Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
branchial arch 1 nerve and derivatives
|
CN V2 and V3: Muscles of Mastication, Mylohyoid, ANTERIOR 2/3 of tongue (sensation from V3, taste from VII), ANTERIOR belly of digastric, TENSOR tympani, TENSOR veli palatini
|
|
three clinical presentations of glucagonoma
|
1) DM; 2) necrolytic erythema (erythematous blisters across abdomnen/groin); 3) anemia
|
|
histo appearnce of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
|
uniform polygonal / spindle-shaped cells w/ extracellular amyloid deposits; secreted calcitonin forms AMYLOID
|
|
histo appearance of anaplastic thyroid cancer
|
pleomorphic giant cell nests w/ occasional multinucleated cells
|
|
pathogenesis of ARDS
|
diffuse alveolar damage --> NEUTROPHILS --> leaky alveolar capillaries --> protein-rick fluid in alveoli ==> intra-alveolar hyaline membrane
|
|
opsoclonus-myoclonus
|
rapid involuntary eye movements and bring, involuntarily twitching muscles; a/w NEUROBLASTOMA
|
|
myotonic dystrophy findings
|
Type I fibers more affected; skeletal myotonia (inability to release handshake, doorknob); CATARACTS in almost all pts. Frontal balding, gonadal atrophy
|
|
first signs of normal pressure hydropcephalus (NPH)
|
gait abnormality and urinary incontinence ==> eventually leads to progressive dementia and emotional blunting; order of sx helps distinguish NPH from alzheimers
|
|
Sx of porphyria
|
5Ps: Pink urine, Painful abdomen, Polyneuropathy, Psych disturbances, Precipitated by drugs
|
|
antidote for iron
|
deferoxamine
|
|
antidote for lead
|
CaEDTA, dimercaprol (heavy metal poisoning including Wilson's), succimer, penicillamine (also used for Cu)
|
|
antidote for TCAs
|
NaHCO3 (nonspecific)
|
|
antidote for tPA, streptokinase
|
Aminocaproic acid
|
|
Caused by which drugs? Cutaneous Flushing (4)
|
Niacin, Ca2+ channel blockers, adenosine, vancomycin (red man syndrome)
|
|
Caused by which drugs? Torsades de Pointes (4)
|
TCAs, Class III (sotalol) & class IA (quinidine) anti-arrythmics; cisapride (prokinetic agent, used for GERD, like metaclopramide but diff mech)
|
|
Caused by which drugs? Focal to massive hepatic necrosis (4)
|
Halothane, valproic acid, acetaminophen, Amanita phalloides
|
|
Caused by which drugs? Osteoporosis (2)
|
Steroids, heparin
|
|
Caused by which drugs? Fanconi Syndrome
|
Expired Tetracycline
|
|
Caused by which drugs? Hemorrhagic Cystitis (2)
|
Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide (can be partially prevented with adjuvant use of Mesna)
|
|
Caused by which drugs? Disulfiram-like reaction (5)
|
Metronidazole, some cephalosporins, nitrofurantoin, griseofulvin, sulfonylureas
|
|
clinical signs of infective endocarditis
|
OSLER nodules (purplish/red subq nodules on fingers/toes); JANEWAY lesions (hemorrhagic painless plaques on palms/soles); PETECHIAE; SPLINTER hemorrhages
|
|
methyldopa use, s/e
|
sympathoplegic used for HTN; can result in positive Coombs test
|
|
orlistat
|
obesity management; inhibits pancreatic lipase; mimics pancreatitis --> fat malabsorption --> steatorrhea, ADEK defic, OBESITY MANAGEMENT
|
|
silbutramine
|
obesity management; 5-HT/NE reuptake inhibitor --> satiety
|
|
pirenzapine, propantheline
|
antimuscarinic antacids: two actions: 1) --| M1 (ECL cells) --> histamine; 2) --| M3 (parietal cells) --> H+
|
|
trastuzumab
|
Ab for HER2/neu -- used in specific breast cancer
|
|
valproic acid tox
|
"george costanza syndrome:" alopecia, weight gain, hepatotoxicity, neural tube defects, nystagmus
|
|
phenytoin tox
|
gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, megaloblastic anemia (dec folate/b12), p450 induction (Queen Barb uses Phenphen and Refuses Greasy Carbs)
|
|
