Ha Final Exam- Lymphatic And Respiratory

Front 1

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

Back 1

Produce maintain and distribute lymphocytes

maintain normal blood volume
Normalize composition of interstitial fluid
Provide and alternate route for hormone nutrients and wastes

Front 2

what are primary lymphoid organs?

Back 2

the bone marrow and thymus , lymphocytes are produced from stem cells in the bone marrow and then travel to the thymus to mature

Front 3

what are secondary lymphoid organs?

Back 3

Include the lymph nodes and spleen, after maturation lymphocytes circulate through and accumulate here where they can detect antigens

Front 4

what compontents are found in the lymph?

Back 4

intersitial fluid
soulutes (gasses carbs fats)
Cells: B cells and T cells & macrophages

Front 5

what are B cells?

Back 5

antibodies

Front 6

what are T cells?

Back 6

cell mediated defense

Front 7

what types of vessels are found in the lymphatic system?

Back 7

capillaries and veins (one way flow)

Front 8

what is the structure of the lymphatic vessel walls?

Back 8

thin walls with overlapping cells that produce valves allowing for lymphatic fluid to flow in but not out

Front 9

what are the characteristics of lymphatic vessels?

Back 9

large diameter, very little muscle, movment of lymph depends upon movement of skeletal muscle surrounding them

Front 10

what is swelling of the lymph vessels called?

Back 10

Edema

Front 11

where do the right and left lymphatic ducts join the cardiovasular system?

Back 11

at the level of the subclavian veins

Front 12

what regions do the Right lymphatic ducts drain?

Back 12

the right arm and right portion of the head

Front 13

what region do the left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) drain?

Back 13

the left part of the head and all the lower body

Front 14

what are the enlargements of the vessels along the inferior part of the ducts?

Back 14

cisterna chyli , where lymph from the lymphatic trunks flow

Front 15

what are lymphocytes responsible for ?

Back 15

immunty- attach pathogens , abnormal body cells and foreign protiens

Front 16

where are lymphocytes located?

Back 16

they circulate through the blood and are housed in lymphatic organs

Front 17

what percentage of lymphocytes are T cells?

Back 17

80%

Front 18

What are the different types of T cells?

Back 18

T helper cells
T suppressor cells
T killer cells

Front 19

What are T helper cells?

Back 19

they activate and direct B cells and Killer T cells

Front 20

what are T suppressor cells

Back 20

they reduce immune activity after the pathogens have been somewhat destroyed

Front 21

what are T killer cells?

Back 21

Specialized cells that attack cells infected by viruses bacteria and cancer

Front 22

what percentage of lymphocytes do B cells make up?

Back 22

10-15 percent

Front 23

what is the function of B cells?

Back 23

secrete antibodies

Front 24

what percentage of lymphocytes are natural killer cells?

Back 24

5-10 percent

Front 25

what are the functions of natural killer cells?

Back 25

immunological surveillance
secrete protein to take out pathagens

Front 26

what are the differnt types of lymphoid tissues?

Back 26

Connective Tissues
Tonsils
Appendix
MALT

Front 27

how are the lymphoid connective tissues organized?

Back 27

densely (tonsils) and loosely (intestines)

Front 28

what are tonsils?

Back 28

masses of lymphoid tissues organized in a circular structure known as a lymphoid nodule

Front 29

what are the different areas found in tonsils?

Back 29

Darker area= active lymphocytes
Lighter area= actively dividing cells

Front 30

what is MALT?

Back 30

mucosa associated lymph tissue which is a mucus membrane found in urethra anus vag and mouth

Front 31

where are lymph nodes found?

Back 31

joints, groin, digestive tract, elbow wrist

Front 32

what is the size of a lymph node realative to?

Back 32

a small kidney bean

Front 33

what are affernt vessels?

Back 33

attach at hilim and go from the body to the node

Front 34

what are effernt vessels?

Back 34

leave lymph at hilus and contian blood vessels

Front 35

what does the cortex of the lymph node consist of?

Back 35

Outer layer
Deep Layer
Capsule

Front 36

what does the outer layer of the cortex consist of?

Back 36

B cells and antibody protection

Front 37

what does the Deep layer with in the lymph node consist of?

Back 37

T-Cells

Front 38

what does the lymph node capsule extend to from?

