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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what two triangles are found within the perineum?
the urogenital and anal triangles?
do the urogenital and anal triangles lie in the same plane?
no
where do the two iscioanal fossae communicate?
posterior to the anal canal
what forms the lateral wall of one of the iscioanal fossa?
the ischium, obturator internus, and sacrotuberous ligament
what forms the medial wall of the iscioanal fossa?
the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm over the levaor ani, coccygeus, and external anal sphincter muscle
what forms the anterior boundary of the ischioanal fossa?
the urogenital diaphram and membranous layer of superficial perineal fascia (colles' fascia)
what forms the posterior boundary of the ischioanal fossa?
the gluteus maximus
what is the ischioanal fossa filled with?
soft fat and fibrous tissue
what is the purpose of the iscioanal fossa?
to accomodate distention of the rectum and anal canal during defacation
what structures border the anterior recess of the ischioanal fossa?
the urogenical diaphram and perineal surface of the pelvic diaphragm
what structures border the posterior recess ofht ischioanal fossa?
the coccygeus muscle and the gluteus maximus
what is in the pudendal canal?
the internal pudendal vessels and pudendal nerve
where is the pudendal canal?
on the medial side of the obturator internus, below the the tendinous arch
what is the origin of the pudendal nerve?
s2, s3, and s4
what nerves does the pudendal nerve give off as it travels through the pudendal canal?
the inferior rectal nerves
what do the inferior rectal nerves innervate?
the three parts of the external anal sphincter
what artery does the internal pudendal artery give off while it is in the pudendal canal?
the inferior rectal artery
where does the anal canal begin?
where the puborecatlis angles the rectum anteriorly
what is the lower border of the anal canal?
the anacutaneous junction, which is the interspnteric groove and just above the opening
what are the anal columns of morgagni?
6-10 longitudinal folds in the superior half of the anal canal, come from the endoderm
what is in each anal column of morgagni?
a terminal branch of the superior rectal artery and vein
what does the superior end of the anal columns of morgagni mark?
the anorectal junction
what are the anal valves?
transverse folds
what are the anal sinuses?
recesses between the anal valves
what are the anal crypts?
the bottom of the anal sinuses where the anal glands empty
what is the pectinate line
the line formed by the anal valves and sinuses that indicates the junction between the two embryologic parts of the anus
what sphincters does the interspnicteric groove fall between?
the internal and external
what is the enbryologic origin of the superior part of the anal canal?
endoderm
what is the embryologic origin of the inferior part of the anal canal?
ectoderm
what is the blood supply to the anal canal above and below the pectinate line?
above: superior rectal
below: inferior rectal
what is the venous drainage to the anal canal above and below the pectinate line?
above: portal system
below: systemic circulation
what is the lymphatic drainage of the anal canal above and below the pectinate line?
above: internal iliac nodes
below: superficial inguinal nodes
what is the inntervation of the anal canal above and below the pectinate line?
above:visceral
below: somatic
what structures are anterior and posterior to where the anal canal exits teh anal triangle
perineal body anteriorly and anococcygeal ligament posteriorly
what are the sphincters around the anus?
internal and external
which anal sphincter is involuntary?
the internal
which anal sphincter is voluntary
the external
what are the components of the external anal sphincter
subcutaneous, superficial, and deep
what does the deep part of the external anal sphinter fuse with?
the puborectalis
what vessels do internal hemorrhoids involve?
the internal rectal venous plexus
what drains the internal rectal venous plexus?
the imv
what vessels do external hemorrhoids invovle?
the external rectal venous plexus
what drains the external rectal venous plexus (primarily)
the internal iliac
what is between the two rectal venous plexuses
the pectinate line
what is an anal fissure?
a crack in the skin-lined portion of the anal canal
if one of the anal glands becomes blocked and infected, where might the infection spread
the ischioanal fossa or the perianal skin (as an anal fistula)
what nerves provide primary control of the bladder?
the hypogastric (sympathetic), pelvic splanchnic (parasympathetic) and pudendal (somatic)
what does the hypogastric nerve do with micturition?
causes the detrussor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract (men only)
what does the pelvic splanchnic nerve do with micturition?
causes the detrussor muscle to contract
what does the pudendal nerve do with micturition?
innervates the external urethral sphincter - maintains tonus, relaxes by reflex, and contracts only by volition
what does the sympathetic innervation to the male internal urethral sphincter do during the filling phase?
prevent retrograde ejaculation
what the male urinary sphincter mechanism?
the external urethral sphincter and pubourethralis
what the female urinary sphincter mechanism?
the external urethral sphincter, compressor urethrae, and urethrovaginalis