H/global Issues Exam Review

Front 1

Why was the 18th century called the enlightenment?

Back 1

People started to question traditional authority and embrace the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change.

Hint 1

Age of reason

Front 2

What ideas did John Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire support/develop - social contract?

Back 2

John Locke- Favored self-government and thought that all should be born with natural rights. Believed in a social contract to leave a state of nature and secure those natural rights. Right of rebellion

Rousseau- Believed in a social contract between individuals in order to create a society.

Voltaire- Used wit and sarcasm to help define his commitment to intellectual freedoms. Fought for tolerance, reason, free religion, and free speech.

Front 3

How were despots enlightened during the enlightenment?

Back 3

They ruled with a desire to keep power with reforms to be more effective based on a rational ordered state.

Front 4

Causes of the French Revolution

Back 4

Social- the unfairness of the three estates

Political- Government was chaotic. Nobles preferred English monarchy.

Intellectual- Voltaire atacked church and absolutism with words. Diderot advocated social movement and attacked tradition.

Economic- Bankrupt

Front 5

Stages of the French Revolution

Back 5

Estates General meets, Proclaimed the National Assembly, Tennis court oath, Storming of the bastille and great fear, Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, Threats of war on french border to end revolution, Royals escape to Austria, National Convention replaces assembly and eliminates monarchy, execution of royals, committee of public safety to restore order, Reign of Terror, Directory, Napoleon Bonaparte, Restoration of Monarchy.

Front 6

What was the declaration of rights of man and Citizen? What ideas did it contain? What inspired it?

Back 6

All men are created equal

Liberty, property, security, resist oppression equal justice, freedoms.

Inspired by the Enlightenment and Declaration of Independence.

Front 7

Explain the causes of the Agricultural Revolution?

Back 7

The increased availability of farmlandA favorable climateMore livestockImproved crop yield

Front 8

What were the effects of the Agricultural Revolution?

Back 8

New farming techniques and improved livestock breeding led to amplified food production. This allowed a spike in population and increased health.

Front 9

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Back 9

By increasing food production, the British population could be fed at lower prices with less effort than ever before. The surplus of food meant that British families could use the money they saved to purchase manufactured goods. The population increase in Britain and the exodus of farmers from rural to urban areas in search of wage-labor created a ready pool of workers for the new industries.

Front 10

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Back 10

Child labor and the unsafe working conditions. The new industrial labor opportunities caused a population shift from the countryside to the cities. The new factory work led to a need for a strict system of factory discipline.

Front 11

Why was Great Britain an ideal place for the Industrial Revolution start?

Back 11

Human resources = workforce for large factories. In other countries, nearly everyone had to work on the land so as to produce enough food to prevent famine effecting all.

New technology = big machines to make things quicker and larger, power the factories,and move raw materials,manufactures,and people around more quickly,efficiently,and profitably.

Political conditions = rule of law and say in the political process, through democratic elections, at least for the rich and powerful.This meant they had real input and influence in political decision making at a government level.The stability provided by a Constitutional Monarchy meant people could keep,enjoy, and pass on their profits to their descendants, making accumulation of wealth highly desirable.

Social conditions = relatively easy for people to move from the countryside to the towns and cities to work; Britain was a compact nation which was densely populated by the standards of the time. Further, there was much more social mobility in Britain compared to the strict hierarchical feudal structure still present in other countries. A wealthy middle class had developed through trade,and it was their desire to rise further in the social structure that led them to invest in new technologies and work practices to increase their wealth.

Economic conditions = investment capital available.Britain was a rich nation due to trade, and had established a Central Bank and an insurance industry in the late 17th century;both were sufficiently established and advanced a 100 years later to make Britain the only country with a modern financial system capable of providing the large sums of money needed on credit to build and equip industrial factories.

Natural resources = easily available raw materials for industry. Most towns and cities were near to rivers (which provided water power).Britain had plenty of coal to heat the water to provide steam power, plenty of iron ore for making the machines in the factories and other manufactures (particularly steel),as well as lead,tin, and zinc to make alloys,ceramics, glass, and a host of other products.

Front 12

What were three effects of industrialization on living and working conditions for the early industrial working class?

Back 12

Living conditions - cities lacked sanitation, building codes, adequate housing, education, and basic services including garbage and sanitation.

Working conditions- Without regulation workers spent up to 14 hours a day 6 days a week.

Front 13

Mercantilism

Back 13

the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

Front 14

Explain the motives/ causes for imperialist actions

Back 14

Economic- To make money, control trade, raw materials and cheap labor.

Exploratory- explore unknown areas, more scientific research, go on an adventure.

Political- gain power, compete with territory, good military force, prestige.

Religious- Spread European values, Spread Christianity, Protect European missionaries.