endoderm derivatives
|
gut tube epithelium and derivatives (lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells)
|
|
ectoderm divisions
|
surface ectoderm, neuroectoderm, neural crest
|
|
surface ectoderm derivatives
|
epidermis, epithelium of sensory (eyes, nose, ears)
|
|
neuroectoderm derivatives
|
CNS neurons, neuroglia
|
|
neural crest derivatives
|
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: (ANS, dorsal root ganglia, CRANIAL NERVES, schwann cells, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla); melanocytes, parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid, odontoblasts (make enamel)
|
|
mesoderm derivatives
|
blood, bones, muscles, connective tissue, lymphatics; SPLEEN, ADRENAL CORTEX, KIDNEYS (organs you could live without)
|
|
fetal erythropoesis
|
3-8wks: yolk sac; 8-28wks: liver and spleen; 28+ wks: bone marrow
|
|
aortic arch derivatives
|
1st: MAXillary; 2nd: Stapedial (Second) and Hyoidal; 3rd: Carotids (C is the 3rd letter of the alphabet): 4th: aortic arch + proximal r. subclavian; 6th: proximal pulm artery (L) and ducturs areteriosus
|
|
cleft palate
|
failure of (medial/lateral) palatine process fusion or nasal septum formation (secondary palate)
|
|
embyonic components of diaphgragm
|
"Several Parts Build Diaphragm": Septum transversum, Pleuroperitoneal folds, Body wall, Dorsal esophageal mesoderm
|
|
congenital cardiac defects a/w Child of diabetic mother
|
Transposition of the great vessels
|
|
findings in rheumatic fever
|
FEVERSS (Fever, Erythema marginatum, Valvular damage, Elevated ESR, Red-hot joints (polyarthritis), Subq nodules, Sydenham chorea)
|
|
time of presentation of ostium secundum ASD
|
late childhood -> 20s; systolic ejection murmur (increased RV volume) and wide fixed splitting of 2nd heart sound
|
|
duodenal vs gastric ulcer
|
DUODENAL: decreased pain after meals/antacids, a/w inc acid production; GASTRIC: pain persists, dec/nl acid production;
|
|
GIP
|
"gastric inhibitory peptide / glucose-dependent insulin peptide": secreted by K cells of duodenum in response to all three nutrient classes; EFFECTS: increased insulin release, decreased gastric H+ secretion;
|
|
leptospirosis
|
Weil disease/ icterohemorrhagic fever: jaundice, renal failure, hemorrhage
|
|
alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
|
A1AT produced in liver, protects lungs from elastase; defienciency causes panacinar emphysema + liver cirrhosis (improperly secreted A1AT accumulates in liver)
|
|
side effects of statins
|
myopathy and hepatitis
|
|
germ cell tumors with elevated AFP
|
yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumors, maybe embryonal carcinoma; YOLK SAC: aggressive malignancy in babies/kids; histo: Schiller-Duval bodies (primative glomeruli)
|
|
schiller-duval bodies
|
primitive glomeruli-like structures found in YOLK-SAC tumors
|
|
name the three benign breast tumors and their defining features
|
1) FIBROADENOMA (F<25yo, small firm welldemarcated mobile mass, inc size and tenderness during preg); 2) CYSTOSARCOMA PHYLLODES (leaf-like projections); 3) INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA (serous/bloody nipple discharge)
|
|
what causes fluctuation in TBG (thyroxine binding globulin)
|
dec TBG in liver failure, inc TBG in pregnancy (estrogen --> inc TBG)
|
|
neurofibromatosis increases risk of which cancers
|
pheochromocytoma, meningioma
|
|
Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain's)
|
self-limited hypothyroidism following flu-like illness; elevated ESR, **jaw pain**, early inflammation, very tender thyroid gland; can be hypERthyroid at beginning (kinda like jarish-herxheimer rxn)
|
|
complications of DKA
|
