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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Skin
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largest organ in the body 16% by weight 1.2 to 2.3 meters squared
Protection (environment) mechanical barrier regulates body temperature provides sensory perception produces vitamin D contributes to blood pressure regulation repairs surface wounds excretion of waste products express emotions |
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Epidermis
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two layers
stratum corneum cellular stratum |
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stratum corneum
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closely packed dead squamous cells
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cellular stratum
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area where keratin cells are produced
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Dermis
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richly vascular connective tissue, to provide nourishment for epidermis
supports and separates the epidermis from the subcutaneous adipose tissue through elastin, collagen and reticulin fibers position for sensory nerve fibers to provide sensations of pain, touch, and temperature as well as the autonomic nervous system |
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Hypodermis
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a subcutaneous layer consisting of loose connective tissue filled with fatty cells
for insulation, generation of heat, shock absorption and a reserve of calories |
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Nevi - mole
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present on most persons (most prominent on whites / least on blacks)
may occur on any part of the body may be raised, flat, dome shape, smooth, rough, or hairy color ranges from tan, gray, and shades of brown to black most are harmless; some may be dysplastic, precancerous, or cancerous |
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Striae
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- stretch marks that may occur in pregnancy or weight gain
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Seborrheic dermatitis
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-also known as a freckle
usually in sun-exposed areas |
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Melasma
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(also known as cholasma) an area of hyperpigmentation on the face and neck
associated with pregnancy or use of hormones |
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Vitiligo
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- the absence of pigmentation
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Macule
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primary skin lesion
flat, non-palpable, circumscribed less than 1 cm in diameter brown, red, purple, white, tan - color variations examples: feckles, rubeola, rubella |
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Papule
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primary skin lesion
elevated, palpable, firm, circumscribed less than 1 cm in diameter brown, red, pink, purple, tan example: pigmented nevi |
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Patch
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primary skin lesion
flat, non-palpable, irregular in shape grater than 1 cm examples: vitiligo, port wine marks, birth marks |
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Plaque
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primary skin lesion
elevated, flat topped, firm, rough superficial papule greater than 1 cm, in diameter examples: psoriasis, seborrheic keratosis, actinic keratosis |
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Wheal
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primary skin lesion
elevated, irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema solid, transient, with changing, variable diameter color: pale pink with lighter center example: urticaria, insect bites |
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Nodule
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primary skin lesion
elevated, firm, circumscribed, palpable deeper in the dermis than papule 1-2 cm in diameter examples: lipoma, erythema nodosum |
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Tumor
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primary skin lesion
elevated, solid may/may not be well demarcated greater than 2 cm in diameter may/may not vary from skin color example: neoplasms |
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Vesicle
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primary skin lesion
elevated, circumscribed, superficial filled with serous fluid less than 1 cm in diameter example: blister, varicella (chicken pox) |
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Bulla
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primary skin lesion
vesicle greater than 1 cm in diameter example: blister, bullous pemphigoid |
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Pustule
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primary skin lesion
elevated, superficial similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid examples: impetigo, acne |
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Cyst
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primary skin lesion
elevated, circumscribed, palpable, encapsulated encapsulated, filled with liquid or semisolid material example: sebaceous cyst |
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Scale
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secondary skin lesion
heaped up, keratinized cells flaky exfoliation irregular; thick to thin/dry to oily varied in size silver, tan or white example: psoriasis, exfoliative dermatitis |
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Lichenification
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secondary skin lesion
rough, thickened epidermis accentuated skin markings caused by rubbing or irritation often involves the flexor surfaces example: chronic dermatitis |
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Scar
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secondary skin lesion
thin to thick fibrous tissue replacing injured tissue/dermis irregular to regular in shape color: pink, red, white may be atrophic or hypertrophic example: healed wound or surgical excision |
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Keloid
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secondary skin lesion
elevated, progressively enlarging scar which grows beyond boundaries of wound irregular/regular in shape caused by excessive collagen formation during healing example: keloid from ear piercing or from burns |
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Excoriation
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secondary skin lesion
- loss of epidermis linear or hollowed-out crusted of dermis exposed example: abrasion or scratch |
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Fissure
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secondary skin lesion
linear crack or break from epidermis to dermis small, deep, red example: athlete’s feet |
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Erosion
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secondary skin lesion
loss of part of all of epidermis depressed, moist, follows rupture of vesicle or bulla larger than a fissure example: varicella/zoster |
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Ulcer
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secondary skin lesion
loss of epidermis and dermis concave, varies in shape and size exudative: red, or reddish blue example: decubitus ulcers, stasis ulcers |
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Crust
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secondary skin lesion
dried serum, blood or purulent exudate size varies color varies: brown, red, black, tan, straw examples: scab on an abrasion, eczema |
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Atrophy
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secondary skin lesion
thinning of skin and loss of skin markings skin is translucent and paper - like example: striae, aged skin |
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Androgenic Alopecia
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(Male Pattern Baldness)
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Androgenetic Alopecia
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(Female Pattern Bladness)
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Alopecia Universalis
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- total body hair loss is very rare.
