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51 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Skin
largest organ in the body 16% by weight 1.2 to 2.3 meters squared
Protection (environment)
mechanical barrier
regulates body temperature
provides sensory perception
produces vitamin D
contributes to blood pressure regulation
repairs surface wounds
excretion of waste products
express emotions
Epidermis
two layers
stratum corneum
cellular stratum
stratum corneum
closely packed dead squamous cells
cellular stratum
area where keratin cells are produced
Dermis
richly vascular connective tissue, to provide nourishment for epidermis

supports and separates the epidermis from the subcutaneous adipose tissue through elastin, collagen and reticulin fibers

position for sensory nerve fibers to provide sensations of pain, touch, and temperature as well as the autonomic nervous system
Hypodermis
a subcutaneous layer consisting of loose connective tissue filled with fatty cells

for insulation, generation of heat, shock absorption and a reserve of calories
Nevi - mole
present on most persons (most prominent on whites / least on blacks)
may occur on any part of the body
may be raised, flat, dome shape, smooth, rough, or hairy
color ranges from tan, gray, and shades of brown to black
most are harmless; some may be dysplastic, precancerous, or cancerous
Striae
- stretch marks that may occur in pregnancy or weight gain
Seborrheic dermatitis
-also known as a freckle
usually in sun-exposed areas
Melasma
(also known as cholasma) an area of hyperpigmentation on the face and neck

associated with pregnancy or use of hormones
Vitiligo
- the absence of pigmentation
Macule
primary skin lesion
flat, non-palpable, circumscribed
less than 1 cm in diameter
brown, red, purple, white, tan - color variations
examples: feckles, rubeola, rubella
Papule
primary skin lesion
elevated, palpable, firm, circumscribed
less than 1 cm in diameter
brown, red, pink, purple, tan
example: pigmented nevi
Patch
primary skin lesion
flat, non-palpable, irregular in shape
grater than 1 cm
examples: vitiligo, port wine marks, birth marks
Plaque
primary skin lesion
elevated, flat topped, firm, rough
superficial papule
greater than 1 cm, in diameter
examples: psoriasis, seborrheic keratosis, actinic keratosis
Wheal
primary skin lesion
elevated, irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema
solid, transient, with changing, variable diameter
color: pale pink with lighter center
example: urticaria, insect bites
Nodule
primary skin lesion

elevated, firm, circumscribed, palpable
deeper in the dermis than papule
1-2 cm in diameter
examples: lipoma, erythema nodosum
Tumor
primary skin lesion
elevated, solid
may/may not be well demarcated
greater than 2 cm in diameter
may/may not vary from skin color
example: neoplasms
Vesicle
primary skin lesion

elevated, circumscribed, superficial
filled with serous fluid
less than 1 cm in diameter
example: blister, varicella (chicken pox)
Bulla
primary skin lesion
vesicle greater than 1 cm in diameter
example: blister, bullous pemphigoid
Pustule
primary skin lesion