Back 38

Trabecule- finger like extension that organize the tissue into regions

Front 39

what is the subcapsular sinus

Back 39

reticular fibers where lymph is filtered

Front 40

what are dendritic cells?

Back 40

cells which collect foreign protiens called antigens and stimulate immunse response

Front 41

what is the medulla of the lymph node?

Back 41

central region that contains masses of b cells and plasma cells organized into medullary cords

Front 42

where is the thymus located?

Back 42

with in the mediasternum

Front 43

what are lobules

Back 43

compartments with in the thymus

Front 44

what is found in the lobules of the thymus

Back 44

cortex, medulla, BV, Reticular Cells

Front 45

what barrier do the Blood vessels of the thymus have ?

Back 45

blood thymus barrier which regulates the types of materials allowed to enter from the blood

Front 46

what are reticular cells?

Back 46

produce the hormone thymosins that stimulate the production of T cells

Front 47

when is the thymus greatest in size?

Back 47

during the first 2 years of life

Front 48

what type of forming cells does the Thymus contain?

Back 48

forming T cells

Front 49

what types of lymphocytes does the thymus produce?

Back 49

inactive T lymphocytes

Front 50

where is the spleen located?

Back 50

between ribs 9-11 along lateral border of the stomach

Front 51

what are the 2 sections of the spleen?

Back 51

red pulp and white pulp

Front 52

what are the funtions of red pulp?

Back 52

Hematopetic - blood forming cells found here, removes old or damaged blood cells

Front 53

what are the functions of white pulp?

Back 53

lymphopoetic- generates new lymphobytes and contains a large population of macrophages

Front 54

what ligaments attach the spleen to the stomach?

Back 54

Gastorsplenic ligaments

Front 55

what is the smooth surface of the spleen?

Back 55

diaphramatic surface

Front 56

what is the visceral surface?

Back 56

has the hilus and entrances and exits to BV are found here

Front 57

what elements does the respiratory system protect its organs from?

Back 57

Dehydration, Temperature changes, and environmental variations

Front 58

what is respiration?

Back 58

the entire process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and body cells

Front 59

what are the upper organs of the respiratory system?

Back 59

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

Front 60

what is the function of the upper respiratory system?

Back 60

warm and humidify air to protect against dehydration and to help protect against pathogens

Front 61

what are organs of the lower respiratory system?

Back 61

Larynx, trachea bronchial tree lungs

Front 62

what is the nose supported by?

Back 62

bone and hylaine cartillage

Front 63

what is another name for nostrils?

Back 63

external nares

Front 64

what do the internal nares mark the end of ?

Back 64

end of the nasal cavity

Front 65

what are function of the nasal conchae?

Back 65

creates turbulence in the air allowing for humidification and the olfactory epithelium to identify odors

Front 66

what do goblet cells do?

Back 66

produce mucus

Front 67

what happens to particles trapped in the mucus membrane of the nasal cavity?

Back 67

carried to the pharynx by the cilia and swallowed

Front 68

what are sinuses responsible for?

Back 68

humidifying air and resonating chambers for sound

Front 69

where is the pharynx located?

Back 69

behind the mouth between the nasal cavity and larynx

Front 70

what is the pharynx?

Back 70

connecting chamber of the nose mouth and throat

a common passageway for air and food

Front 71

what are the divisions of the pharynx?

Back 71

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Front 72

what is the floor of the nasal cavity made up of?

Back 72

the hard and soft palate

Front 73

what is the hard palate made up of?

Back 73

palatine bones

Front 74

what is the soft palate made of?

Back 74

tissue

Front 75

what point does the laryngopharynx represent?

Back 75

the point where there is a split between the esophagus and trachea

Front 76

what is the larynx?

Back 76

passageway for air and site of sound production

Front 77

what is the larynx composed of?

Back 77

muscles and plates of cartilage

Front 78

how many types of cartilage make up the larynx?

Back 78

9: thyroid, cricoid, Arytenoids, Epiglottal, and 5 others

Front 79

what are the false vocal cords?

Back 79

Vestibular folds which are inelastic and do not contribute to sound production

Front 80

what are the true vocal cords?

Back 80

medial to the vestibular folds
bands of elastic tissue that can be stretched and relaxed

Front 81

what is the function of the epiglottis?