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Alopecia Areata
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- total hair loss in a sharply defined area
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Trichotillomania
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manually removing hair.
Conscious or subconscious habit or tic is most commonly performed by young children, adolescents, and women. The female/male ratio is 2.5:1. Favorite site is the easily reached frontoparietal region of the scalp |
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Subungual Hematoma
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may be caused by trauma to the nail plate, which causes immediate bleeding and pain.
The quantity of blood may be sufficient to cause separation and loss of the nail plate. |
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Paronychia
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- rapid onset of painful, bright red swelling of the proximal and lateral nailfold
May occur spontaneously or may follow trauma. Superficial infections present with an accumulation of purulent material behind the cuticle. |
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ABCDS OF EXAMINING MOLES FOR POSSIBLE MELANOMA
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A for asymmetry of one side of mole compared to the other
B for irregular borders, especially ragged, notched, or blurred C for variation or change in color, especially blue or black D for diameter ≥6 mm or different from others, especially if changing, itching, or bleeding |
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vellus hair
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short, fine, inconspicuous, and relatively unpigmented
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terminal hair
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coarser, thicker, more conspicuous, and usually pigmented. Scalp hair and eyebrows are examples of terminal hair.
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Carotene
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a golden yellow pigment that exists in subcutaneous fat and in heavily keratinized areas such as the palms and soles.
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melanin
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the brownish pigment of the skin, is genetically determined and is increased by exposure to sunlight.
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Sebaceous glands
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produce a fatty substance secreted onto the skin surface through the hair follicles.
These glands are present on all skin surfaces except the palms and soles. |
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Sweat gland types
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two types: eccrine and apocrine.
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eccrine glands
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widely distributed, open directly onto the skin surface
by their sweat production help to control body temperature |
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apocrine glands
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found chiefly in the axillary and genital regions, usually open into hair follicles, and are stimulated by emotional stress. Bacterial decomposition of apocrine sweat is responsible for adult body odor.
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Basal cell carcinoma
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arising in the lowest, or basal, level of the epidermis
accounts for approximately 80% of skin cancers. arise in sun-exposed areas, usually on the head and neck. pearly white and translucent, tend to grow slowly, and rarely metastasize. |
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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in the upper layer of the epidermis, accounts for approximately 16% of skin cancers.
often crusted and scaly with a red inflamed or ulcerated appearance; they can metastasize. |
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Melanoma
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arising from the pigment-producing melanocytes in the epidermis that give the skin its color
accounts for approximately 4% of skin cancers and is the most lethal type. Although rare, melanomas are the most rapidly increasing U.S. malignancy. Lifetime risk for melanoma in men is 1 in 49, and in women is 1 in 73.4 can spread rapidly to the lymph system and internal organs, and they cause 80% of deaths from skin cancer Mortality rates are highest in white men, approximately 3.6% per year, possibly because of lower “skin awareness” and lower rates of self-examination |