MUCORMYCOSIS (Mucor or Rhizospus infection, also seen in leukemic patients, tx mucor with capsofungin); CEREBRAL EDEMA, cardiac ARRYTHMIAS, HEART FAILURE
|
|
marfinoid habitus
|
tall, slender, disporoportionately long arms -- a/w MEN III (MEN IIb)
|
|
acid-base compensation for metabolic acidosis
|
Winter's formula: PCO2 = 1.5 * HCO3 + 8 +/- 2
|
|
acid-base compensation for metabolic alkalosis
|
for every +1 HCO3 --> +0.7 PCO2
|
|
acid-base compensation for respiratory acidosis, acute and chronic
|
a: +10 PCO2 --> +1 HCO3; c: +10 PCO2 --> +3.5 HCO3
|
|
acid-base compensation for respiratory alkalosis, acute and chronic
|
a: -10 PCO2 --> -2 HCO3; c: -10 PCO2 --> -5 HCO3
|
|
tumors a/w tuberous sclerosis
|
cortical tubers, subependymal hamartomas in brain (--> seizures, MR), cardiac rhabdomyomas, facial angiofibromas, ash-leavf patchess
|
|
relation of pulm artery to bronchus at each lung
|
RALS (Right Anterior; Left Superior)
|
|
peripheral bronchogenic carcinomas
|
1) ADENOCARCINOMA (most common); 2) BRONCHIOALVEOLAR (no smoking link); 3) LARGE CELL (undifferentiated)
|
|
complications from lung cancer
|
SPHERE (SVC compression/invasion, Pancoast tumor, causes Horner syndrome (cervical sympathetic plexus dysfunction), Endocrine (paraneoplastic), Recurrent laryngeal symptoms (hoarseness), Effusions (pleural or pericardial)
|
|
cytoplasmic inclusions in oligodendrocytes
|
PML (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)
|
|
most common location of ependymomas
|
infratentorial, roof of 4th ventricle in kids; spinal in adults
|
|
what NT initiates sleep, and from where?
|
5-HT from raphe nucleus
|
|
cataplexy
|
transient attack of extreme gernalized weakness, often precipitated by emotion state; often seen in narcolepsy
|
|
MPTP
|
opiod contaminant in street drugs -- causes destruction of dopaminegic cells in s.nigra --> parkinsons
|
|
sx of parkinson's dz
|
"TRAPped in your own body:" Tremor (resting), Rigidity (cogwheel), Akinesia, Postural instability
|
|
alpha-synuclein in damaged cells
|
Lewy bodies, found in Parkinson's disease
|
|
friedreich's ataxia
|
AR dz w/ trinucleotide expansion on 9q; causes ataxia, dysarthria, scoliosis, muscle paralysis (lower extremities); a/w hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
|
|
werdnig-hoffman disease
|
degeneration of ANTERIOR HORNS; AR, "floppy baby" -- tongue fasciulations, death < 1y;
|
|
viral infection of oligodendrocytes --> demyelination
|
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), caused by JC virus (a polyoma virus of the Papova family)
|
|
MCC severe viral encephalitis
|
HSV
|
|
cerebellar tumors in kids
|
MEDULLOBLASTOMA (v. malignant, rosettes/pseudorosettes, can cause hydrocephalus, primitive neuroectoderm tumors [PNET]); HEMANGIOBLASTOMA (foamy cells w/ high vascularity, a/w VHL, produces EPO); PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMA (rosenthal fibers, low-grade tumors, better prog than medulloblastoma)
|
|
spinal cord deficit in Friedreich's ataxia
|
same as vit b12: dorsal columns, lateral corticospinals, spinocerebellars
|
|
presentation of CN V motor lesion
|
jaw deviates TOWARD side of lesion
|
|
causes of bell's palsy
|
ALexander bell with an STD (AIDS, Lyme disease, Sarcoid, Tumor, Diabetes)
|
|
complications of uncal herniation
|
1) CN III (ipsilateral mydriasis from parasympathetic interruption, eventual "down and out"); 2) PCA (contralateral visual field loss); 3) vessel stretch --> DURET hemorrhages (advanced stages); 4) contralateral CRUS CEREBRI (descending corticospinal fibers --> ipsilateral paresis)
|
|
pcp intox
|
VIOLENCE, horizontal nystagmus, homicidality, delrium, HYPERACUSIS
|
|
immunodeficiency w/ delayed separation of umbilicus
|
leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) -- impaired migration of neutrophils b/c of defect in beta-2 integrin --> bacterial infections ('neutrophils needed to "eat up" umbilical stump')
|
|
four dimorphic fungi and distinguishing features
|
SPOROTHRIX (thorn prick --> subq nodules along lymphatics; round cigar-shaped budding yeast); COCCIDIOIDES (SW soil --> TB-like resp infec; 25'C: hyphae w/ doubly reflective wall, 37'C: *spherules* w/ endospores); HISTOPLASMA (miss r., caves--batshit; TB-like infec; 25'C: branching hyphae, 37'C: oval yeast *within macrophages*); BLASTOMYCOSES (miss r., TB-like infec; 25'c: branching hyphae, 37'C: large round yeasts with single broad-based bud)
|
|
candida infections (4)
|
THRUSH in I/C (AIDS, neonates, oral steroids, diabetes); ENDOCARDITIS (ivdu); VAGINITIS (post abx); DIAPER RASH
|
|
mechanism of amantadine
|
binds/inhibits M2 ion channel protein of Influenza A viruses --> blocks viral uncoating after endocytosis
|
|
presentation of somatostatinoma
|
CCK inhibition: gallstones, abd pain, steatorrhea; GI MOTILITY inhibition: constipation
|
|
AChEi used in atropine overdose
|
Physostigmine (crosses BBB --> CNS ==> also used for glaucoma, along w/ echothiophate)
|
|
presentation of crohn's vs uc
|
UC: bloody diarrhea, some abdominal discomfort; crohn's: abdominal PAIN (due to transmural inflammation), non-bloody diarrhea
|
|
side efffects of methotrexate
|
hepatitis, pulm fibrosis, bone marrow suppression
|
|
triad of sx in chediak-higashi syndrome
|
AR: immunodeficiency (defect in neutrophil phagolysosome fusion --> giant lysosomal inclusions); albinism (abnormal melanin storage in melanocytes); neurologic defects (nystagmus, peripheral and cranial neuropathies)
|
|
tetrahydrobiopterin (Bh4)
|
cofactor in synthesis of tyrosine, dopa, serotonin, and nitric oxide
|
|
which Ig against Giardia? Which immunodeficiencies?
|
IgA; X-linked agammaglobulinemia / CVID ==> predipsoed to giardiasis
|
|
Porphyria: enzyme defects early vs late in the pathway
|
EARLY (eg AIP): neuro abnormalities w/o photosensitivity; LATE (eg porphyria cutanea tarda): photosensitivity (light --> porphyrin --> free radical skin damage)
|
|
types of benign breast tumors
|
FIBROADENOMA (MCC <25yo, small, mobile, firm, well demarcated, fluctuates with preg); PHYLLODES (leaf-like projections); INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA (serous/bloody nipple discharge)
|
|
paget's dz of breast
|
eczemtaous patch on nipple; paget cells: large cells w/ c lear halo
|
|
sx of leptospirosis
|
Weil disease: hepatic dysfunction --> conjugated hyperbilirubinemia; renal dysfunction; thrombocytopenia
|
|
sx of Buerger's disease
|
thromboangiitis obliterans -- causes vasoocclusion --> claudication, raynaud's, GANGRENE
|
|
causes of acute pancreatitis
|
GET SMASHeD: Gallstones, EtOH, Trauma, Steroids, Mumps, Autoimmune, Scorpion sting, HyperCa/Hyperlipid, Drugs (sulfas)
|
|
which cholesterol reducing agents cause hypertriglyceridemia? And what are their other side effects?
|
bile acid-binding resins (eg cholestyramine): decreased bile acid recycling --> 10x increase bile acid production, concomitant inc in TG and VLDL as well --> elev TG levels; primarily USED WITH STATINS; (can also cause cholesterol stones b/c of inc chol content)
|
|
which proteins not bound in PNH?
|
defect in Pig-A protein which normally binds CD55 and CD59 ==> deficiency allows complement-mediated hemolysis; also causes pancytopenia
|
|
ticlodipine: mech, use, tox
|
MECH: inhibits plt aggregation (blocks ADP receptors irreversibly); USE: acute coronary syndrome, stents, thrombotic stroke; TOX: NEUTROPENIA (not a s/e of clopidegrel, which has same mech)
|
|
which CTX require bioactivation?
