhg; HCO3: norm

Front 15

Bradycardia

Back 15

<60 bpm

Front 16

Blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen.

Back 16

Cyanosis

Front 17

Premature beat

Back 17

occurs between cycles

Front 18

Suspension of external breathing

Back 18

Apnea

Front 19

Heart sound that is delayed or absent

Back 19

Blocked

Front 20

Shortness of breath

Back 20

Dyspnea

Front 21

Shortness of breath (dyspnea) which occurs when lying flat.

Back 21

Orthopnea

Front 22

A person who sleeps propped up in bed or sitting in a chair so that they can breath, likely suffers from...

Back 22

Orthopnea

Front 23

A normal respiritory response to exertion. Cause for alarm when it occurs during moderate activity or rest.

Back 23

Dyspnea

Front 24

Increased depth of breathing when required to meet metabolic demand of body tissues

Back 24

Hyperpnea

Front 25

Provides true measure of oxygen level

Back 25

ABG

Front 26

Non-invasive method of monitoring oxygenation of a patient's hemoglobin

Back 26

Pulse oximetry

Front 27

Occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus, which can be a thrombus, tissue fragment, lipids, foreign body, or an air bubble.

Back 27

Pulmonary embolism

Front 28

Most common cause of pulmonary embolism

Back 28

DVT

Front 29

Air in the pleural space a causing complete or partial collapse of the lung. Treated with cest tube.

Back 29

Pnuemothorax

Front 30

Leading cause of COPD

Back 30

Smoking

Front 31

Color of sputum indicating infection

Back 31

Yellow-green/green

Front 32

Low Blood Oxygen levels - saturation < 85%

Back 32

HYPOXEMIA

Front 33

Lung Scan is a CT scan used to _________.

Back 33

Measure masses

Front 34

Drawing fluid from pleural space for analysis

Back 34

Thoracentesis

Front 35

Skin testing (scratch tests) can be sued to diagnose....

Back 35

TB, allergies

Front 36

Sputum Culture is collected for...

Back 36

AFB and cytology study

Front 37

Swab to perform test for infection

Back 37

Throat Culture

Front 38

Pulmonary Functions (ABG’s) measure...

Back 38

Ability of lung to perform O2 and CO2 exchange

Front 39

Endoscopic procedure allowing a visual exam of pulmonary system

Back 39

Bronchoscopy

Front 40

Chest X-ray is used to...

Back 40

Visualize lung fields for fluid, masses, fractures, and size of heart

Front 41

Measures capillary O2 concentration

Back 41

Oximetry

Front 42

Tidal Volume, residual volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity and functional residual capacity are all measures of...

Back 42

Pulmonary functions

Front 43

Upnea RR

Back 43

16-20 breaths/min

Front 44

Bradypenia RR

Back 44

< 10 breaths/min

Front 45

Tachypnea RR

Back 45

> 35 breaths/min

Front 46

no respirations for > 16 seconds

Back 46

Apnea

Front 47

Actions of drugs in this class include:
•    Irritates the mucous membranes to release the mucus creating a productive cough.
•    Reduces viscosity of the mucus to aid in removal of the secretions (therapeutic effect)

Back 47

Expectorants

Front 48

Drug class that includes Guaifenesin (Robitussin, Anti-Tuss)

Back 48

Expectorants

Front 49

Side Effects of expectorants

Back 49

•    Nausea
•    Vomiting
•    Gastric irritation

Front 50

Uses

Back 50

•    Relief of non-productive cough
•    Thins secretions

Front 51

Class of drugs that Act either centrally or locally to inhibit the cough response receptors in the medulla or at the site of irritation to decrease frequency and intensity (also therapeutic effect)

Back 51

Antitussives

Front 52

Classification that includes Codeine, Robitussin AC, Dextromethorphan hydrobromide (Robitussin DM)

Back 52

Antitussives

Front 53

Side Effects of Antitussives

Back 53

•    Drowsiness
•    Constipation
•    GI upset

Front 54

Uses of Antitussives

Back 54

•    to stop a nonproductive cough or dry hacking cough
•    Nonproductive cough that interferes with rest and sleep

Front 55

Actions of drugs in this class include:
•    Relax bronchial smooth muscle 
•    Promote bronchodilation
•    Reduce airway resistance (opening of bronchioles and alveolar ducts) 
•    Increase vital capacity (maximum expiration and inspiration)

