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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define the Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR) and explain why it is better than a crude mortality rate in population comparisons.
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SMR is quoted as either a ratio or percentage where:
observed deaths in a study group/expected deaths in the general population SMR accounts for confounding factors such as age and sex |
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What is a confounding factor?
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A factor associated with the exposure under study and which independently affects disease risk e.g. age or sex
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What are the major NHS reforms for England outlined in "Equity and excellence: liberating the NHS" by the coalition government in 2010?
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Strategic Health Authorities and Primary Care Trusts (PCT) are being abolished and replaced by Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG) who will decide the shape of the NHS from a local level. Public Health functions will move to Local Authorities and a newly formed "Public Health England".
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Define prevalence?
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The number of people with a problem in a defined population at a given time.
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Define incidence?
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The number of new cases of a problem arising in a defined population in a defined period of time.
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Define event rate?
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The number of people dying in a defined group in a defined period of time.
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What are the two concepts of causality?
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Deterministic (Validation of hypothesis by systematic observations to predict with certainty future events) and;
Stochastic (Assessment of hypothesis by systematic observations to give likelihood (risk) of future events) |
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What does aetiology mean?
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The study of causation/ the study of the causes of diseases.
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What is a confidence interval?
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A measure of certainty which can be attached to the results.
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What is relative risk?
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Number of cases/population in one group relative to the number of cases/population of another group.
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What is an odds ratio?
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Number of cases/number of non-cases.
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List three limitations of epidemiology.
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Wellbeing - holistic health
Multiple related risks - social determinants of health Complex Systems - unpredictability or emergent phenomena |
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Name two important sources of health information in England.
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The Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) - voluntary reward system for GPs
The Health Survey for England (HSE) - annual multi stage stratified random sample survey |
