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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Supine
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Lying face up
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Prone
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Lying face down
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Which cells give rise to the spinal cord?
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Neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube
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Neuroepithelial cells proliferate into which 3 layers?
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Ventricular, mantle, and marginal layers
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Mantle layer cells form what?
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4 columns: 2 basal plates ventrally and 2 alar plates dorsally...gray matter
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Marginal layer forms what?
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Undergoes myelination and forms white matter
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What do the basal and alar plates become eventually?
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Basal becomes ventral horn matter while alar becomes dorsal horn matter
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In general white and gray matter contain what?
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White contains axons and gray contains neuron cell bodies
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Ventricular layer forms what?
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Ependymal layer (lining of the central canal)
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What is the spinal cord enclosed in?
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In the vertebral canal of the vertebral column
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How many vertebrae are there and how are they subdivided?
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33 vertebrae subdivided as follows: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), and 4 coccygeal (fused)
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Fused sacral and coccygeal vertebrae form what?
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Fused sacral vertebrae = sacrum
Fused coccygeal = coccyx |
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Intervertebral Discs
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Separate vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions
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Intervertebral foramina
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Holes that permit passage of vessels and nerves into/out of vertebral canal
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Does the spinal cord span the entire length of the veretebral canal? Why?
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No, because of unequal growth rates.
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Where does the spinal cord end?
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At the conus medullaris (~L1-L2)
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Where are the spinal cord englargements found? Why are they there?
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1. Cervical enlargement: found in C5-T1, provide innervation to upper extremities
2. Lumbar enlargement: found in L1-S3, provide innervation to the lower extremities |
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Meninges
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Comprised of 3 connective tissue layers: dura matter, arachnoid, and pia
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Epidural (extradural) Space
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Area b/w dura mater and vertebral column filled w/fat
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Dural Sac
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Sac formed around the spinal cord, begins at the foramen magnum to S2
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External Filum Terminale
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End of dural sac, anchored to the coccyx. aka coccygeal ligament
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Subdural Space
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"Potential space", expandable if needed
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Arachnoid Mater
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Part of meninges, lines dural sac, not attached to dura
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Subarachnoid Space
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Located b/w the arachnoid and pia mater, has CSF (access via lumbar puncture)
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Pia Mater
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Part of meninges, cannot be separated from spinal cord
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Internal Filum Terminale
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Continuation of pia mater after ther conus medullaris, joins external filum and inferior limit of dural sac
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Denticulate Ligaments
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Sent from pia to fuse dura, anchor spinal cord w/in vertebral canal
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Spinal Cord Segment
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Portion of the spinal cord that develops from 1 somite (segments of mesoderm), has 1 pair of spinal nerves attached
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How are spinal roots connected to the spinal cord?
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By rootlets collectively known as the dorsal and ventral roots
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Dorsal Root
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Posterior, SENSORY
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Ventral Root
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Anterior, MOTOR
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The spinal nerve divides into what 2 branches?
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1. Dorsal primary ramus (DPR)
2. Ventral primary ramus (VPR) |
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1. DR
2. VR 3. DRG 4. DPR 5. VPR 6. WRC + GRC 7. SN |
Name the parts.
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Dorsal Primary Ramus (DPR)
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Goes to the back region
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Ventral Primary Ramus (VPR)
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Travels around body wall and distributed primarily to the neck, trunk, and limbs
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Dorsal Root Ganglion
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Associated with the dorsal root
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White Ramus Communicans (WRC)
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Associated with sympathetic system
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Gray Ramus Communicans (GRC)
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Associated with sympathetic system
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What are considered "typical" spinal nerves?
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T2-T12 in which DPR travel to back and VPR travel to neck, trunk, limbs
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What are considered "atypical" spinal nerves?
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Spinal nerves in the cervical, lumbar, sacral, and T1 b/c VPR don't just travel around body wall--form nerve plxuses and travel out into limbs/extremities
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Nerve Plexus
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Network of mixing nerves, only formed by VPR
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In general, how do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
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Through the intervertebral foramina
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How do cervical spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
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Exit SUPERIOR to their same numbered vertebra (i.e. C5 nerve passes through intervertebral foramen b/w C4 and C5 vertebrae)
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How does the C8 nerve exit the vertebral column?
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Since there's not C8 vertebra, it exits superior to T1
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How do the spinal nerves after C8 exit the vertebral column?
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They exit inferior to their corresponding vertebra
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Cauda Equina
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Collection of nerve roots in the lumbar and sacral regions
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Dendrite
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Carries impulse TOWARDS cell body
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Axon
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Carries impulse AWAY from cell body
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Neuron terminology: Nucleus
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Collection of cell bodies in CNS
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Neuron terminology: Tract
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Collection of axons in CNS
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Neuron terminology: Ganglion
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Collection of cell bodies in PNS enclosed by CT covering
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Neuron terminology: Nerve
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Collection of axons/dendrties in the PNS enclosed by CT sheath
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Pseudounipolar
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Type of neuron structure in which have 1 process that splits into 2 (very common in PNS)
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Afferent Neuron (provide definition and neuron structure)
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Conduct impulses TOWARDS CNS, pseudounipolar, sensory
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Efferent Neuron (provide definition and neuron structure)
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Conduct impulses AWAY from CNS, multipolar, motor
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Somatic Structures
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Derived from somites; include skeletal muscle, skin, bones, and joints, generally involved in moving
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Visceral structures
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Include organs, glands, blood vessels (inside body stuff), general involved in involuntary actions
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What are the four general functional types of neurons?
