H Bio Chapter 6 Jessie Tran

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Cell theory

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The theory that organisms are composed of cells and their products and that these cells are all derived from preexisting cells

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Prokaryotes

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An organisms whose cells do not have membrane-enclosed nucei or organelles; a moneran (bacterium)

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Eukaryotes

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An organism whose cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles; a protist, a fungus, a plant or an animal

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Nucleus (plural: nuclei)

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In atoms, the central core containing protons and neutrons; in eukaryotic cells, the membrane-bound organelle that houses the chromosomes

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Chromosome

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A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

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Nucleoid

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A region in prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA

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Plasmids

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a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes

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Flagella (single: flagellum)

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a slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc., to swim

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Cell / plasma membrane

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a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm

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Cell wall

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a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants, it consists mainly of cellulose

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Ribosomes

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a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

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Cytoplasm

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the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus

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Cytosol

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the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended

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Organelles

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any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell

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Nucleolus

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a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase

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Cytoskeleton

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a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence

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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins

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Golgi

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This cellular organelle packages and sorts proteins before they are sent to their final destination

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Vesicles

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a fluid- or air-filled cavity or sac, in particular

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Lysosomes

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an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane

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Vacuoles

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a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid

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Centrioles

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a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division

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Cilia

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a short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structure

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Colony

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refers to individual organisms of the same species living closely together, usually for mutual benefit, such as stronger defense or the ability to attack bigger prey

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Multicellular

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(of an organism or part) having or consisting of many cells

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Cell differentiation

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the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

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Tissue

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any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products

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Organ

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a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans

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Organ system

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is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

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Organism

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an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form