|
cyclophosphamide and nitrosoureas (both ALKYLATORS)
|
|
phenytoin tox
|
EYES (nystagmus, diplopia); FOLATE/B12 (megaloblastic anemia, teratogenesis); GROWTH (gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism); SLE-like syndrome, P450 induction
|
|
drug used n/v following chemotx; + mech
|
ondansetron (5-HT3 antagonist)
|
|
Caused by which drugs? Gynecomastia (6)
|
Spironolatone, Digitalis, Cimetidine, chronic Alcohol use, Estrogens, Ketoconazole (Some Drugs Create AwesomeE Knockers)
|
|
nitroprusside use, s/e
|
vasodilator, used for HTN; can cause cyanide toxicity (releases CN)
|
|
causes of polyhydramnios
|
decreased fetal swallowing (duodenal/esophageal/intestinal atresia, or anencephaly) or increased fetal urination (anemia --> high cardiac output, twin-twin transfusion syndrome)
|
|
embryonic origin of CNS/PNS support cells
|
all ectoderm (CNS : neuroectoderm, PNS: neural crest), except microglia (phagocytose, like macrophages --> mesoderm)
|
|
McCune Albright syndrome
|
polyostotic fibrous displasia in little girls: café au lait spots, short stature, precocious puberty
|
|
3 features of NF1
|
1) multiple neural tumors; 2) café-au-lait spots; 3) iris hamartomas (Lisch nodules)
|
|
measles vs rubella
|
both present with rashes that start at head/neck and spread downward; RUBELLA also has generalized lymphadenopathy, esp postauricular and occiptal, with sequelae including polyarthritis and polyarthralgia
|
|
complete vs partial mole
|
complete is diploid, results from androgenesis (sperm fertilizing empty egg), no fetal parts, and 2% progress to choriocarcinoma; PARTIAL: triploid, egg + 2 sperm, fetal parts, rarely progresses to choriocarcinoma
|
|
carcinoid tumor, rule of thirds
|
1/3 metastasize, 1/3 present with 2nd malignancy, 1/3 multiple
|
|
tx for carcinoid syndrome
|
octreotide (somatostatin analog, neutralizes 5-HT)
|
|
causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis
|
MUDPILES (Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Paraldehyde/Phenformin, Iron supplements/INH, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol, Salycilates
|
|
causes of non-anion gap metabolic acidosis
|
diarrhea, glue sniffing, hyperchloremia, renal tubular acidosis (types I, II, and IV)
|
|
causes of respiratory acidosis
|
retention of CO2 b/c of hypoventilation: COPD, acute pulm infection, obstruction, medullary depression (opiods, narcotics), respiratory muscle weakness (guillain-barre, MS, ALS, Polio)
|
|
causes of respiratory alkalosis
|
hyperventilation, aspirin ingestion (early), psychogenic
|
|
what do RBC casts in urine suggest? (3)
|
glomerular inflammation (NEPHRITIC SYNDROMES), ischemia, or malignant HTN
|
|
what do WBC casts in urine suggest? (3)
|
tubulointerstitial disease, acute PYELONEPHRITIS, glomerular disorders
|
|
what do granular casts in urine suggest?
|
acute tubular necrosis (breakdown of necrotic cells); can also see epithelial cell casts in ATN (if not broken down into granular casts)
|
|
what do waxy casts in urine suggest?
|
advanced renal disease / CRF (end product of cast evolution --> must be from low urine flow / stasis); also tend to be larger (b/c of stasis --> dilated ducts)
|
|
PFTs in asthma vs emphysema
|
both COPD so both have dec FEV1/FVC, inc TLC; however, EMPHYSEMA causes destruction of alveoli and adjoining capillary beds --> DECREASED DLCO, while ASTHMA INCREASE DLCO due to increased pulmonary blood volumes
|
|
NT changes in Alzheimer's and Tx
|
dec ACh (from nucleus basalis of Meynert); Tx with AChEi
|
|
Gq mechanism
|
Gq --> PIP2 --> IP3 and DAG; IP3 --> inc Ca++; DAG -->PKC ("I Peed 3 Calciums…. DAG, did you relaly Pee (k) C???")
|
|
role of 3-5' exonuclease
|
proofreading of DNA polymerase III
|
|
what does HBV genome look like?
|
partially double-stranded circular DNA molecule; replication via reverse transcriptase
|
|
three clinical presentations of glucagonoma
|
1) DM; 2) necrolytic erythema (erythematous blisters across abdomnen/groin); 3) anemia
|
|
hyaline vs hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
|
HYALINE is caused by lower levels of essential hypertension, has homogenous deposition of hyaline material in intima/media of small vessels; HYPERPLASTIC: occurs in MALIGNANT hypertension; onion-like concentric thickening of arteriole wall, causes RAS --> more hypertension
|
|
Ataxia telangiectasia mechanism
|
AR, mutation of ATM gene (Ataxia Telangictasia Mutated) -- responsible for DNA break repair ==> hypersensitive to X-ray radiation (caues multiple chromosomal breaks)
|
|
immune deficiency in Ataxia-telangiectasia + clinical presentation
|
IgA deficiency --> upper/lower airway infection
|
|
production of 2,3-BPG
|
happens in RBCs to enable O2 delivery in low blood oxygen conditions; reaction is part ofglycolysis, consumes energy that would have otherwise been generated
|
|
insulin signaling pathway
|
insulin --> tyrosine kinase receptor --> phsphrylatin of "insulin receptor substrate" --> activation of protein PHOSPHATASE --> dephosphorylates glycogen synthase --> activation --> glycogen synthesis
|
|
what enzyme responsible for galactose --> galactitol?