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GSA, GSE, GVA, and GVE
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Mixed Nerves
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Nerves that contain both sensory and motor neurons
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GSA
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Afferent impulse from skin, skeletal muscles, bones, ligaments and tendons
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GVA
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Afferent impulse from organs, glands, mucous membranes and blood vessels
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GSE
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Efferent impulse to skeletal muscle
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GVE
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Efferent impulse to smooth and cardiac muscle, secretory impulses to glands
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Dermatome
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Segment of skin associated with each spinal cord segment and enrve pair
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Cutaneous Nerves
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Nerves that innervate the skin
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1. GSA
2. GVA 3. GSE 4. GVE |
Name the type of general functional neuron.
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Which ribs do not articulate with their own vertebral bodies?
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1, 11, 12
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How is it possible that we can do lumbar puncture?
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Spinous processes separate in flexion
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What is the purpose of the mamillary processes on lumbar vertebrae?
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Attachment of muscles
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Orientation of zygaphophyseal joints favor what type of mov't in the thoracic region?
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Rotation
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Orientation of zygaphophyseal joints favor what type of mov't in the lumbar region?
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Flexion, extension, and lateral bending
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Kyphosis
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Abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature
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Lordosis
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Abnormal increase in lumbar curvature
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Scoliosis
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Abnormal lateral curvature accompanied by rotation of vertebrae
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Spina Bifida
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Verteral arches fail to close so meningnes/spinal cord may/may not protrude
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Spina bifida occulta
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Laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally and fuse
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Spina bifida cystica
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Severe, herniation of meninges
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Spondylolysis
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Defect in vertebral arch (pars interarticularis), common site L4 and L5
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Spondylololisthesis
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Bilateral defect of pars interarticularis separating vertebrae into 2 pieces, anterior displacement of L5 body on sacrum
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What are the extrinsic muscles of the back and what innervates them?
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By CN XI/accessory nerve:
1. Trapezius By ventral/anterior primary rami: 2. Latissimus dorsi 3. Rhomboid Major 4. Rhomboid Minor 5. Levator Scapulae 6. Serratus posterior superior and inferior |
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What are the intrinsic muscles of the back and what innervates them?
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By dorsal/posterior primary rami:
(Superficial to deep) Splenius capitis Erector spinae Semispinalis capitis |
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What do the muscles in the R suboccipital triangle do?
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Total of 4 small muscles, assist w/extension and lateral bending at atlanto-axial joints, rotation of head at C1 and C2
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What innervates the trapezius?
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Accessory Nerve/CN XI
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What innervates the latissimus dorsi?
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Thoracodorsal nerve
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What innervates the rhomboid major and minor muscles?
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Dorsal scapular nerve
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What innervates the levator scapulae?
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Dorsal scapular nerve (also VPR C3-C4)
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What innervates the splenius, semispinalis capitis, and erector spinae?
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Dorsal primary rami
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What is the action of the trapezius?
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Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula
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What is the action of the latissimus dorsi?
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Extends, adducts, medially rotate humerus
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What is the action of the rhomboid major and minor muscles?
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Retract scapula
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What is the action of the levator scapulae?
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Elevate scapula
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What is the action of the splenius?
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Extends, rotates head and neck
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What is the action of the semispinalis capitis?
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Extends and rotates head
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What is the action of the erector spinae?
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Extend head; extend and laterally flex vertebral column; regulate flexion of vertebral column
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Epidural vs. Spinal block
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Epidural: Anesthesia injected into epidural space
Spinal: Anesthesia injected into subarachnoid space (usually L3-L4) |
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Why might a patient experience a headache after a spinal block?
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B/c of reduced CSF volume
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Superficial extrinsic back muscles move what?
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NOT THE BACK! Move pectoral girdle and upper limb
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Where does the trapezius originate? Insert?
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Originate at occipital bone, ligamentum nucahe, and the spinous processes
Insert at spine of the scapula and acromonium; lateral 1/3 of clavicle |
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Where does the latissimus dorsi originate? Insert?
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Originates at thorocolumbar aponeurosis (T6-L5 vertebrae, iliac crest)
Inserts on medial side of the humerus |
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Where do rhomboid major and minor originate? Insert?
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Originate at vertebral spines
Insert at medial border of the scapula |
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Where does levator scapulae originate? Insert?
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Originate: Cervical transverse processes
Insert: Superior angle of the scapula |
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What do the intrinsic back muscles move?
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Move the head and vertebral column
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Where do the splenius muscles originate? Insert?
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Originate: Spinous processes
Insert: Skull and cervical transverse processes |
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Where does the erector spinae originate? Insert?
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Originate at sacrum and iliac crest
Insert on ribs and transverse processes |
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What are the 2 main classifications of joints? What specific types of joints fall under them?
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1. Synarthroses (fixed): Fibrous and Cartilaginous
2. Diarthroses (movable): Synovial |
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What are the types of fibrous (solid) joints?
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1. Sutures
2. Gomphosis 3. Syndesmoses |
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What are the types of cartilagenous (solid) joints?
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1. Synchondroses
2. Symphyses |
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Which types of synovial joints are monoaxial?
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1. Pivot (trochoid)
2. Plane (Gliding) 3. Hinge |
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Which types of synovial joints are biaxial?
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1. Saddle
2. Condylar |
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Which types of synovial joints are multiaxial?
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1. Ball and socket
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What borders the triangle of auscultation?
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1. Trapezius
2. Latissimus dorsi 3. Medial border of scapula |