Ideological- base on cultural values, white race was superior other cultures were primitive

Front 15

European methods of colonizing Africa

Back 15

superior firepower, equipment and resources; having better guns, armour, communication technology, and supply routes, made the Europeans a formidable enemy that the various tribes simply could not counter.- co-opting the local elites; a tried and tested method for centuries, this has always been the way smart conquerers could maintain control over a region with minimal fuss and expenditur.- divide and conquer; conflict between the many tribes of Africa has been a constant for centuries in the continent. The Europeans could easily manipulate the various tribes against each other to prevent a unified resistance from rising up. - a willingness to use extreme forms of terror; the Europeans might have been all high and mighty back home about their Enlightment and democracy, but in Africa they were more than willing to use forms of terror that would make most contemporary dictators feel a little uneasy. Case in point, the widespread killing and mutilation when quotas were not met in king Leopold II's Congo.

Front 16

What typed of resources were available to Europe in Africa?

Back 16

copper, cotton, rubber, palm oil, cocoa, diamonds, tea, and tin

Front 17

African resistance efforts to European colonization

Back 17

Shaka Zulu endured a 5 month bloody war with the British, but ultimately lost.

Ethiopia played the Italians, French, British, and Ethiopia's rivals and made them fight one another.

Front 18

Explain the impact of colonization in Africa

Back 18

Social ImpactPositive-More religious mission opportunities for Christianity.

Europe spread education to AfricaAfricans learned more about their land and cultureEuropeans defended Africans against their enemySome Africans felt saferWeaponsToolsMedicinesFarmingEuropeans brought technology to AfricansAfricans felt siding with Europeans made them more powerfulMany Africans learned EnglishMade the world aware of Africa, did not seem as "forbidden"Negative- Belgian overseersA lot of Africans were taken advantage of Took away traditionsDiluted cultureIt destroyed their way of lifeAnimistic religions were goneTook away languageEuropean foods introducedMade them dress as EuropeansSlavery tore families apartEconomic ImpactPositive- Tribal groups that sided with Europeans made moneyWeaponsToolsHousehold goodsAfricans obtained new goodsCreated more African jobsMore money involved instead of trading one object for anotherLearned new trade practicesNegative-DiamondsGoldIvoryPalm oilRubberEurope took resourcesAfricans forced into laborAfricans didn't have an opportunity to learn how to use their resourcesEuropeans took land so Africans couldn't sell itAfrican farmers had their source of money taken awayPolitical ImpactPositive- Learned about new governmentsGained organized countriesMade tribes get alongUltimately led to independenceSights of democracy built confidenceThey felt as equals to Europeans eventuallyWrote treaties for cooperation among tribesNegative- Tribes were splitOnly Europeans leadNo opportunity to leadEuropeans made Africans NEED independence

Front 19

Japanese response to imperialist advances

Back 19

Japan yielded to Western pressure to open to trade while China refused to, and that Japan successfully modernized while China failed to.

Front 20

What three advances in 1880s technology of the European powers to gain greater influence in Africa?

Back 20

Steamships, railroads, Maxim guns, and quinine

Front 21

Long term causes of WWI

Back 21

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

Front 22

Advances in tech during WWI

Back 22

Tanks, flamethrowers, poison gas, Tracer bullets, interrupter gear, air traffic control, depth charges, hydrophones, aircraft carriers, pilotless drones, mobile x- ray machine, sanitary napkin.

Front 23

Causes of the Russian revolution. Key players, communism, role of Lenin

Back 23

Russians lacked tech and economic success. Lack of a former of government that could harness the will of their people. Divided socially. Socialism/communism appealed to the poor working class.

Communism- a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Lenin- was the founder of the Russian Communist Party, leader of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, and the architect, builder, and first head of the Soviet Union.Lenin spent the years leading up to the 1917 revolution in exile, within Russia and abroad.

Front 24

Results of Russian revolution

Back 24

The Russian Revolution of 1917 involved the collapse of an empire under Tsar Nicholas II and the rise of Marxian socialism under Lenin and his Bolsheviks. It sparked the beginning of a new era in Russia that had effects on countries around the world.

Front 25

Three provision of treaty of Versailles and how it led to another war

Back 25

Germany lost a large tract of its territory (25,000 square miles) and millions of people (7,000,000) to the allied nations. Poland was the biggest beneficiary and gained almost 20,000 square miles of land. Germany had to let go of Poland and cede several other territories to France and Belgium.

A number of German colonies were lost to Britain, France, Japan, Australia, and other allied countries.

Military restrictions were also imposed on Germany and its military strength was limited to 100,000 men. Former soldiers were not allowed to rejoin and conscription was banned. Germany was prohibited from maintaining an air force and its naval strength was also limited to a bare minimum.

Germany was also held responsible for the war and was required to pay about $31 billion.

To ensure Germany's compliance, Allied forces captured and maintained a portion of German territory for 15 years.

Front 26

Consequences of the treaty of Versailles

Back 26

The immediate economic consequences of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles were a significant concern and added to Germany's humiliation. Under the terms of the treaty Germany had to pay huge sums in reparations. In 1921, this amount was set at £6.6 billion; a sum that Germany could not pay.

Front 27

Goals of the League of Nations/United Nations

Back 27

League- The founders of the League of Nations were desperate to avoid a repetition of the horrors of the Great War. The main aims of the organisation included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy, and improving global welfare.