Back 55

Bronchodilators

Front 56

Class of Medications that includes Theophylline (Theo-Dur), Albuterol (Proventil or Ventolin), Ipratropim, Combivent, Tiotropim bromide (Spiriva)

Back 56

Bronchodilators

Front 57

Side effects of Bronchodilators

Back 57

•    Tremors 
•    Anxiety – irritability
•    Tachycardia

Front 58

Uses of Bronchodilators

Back 58

•    Short acting to treat acute exacerbations of asthma
•    Short term relief of bronchoconstriction due to bronchitis and emphysema 
•    Long term use with chronic airway obstruction (chronic bronchitis)

Front 59

Drugs that Block or inhibit the action of histamine

Back 59

Antihistamines

Front 60

Class of medications including diphenhydramine  (Benadryl),  fexofenadine (Allegra), loratadine (Claritin), cetirizine (Zyrtec)

Back 60

Antihistamines

Front 61

Side Effects of Antihistamines

Back 61

•    Dry mouth 
•    drowsiness

Front 62

Uses of Antihistamines

Back 62

•    Allergic reactions (prevent or treat)
•    Seasonal allergies
•    To treat S/S of sneezing and runny nose with the common cold

Front 63

Drugs that inhibit accumulation of inflammatory cells at inflammation sites

Back 63

 Corticosteroids

Front 64

Drug class tha includes oral Iv and inhaled formulations, including Hydrocortisone, Methylprednisolone, Prednisone, Fluticasone (Flovent) MDI,  Triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort) MDI,  Beclomethasone (Beclovent, Vanceril) MDI

Back 64

Corticosteroids

Front 65

Side effects of Corticosteroids

Back 65

•    Delayed wound healing 
•    Elevated blood sugar
•    Oral thrush infections 
•    Hoarseness
•    Irritated throat 
•    Dry mouth   

Front 66

Uses of Corticosteroids

Back 66

•    Asthma
•    COPD
•    Aspiration pneumonia

Front 67

Action/Therapeutic effect of Calcium Channels Blockers

Back 67

•    Prevents the passage of calcium ions across the myocardium cell membrane
•     Coronary blood flow
•     myocardial  O2  demand 
•     HR

Front 68

grapefruit juice increases effect of these drugs

Back 68

Calcium Channels Blockers

Front 69

Drug class that includes Amiodipine and Diltiazem

Back 69

Calcium Channels Blockers

Front 70

Side effects of Calcium Channels Blockers

Back 70

•    Hypotension
•    Bradycardia

Front 71

Indications for use of Calcium Channels Blockers

Back 71

•    Hypertension
•    Angina pectoris

Front 72

Action/Therapeutic effect of this drug class includes:
•     contractility 
•     HR
•     impulse conduction 
•     BP 
•    myocardial oxygen supply

Back 72

Beta Blockers

Front 73

Drug class that includes Atenolol (Tenormin) and Metoprolol (Lopressor)

Back 73

Beta Blockers

Front 74

Side effects of Beta Blockers

Back 74

•    Hypotension
•    Bradycardia
•    Bronchospasm

Front 75

Indications for use of Beta Blockers

Back 75

•    Hypertension
•    Angina pectoris
•    Myocardial infarction

Front 76

Action/Therapeutic effect of this drug class is to:
•    Increase force of contraction
•    Slows heart rate by decreasing conduction through the SA and AV nodes

Back 76

Cardiac Glycosides

Front 77

Drug class including Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Back 77

Cardiac Glycosides

Front 78

Indications for use of Cardiac Glycosides

Back 78

•    CHF (congested heart failure)
•    Atrial fibrillation 

Front 79

Action/Therapeutic effect if this drug class include:
•    Peripherally vasodilate 
•    oxygen supply

Back 79

Nitrates

Front 80

This drug class includes Isosorbide (Isordil); Nitroglycerin (Nitro-bid)

Back 80

Nitrates

Front 81

Indications for use of Nitrates

Back 81

Chest pain

Front 82

Sounds used to measure Apical pulse come from the...