elevated, superficial
similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid
examples: impetigo, acne
Cyst
primary skin lesion
elevated, circumscribed, palpable, encapsulated
encapsulated, filled with liquid or semisolid material
example: sebaceous cyst
Scale
secondary skin lesion
heaped up, keratinized cells
flaky exfoliation
irregular; thick to thin/dry to oily
varied in size
silver, tan or white
example: psoriasis, exfoliative dermatitis
Lichenification
secondary skin lesion
rough, thickened epidermis
accentuated skin markings caused by rubbing or irritation
often involves the flexor surfaces
example: chronic dermatitis
Scar
secondary skin lesion
thin to thick fibrous tissue replacing injured tissue/dermis
irregular to regular in shape
color: pink, red, white
may be atrophic or hypertrophic
example: healed wound or surgical excision
Keloid
secondary skin lesion
elevated, progressively enlarging scar which grows beyond boundaries of wound
irregular/regular in shape
caused by excessive collagen formation during healing
example: keloid from ear piercing or from burns
Excoriation
secondary skin lesion
- loss of epidermis
linear or hollowed-out crusted of dermis exposed
example: abrasion or scratch
Fissure
secondary skin lesion
linear crack or break from epidermis to dermis
small, deep, red
example: athlete’s feet
Erosion
secondary skin lesion
loss of part of all of epidermis
depressed, moist, follows rupture of vesicle or bulla
larger than a fissure
example: varicella/zoster
Ulcer
secondary skin lesion
loss of epidermis and dermis
concave, varies in shape and size
exudative: red, or reddish blue
example: decubitus ulcers, stasis ulcers
Crust
secondary skin lesion
dried serum, blood or purulent exudate
size varies
color varies: brown, red, black, tan, straw
examples: scab on an abrasion, eczema
Atrophy
secondary skin lesion
thinning of skin and loss of skin markings
skin is translucent and paper - like
example: striae, aged skin
Androgenic Alopecia
(Male Pattern Baldness)
Androgenetic Alopecia
(Female Pattern Bladness)
Alopecia Universalis
- total body hair loss is very rare.
Alopecia Areata
- total hair loss in a sharply defined area
Trichotillomania
manually removing hair.
Conscious or subconscious habit or tic is most commonly performed by young children, adolescents, and women.
The female/male ratio is 2.5:1.
Favorite site is the easily reached frontoparietal region of the scalp
Subungual Hematoma
may be caused by trauma to the nail plate, which causes immediate bleeding and pain.
The quantity of blood may be sufficient to cause separation and loss of the nail plate.
Paronychia
- rapid onset of painful, bright red swelling of the proximal and lateral nailfold
May occur spontaneously or may follow trauma.
Superficial infections present with an accumulation of purulent material behind the cuticle.
ABCDS OF EXAMINING MOLES FOR POSSIBLE MELANOMA
A for asymmetry of one side of mole compared to the other

B for irregular borders, especially ragged, notched, or blurred

C for variation or change in color, especially blue or black

D for diameter ≥6 mm or different from others, especially if changing, itching, or bleeding
vellus hair
short, fine, inconspicuous, and relatively unpigmented
terminal hair
coarser, thicker, more conspicuous, and usually pigmented. Scalp hair and eyebrows are examples of terminal hair.
Carotene
a golden yellow pigment that exists in subcutaneous fat and in heavily keratinized areas such as the palms and soles.
melanin
the brownish pigment of the skin, is genetically determined and is increased by exposure to sunlight.
Sebaceous glands
produce a fatty substance secreted onto the skin surface through the hair follicles.

These glands are present on all skin surfaces except the palms and soles.
Sweat gland types
two types: eccrine and apocrine.
eccrine glands
widely distributed, open directly onto the skin surface

by their sweat production help to control body temperature
apocrine glands
found chiefly in the axillary and genital regions, usually open into hair follicles, and are stimulated by emotional stress. Bacterial decomposition of apocrine sweat is responsible for adult body odor.
Basal cell carcinoma
arising in the lowest, or basal, level of the epidermis
accounts for approximately 80% of skin cancers.
arise in sun-exposed areas, usually on the head and neck.
pearly white and translucent, tend to grow slowly, and rarely metastasize.
Squamous cell carcinoma
in the upper layer of the epidermis, accounts for approximately 16% of skin cancers.
often crusted and scaly with a red inflamed or ulcerated appearance; they can metastasize.
Melanoma
arising from the pigment-producing melanocytes in the epidermis that give the skin its color
accounts for approximately 4% of skin cancers and is the most lethal type.
Although rare, melanomas are the most rapidly increasing U.S. malignancy.
Lifetime risk for melanoma in men is 1 in 49, and in women is 1 in 73.4
can spread rapidly to the lymph system and internal organs, and they cause 80% of deaths from skin cancer
Mortality rates are highest in white men, approximately 3.6% per year, possibly because of lower “skin awareness” and lower rates of self-examination