|
aldose reductase
|
|
b.anthracis virulence factors (2)
|
1) EDEMA FACTOR: adenylate cyclase --> inc cAMP; 2) LETHAL FACTOR: stims macrophages to release TNFa
|
|
receptors for hypothalamic hormones
|
all Gq except CRH = Gs (C-RH :: C-AMP)
|
|
receptors for pituitary hormones
|
Gs, except oxytocin and V1 of ADH: Gq
|
|
actinic vs seborrheic keratoses
|
SEBORRHEIC: "stuck-on" appearance, velvety/greasy surface; ACTINIC: erythematous papules with central scaling due to hyperkeratosis --> SANDPAPER-like;
|
|
presentation of fibromyalgia vs polymyalgia rheumatica
|
POLYMYALGIA rheumatica: >50yo; morning stiffness of neck/shoulder/pelvic girdle; a/w wt loss, fever, inc ESR, and temporal arteritis; FIBROMYALGIA: 20-50yo; widespread MSK pain a/w stiffness, paresthesias, poor sleep, and emotional disturbances, exacerbated by exercise; multiple, symmetric, TENDER SPOTS over muscles/joints/tendons
|
|
role of alpha and beta adrenergic receptos in insulin control
|
alpha receptors --> INHIBIT insulin release; beta --> STIMULATE insulin secretion
|
|
systemic side effects of general anesthesia
|
shuts things down (myocardial depression --> hypotension; respiratory depression --> hypercapnia; dec mucociliary clearance --> postop atelectasis; dec cerebral vascular resistance -> INC CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW --> inc ICP; kidney: dec GFR and RPF; liver: dec hepatic blood flow
|
|
what is No mechanism of endothelial relaxtiaion?
|
NO --> guanylate cyclase --> inc cGMP -- Ca pump --> Ca efflux --> dec MLCK --> myosin dephosphorylation
|
|
examples of zero-order drugs
|
EtOH, phenytoin, aspirin (at high conc)
|
|
which beta blockers are partial agonists
|
pindolol. Labetalol -- useful in hypertension with bradycardia (prevents complete cardiac depression)
|
|
venous anticoag in pregnancy
|
heparin/couamdin (doesn’t cross placenta -- warfarin does)
|
|
MTX tox
|
HEPATITIS, pulm fibrosis, bone marrow suppression, stomatitis
|
|
what's tox of c-ara
|
used to tx AML (c-ARAMEL) ==> "must stop RBC synth" ==> MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
|
|
which DNA alkylators can cross BBB; what does that suggest about their use/tox
|
NITROSOUREAS (eg. -mustine + streptozocin); USE: brain tumors, eg GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME; TOX: CNS (ataxia, dizziness); ["NITROgen goes straight to your BRAIN"]
|
|
most common antibiotic used to prevent endocarditis in patients w/ valvular disease
|
amoxicillin (all but MVP)
|
|
drugs that discolor skin
|
QUINACRINE (antimalarial): yellow; CHLORPROMAZINE/ARSENIC: blue-grey
|
|
thioridazine: class, tox
|
typical antipsychotic; can cause arrhythmias and RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
|
|
which h2 blocker has s/e, and what are they?
|
cimetidine, p-450 inhibitor, antiandrogen effects, dec creatinine excretion
|
|
aldesleukin
|
recombinant IL-2, used for RCC and metastatic melanoma
|
|
how to tx bladder urgency in cystitis?
|
ATROPINE, METHSCOPOLAMINE, oxybutin, glycopyrrolate
|
|
theophylline use
|
PDE inhibitor ==> prevents breakdown of cAMP ==> bronchodilation (asthma); use limited by NARROW TI: cardiotox (arrhythmias) and neurotox (seizures) ["hyperactivity" tox, just like salmeterol]
|
|
blepharoplasts
|
rod-shaped basal ciliary bodies near nucleus, found in EPENDYMOMAS
|