Back 81

helps to prevent foods and liquids from entering the trachea

Front 82

where is the trachea located?

Back 82

in the thoracic cavity in front of the esophagus

Front 83

what type of cells make up the trachea?

Back 83

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contain goblet cells

Front 84

why is the wall of the trachea lined with C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage?

Back 84

allows for the esophagus to bulge open and push food down and keeps the trachea open

Front 85

what does the trachea divide into?

Back 85

the right and left bronchi

Front 86

Right Bronchi

Back 86

larger, thicker, then left and site of trapping for inhaled foreign particles

Front 87

what does the bronchial tree consist of ?

Back 87

branched air passages that lead from the trachea to the air sacs

Front 88

where are the alveoli sacs located?

Back 88

at the terminal bronchials

Front 89

what are primary bronchus?

Back 89

has a complete ring of cartilage and pseudostratified cilliated epithelium

Front 90

what do the secondary bronchus serve?

Back 90

a lobe of the lung

Front 91

what are segmetnatl bronchi?

Back 91

tertiary bronchi off of the secondary bronchi serves lobes of the lung

Front 92

what do terminal bronchioles do?

Back 92

regulate the entrance of air into the air sacs

Front 93

what are the lungs separated by?

Back 93

the mediasternum

Front 94

what 2 pleuras are found in the lungs?

Back 94

visceral and parietal

Front 95

why is the left lung smaller than the right lung?

Back 95

the heart is on the right side

Front 96

what is a hilus?

Back 96

area where the pulmonary vessesl and bronchi enter and exit the lungs

Front 97

how many lobes are in the right lung?

Back 97

3 (superior, middle inferior)

Front 98

how many lobe are there in the left lung?

Back 98

2 (superior and inferior)

Front 99

what is the purpose of the alveoli?

Back 99

gas exchange between the air and the blood

Front 100

what are the alveoli surrounded by?

Back 100

capillaries adn parenchyma cells

Front 101

what are parenchyma cells?

Back 101

Connective tissue of the lungs which makes up the structural framework

Front 102

what type of cells are found in the walls of the alveoli?

Back 102

simple squamous epithelium

Front 103

what is the importance of the the respiratory membrane?

Back 103

location of gas exhchange due to the

Front 104

why does diffusion across the respiratory membrane happen rapidly?

Back 104

the distance is small and the gasses are lipid soluble

Front 105

what are type 2 cells?

Back 105

Pneumocyte cells which secrete a watery detergent molecutle to moisten the epithelium and allow for diffusin of 02 into the blood

Front 106

what is surfactant?

Back 106

secretion by the type 2 cells that aids in reducing surface tension, mostening the epithelium--> allows for diffusion

Front 107

what is the purpose of alveolar macrophages?

Back 107

to pick up debres that may get into the aveoli cavity

Front 108

what are the major muscles involved in inhalation?

Back 108

diaphragm and external intercostals

Front 109

what are the accessory muscle that are involved in inhalation?

Back 109

serattus anterior
scalenus
sternocleidomastoid

Front 110

what are the major muscles involved in exhalation?

Back 110

internal interconstals

Front 111

what are the accessory muscles involved in inhalation?

Back 111

transverses thoracic
rectus abdominis
external and internal obliques

Front 112

what is inhalation?

Back 112

decrease on the pressure of the lungs by the diaphragm allowing for air to flow in

Front 113

what is exhalation?

Back 113

compression of the lungs by internal intercosatls and some by recoil of elastic parenchyama cell

Front 114

what is eupnea?

Back 114

quiet breathing that does not use internal intercostals for exhalation

Front 115

what is diaphragmatic breathing?

Back 115

deep breathing only using the diaphragm

Front 116

what is costal breathing?

Back 116

shallow breathing primaily using the intercostals

Front 117

what is Hyperpnea ?

Back 117

focused breathing which uses muscle contraction for both inhalation and exhalation

Front 118

what system regulates the actions of the breathing muscles?

Back 118

autonomic nervous system
Pons (rhymicity center) and Medulla oblongata (respiratory system)

Front 119

what are the 2 regions of the nasal cavity?

Back 119

vestibule- right behind the nostris and the nasal cavity proper