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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what two triangles are found within the perineum?
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the urogenital and anal triangles?
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do the urogenital and anal triangles lie in the same plane?
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no
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where do the two iscioanal fossae communicate?
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posterior to the anal canal
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what forms the lateral wall of one of the iscioanal fossa?
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the ischium, obturator internus, and sacrotuberous ligament
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what forms the medial wall of the iscioanal fossa?
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the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm over the levaor ani, coccygeus, and external anal sphincter muscle
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what forms the anterior boundary of the ischioanal fossa?
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the urogenital diaphram and membranous layer of superficial perineal fascia (colles' fascia)
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what forms the posterior boundary of the ischioanal fossa?
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the gluteus maximus
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what is the ischioanal fossa filled with?
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soft fat and fibrous tissue
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what is the purpose of the iscioanal fossa?
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to accomodate distention of the rectum and anal canal during defacation
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what structures border the anterior recess of the ischioanal fossa?
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the urogenical diaphram and perineal surface of the pelvic diaphragm
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what structures border the posterior recess ofht ischioanal fossa?
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the coccygeus muscle and the gluteus maximus
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what is in the pudendal canal?
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the internal pudendal vessels and pudendal nerve
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where is the pudendal canal?
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on the medial side of the obturator internus, below the the tendinous arch
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what is the origin of the pudendal nerve?
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s2, s3, and s4
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what nerves does the pudendal nerve give off as it travels through the pudendal canal?
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the inferior rectal nerves
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what do the inferior rectal nerves innervate?
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the three parts of the external anal sphincter
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what artery does the internal pudendal artery give off while it is in the pudendal canal?
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the inferior rectal artery
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where does the anal canal begin?
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where the puborecatlis angles the rectum anteriorly
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what is the lower border of the anal canal?
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the anacutaneous junction, which is the interspnteric groove and just above the opening
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what are the anal columns of morgagni?
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6-10 longitudinal folds in the superior half of the anal canal, come from the endoderm
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what is in each anal column of morgagni?
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a terminal branch of the superior rectal artery and vein
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what does the superior end of the anal columns of morgagni mark?
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the anorectal junction
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what are the anal valves?
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transverse folds
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what are the anal sinuses?
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recesses between the anal valves
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what are the anal crypts?
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the bottom of the anal sinuses where the anal glands empty
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what is the pectinate line
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the line formed by the anal valves and sinuses that indicates the junction between the two embryologic parts of the anus
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what sphincters does the interspnicteric groove fall between?
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the internal and external
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what is the enbryologic origin of the superior part of the anal canal?
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endoderm
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what is the embryologic origin of the inferior part of the anal canal?
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ectoderm
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what is the blood supply to the anal canal above and below the pectinate line?
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above: superior rectal
below: inferior rectal |
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what is the venous drainage to the anal canal above and below the pectinate line?
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above: portal system
below: systemic circulation |
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what is the lymphatic drainage of the anal canal above and below the pectinate line?
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above: internal iliac nodes
below: superficial inguinal nodes |
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what is the inntervation of the anal canal above and below the pectinate line?
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above:visceral
below: somatic |
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what structures are anterior and posterior to where the anal canal exits teh anal triangle
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perineal body anteriorly and anococcygeal ligament posteriorly
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what are the sphincters around the anus?
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internal and external
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which anal sphincter is involuntary?
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the internal
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which anal sphincter is voluntary
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the external
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what are the components of the external anal sphincter
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subcutaneous, superficial, and deep
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what does the deep part of the external anal sphinter fuse with?
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the puborectalis
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what vessels do internal hemorrhoids involve?
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the internal rectal venous plexus
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what drains the internal rectal venous plexus?
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the imv
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what vessels do external hemorrhoids invovle?
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the external rectal venous plexus
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what drains the external rectal venous plexus (primarily)
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the internal iliac
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what is between the two rectal venous plexuses
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the pectinate line
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what is an anal fissure?
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a crack in the skin-lined portion of the anal canal
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if one of the anal glands becomes blocked and infected, where might the infection spread
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the ischioanal fossa or the perianal skin (as an anal fistula)
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what nerves provide primary control of the bladder?
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the hypogastric (sympathetic), pelvic splanchnic (parasympathetic) and pudendal (somatic)
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what does the hypogastric nerve do with micturition?
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causes the detrussor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract (men only)
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what does the pelvic splanchnic nerve do with micturition?
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causes the detrussor muscle to contract
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what does the pudendal nerve do with micturition?
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innervates the external urethral sphincter - maintains tonus, relaxes by reflex, and contracts only by volition
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what does the sympathetic innervation to the male internal urethral sphincter do during the filling phase?
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prevent retrograde ejaculation
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what the male urinary sphincter mechanism?
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the external urethral sphincter and pubourethralis
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what the female urinary sphincter mechanism?
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the external urethral sphincter, compressor urethrae, and urethrovaginalis
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