Back 82

mitral valve

Front 83

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction

Back 83

Cardiac output

Front 84

Resistance that left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

Back 84

Afterload

Front 85

Volume of blood coming into ventricles

Back 85

Preload

Front 86

Term for number of ventricular contractions each minute

Back 86

Heart rate

Front 87

Amount of blood ejected from each venticle in a minute

Back 87

Stroke volume

Front 88

Equation for cardiac output

Back 88

CO=HR x SV

Front 89

Ability of heart to contract

Back 89

Contractility

Front 90

In Respiritory control, Chemical regulators respond to levels of ...

Back 90

O2, CO2, H+

Front 91

Term for Alveolar elasticity 

Back 91

Compliance

Front 92

Manage rate and depth of respirations

Back 92

Neural regulators (Pons, medula cerebellum)

Front 93

Muscles of respirations

Back 93

Diaphragm

Accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, scaleni, intercostals)

Front 94

Reduced circulating blood volume as in shock as in dehydration

Back 94

Hypovolemia

Front 95

The diaphragm ________ upon inspiration and ________ upon expiration 

Back 95

Inspiration=contracts
Expiration=relaxed

Front 96

Factors affecting oxygenation

Back 96

Decreased O2 carrying capacity
Incorrect setting on respiratory equipment
High altitudes
Obstruction
Smoking
Anemia

Front 97

Fever and  Pulmonary disease _______ demand for oxygen.

Back 97

Increase

Front 98

Factors that impact chest wall movement and affect ventilation

Back 98

Pain
Pregnancy
Obesity
Musculoskeletal abnormalities (Phrenic nerve damage, scoliosis, flailed ribcage)

Front 99

Infection risk, tiny airway can cause Respiritory issues in _________.

Back 99

Infants

Front 100

Respiritory issues in adolescent & young adults typically arise from lifestyle issues, ________ and ________.

Back 100

Smoking and substance abuse

Front 101

Cardiopulmonary Nursing History questions include...

Back 101

1.    Chief complaint
2.    Risk for respiratory disease
a. Environmental
b. Respiratory infection
c. Risk factors
d. Pain
3.    Medication

Front 102

Causes of hypoventilation

Back 102

a.    Atelectasis
b.    Medications
c.    Inappropriate oxygen administration

Front 103

Clinical Manifestations of hypoventilation

Back 103

a.    Dizziness
b.    Headache
c.    Lethargy/Drowsiness
d.    Altered mental status
e.    Arrhythmias
f.    Coma
g.    Cardiac arrest

Front 104

Causes of hyperventilation

Back 104

a.    Anxiety
b.    Fever
c.    Infection
d.    Chemically induced

Front 105

Clinical Manifestations of hyperventilation

Back 105

a.    Tachycardia
b.    Tachypnea
c.    Chest pain
d.    Dizziness
e.    Lightheadedness
f.    Disorientation
g.    Paresthesia... Tingling, numbmess
h.    Visual changes
i.    Tetany

Front 106

Causes of hypoxia

Back 106

a.     Hemoglobin (Hgb) low
b.     O 2 low
c.    Pneumonia
d.    Shock
e.    Rib fractures

Front 107

Lack of O2 in tissue

Back 107

Hypoxia

Front 108

Clinical manifestations

Back 108

a.    Apprehension
b.    Restlessness
c.    Inability to concentration
d.    LOC decreased
e.    Dizziness
f.    Behavioral changes 
g.     VS increased ( compensation)
h.    Pale & dyspnea
i.    Cyanosis
j.    Clubbing

Front 109

Health Promotion for adequate oxygenation includes...

Back 109

1.    Influenza vaccination
2.    Pneumococcal vaccine 
3.    Lifestyle Changes

Front 110

Nursing Interventions to promote breathing

Back 110

a.    Incentive spirometer
b.    Pursed-lip breathing
3.    Oxygen therapy 
4.    Suctioning:  oropharyngeal 
5.    CPAP:   Continuous Positive  Airway Pressure

Front 111

Acute Care nursing interventions to promote adequate oxygenation

Back 111

1.    Promoting Comfort
a.    Positioning
b.    Fluid intake

Front 112

Blood clots in L ventricle compromise ability to contract resulting in...

Back 112

Atrial fibrillation

Front 113

Treatments for this condition include oblation, cardioversion, lenoxyn

Back 113

Atrial fibrillation