Front 28

Three results of WWI that led to the onset of WWII

Back 28

Unfair provisions of the treaty of Versailles

Japanese expansion

Appeasement

Hitler and the Nazi party

Great depression

Front 29

Goals/Results/Policy of Appeasement

Back 29

Appeasement, the policy of making concessions to the dictatorial powers in order to avoid conflict, governed Anglo-French foreign policy during the 1930s. It became indelibly associated with Conservative Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.

Front 30

Methods of control used by dictatorships/fascist regime

Back 30

Advancing into countries and taking over. Concentration/death camps

Front 31

Goals and results on the use of atomic energy/weapons

Back 31

To save US soldiers lives and to make Japan surrender.

Japan surrendered and lost millions of lives.

Front 32

What is genocide? Where did it occur?

Back 32

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Holocaust

Front 33

What and why was the Holocaust?

Back 33

the intentional systematic annihilation of six million Jews and 'undesirables' by the Nazis and their collaborators between 1933 and 1945.

The Nazis blamed the Jews for their defeat in WWI

Front 34

What policies were used against the Jewish population?

Back 34

The first wave of legislation, from 1933 to 1934, focused largely on limiting the participation of Jews in German public life.

"Nuremberg Laws" excluded German Jews from Reich citizenship and prohibited them from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of "German or German-related blood."

Front 35

What were three origins of the cold war?

Back 35

Buy 1949 both nations were using propaganda, spying, and diplomacy to deal with each other. Also NATO and Warsaw Pact were formed to combat possible aggression.

Front 36

What alliance systems existed during the Cold War?

Back 36

NATO and Warsaw Pact

Front 37

Name and explain three events that escalated the cold war.

Back 37

Korean war, U2 incident, Russian first atomic bomb

Front 38

Cold war containment efforts by the US and USSR

Back 38

Containment was suggested by diplomat George Kennan who eagerly suggested the United States stifle communist influence in Eastern Europe and Asia.One of the ways to accomplish this was by establishing NATO so the Western European nations had a defense against communist influence.After Vietnam and détente, President Jimmy Carter focused less on containment and more on fighting the Cold War by promoting human rights in hot spot countries.

Front 39

Polices that ked and escalated the cold war between the US and the USSR

Back 39

Communism, capitalism, arms race, space race, Cuban missile crisis

Front 40

Results of the fall of the Soviet union

Back 40

A new wave of democracy as old Communist regimes collapsed in Eastern Europe, in particular, and as the US abandoned its support for authoritarian right-wing regimes in Latin America, especially, as the country no longer felt the need to put stopping the USSR ahead of democracy and human rights.A new focus on democracy and human rights as an outcome of foreign policy, rather than an attempt at containing the Soviets, no matter the costThe end of wars in places like Angola, where the two sides were essentially proxies for the two superpowersThe US becoming the sole superpower and the creation of a unipolar world (though we are now, arguably, seeing the rise of additional poles)Independence for ex-Soviet republics such as the Baltic states, Ukraine and the Central Asian Republics such as KazakhstanThe collapse of the Russian economy, mass-poverty, the rise of gangster capitalism, leading to cynicism of democracy and capitalism, and the eventual rise of Vladimir PutinAn existential crisis for the political left as liberal capitalism appeared to have won, throwing the credibility of statist solutions into doubt. Communist parties were most effected, often becoming much more moderate parties, or collapsing, but more moderate left-of-centre parties also rapidly moved to the centre and embraced a more capitalistic view.The Gulf War (which would have never happened in the previous bipolar set-up as the USSR would have blocked it)The reunification of GermanyThe disintegration of Yugoslavia and the resultant Balkan warsThe mujahideen of Afghanistan (including Osama bin Laden) refocusing their hatred upon the 'decadent' West, rather than the Soviets who they had originally foughtThe acceleration of China's opening up of its economyThe opening up of India's economyThe spread of international capitalism to Eastern Europe and throughout Asia, creating new marketsThe expansion of the European Union from 12 member states to 28 member statesThe deepening of European integration with the Maastricht Treaty which transitioned the European Economic Community into becoming the European Union.

Front 41

Competing forces in Chinese civil war

Back 41

Republic of China versus the Chinese soviet republic

Front 42

Origins of Isreal and problems created by its creation

Back 42

Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the British assumed control of Palestine. In November 1917, the British government issued the Balfour Declaration, announcing its intention to facilitate the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.

The problem was that there were hundreds of thousands of Arabs living in Palestine and they naturally believed that the land was theirs by right.

Front 43

Balfour Declaration

Back 43

a letter dated 2 November 1917 from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland.

Front 44

Indian efforts to achieve independence from British imperialsim

Back 44

The Indian independence movement was a movement from 1857 (in many cases, even pre-dating 1857) until 15 August 1947, when India got independence from the British Raj. The movement involved many political and social organisations and armed and unarmed struggle.

Front 45

Ethnic conflicts due to the removal of imperial oversight nations.

Back 45

Not everybody liked each other. Just like today lol