H Bio, Ch 5, Vincent Falardeau

Front 1

Synthesis

Back 1

Reactions that combine smaller molecules to form larger, more complex ones.

Hint 1

Na plus Cl.
The bacteria synthesized ATP from ADP and a phosphate group.

Front 2

Biosynthesis

Back 2

Synthesis reactions that take place in living organisms.

Hint 2

Photosynthesis makes sugars inside living organisms. This is an example of biosynthesis.

Front 3

Decomposition

Back 3

Reactions that break down large molecules into smaller ones.

Hint 3

ATP ➡️ ADP + Phosphate
Decomposition, carried out by decomposing heterotrophs, broke down the organism, releasing energy.

Front 4

Cell Respiration

Back 4

A decomposition pathway that provides energy for cell function by breaking down larger molecules.

Hint 4

Breaking down sugars for energy is an example of cell respiration.

Front 5

Aerobic Respiration

Back 5

Cell respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen, using oxygen as the oxidizing agent that takes decomposed molecules' electrons.

Hint 5

Breathing fuels aerobic cell respiration, providing cells with oxygen for cell respiration.

Front 6

Anaerobic Respiration

Back 6

Cell respiration that doesn't use oxygen, instead using other molecules and fermenting lactic acid.

Hint 6

Holding your breath forces your body to do anaerobic cell respiration, which occurs without oxygen.

Front 7

Fermentation

Back 7

"The release of energy during the chemical breakdown of food, especially sugars, in the absence of oxygen."

Hint 7

Making alcohol is fermentation done by yeast organisms.

Front 8

Glycolysis

Back 8

The first stage of respiration, where enzymes start to oxidize glucose and split it into smaller sugars.

Hint 8

C6H12O6 - 2C3H6O3.
Glycolysis breaks down glucose, making a tiny amount of ATP.

Front 9

Krebs Cycle

Back 9

The second stage of respiration, which completely oxidizes sugars into CO2.

Hint 9

After an enzyme took the third carbon off a 3-carbon molecule, the Krebs Cycle made the remaining 2-carbon molecule into carbon dioxide molecules.

Front 10

Mitochondria

Back 10

Organelles where the Krebs Cycle and ETS take place.

Hint 10

Mitochondria are cell's powerhouses because they perform respiration, releasing energy.

Front 11

Cristae

Back 11

Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion that have enzymes for ETS, ATP formation, and the Krebs Cycle.

Hint 11

The cristae hold many enzymes necessary for energy release.

Front 12

Matrix

Back 12

The fluid-filled inside of a mitochondrion.

Hint 12

The matrix is the interior of the powerhouse.

Front 13

Lactate/lactic acid

Back 13

A three carbon acid formed when oxygen is not present.

Hint 13

Anaerobic Respiration makes lactic acid when there's no oxygen to use. This is why activity where you can't get enough oxygen burns - there's acid when there isn't oxygen.

Front 14

Pyruvate/pyruvic acid

Back 14

A three carbon acid made in the partial oxidation of molecules from earlier in glycolysis.

Hint 14

The final product of glycolysis.

Front 15

Cytochromes

Back 15

Proteins in the electron transport system, embedded in the inner membranes of mitochondria.

Hint 15

They move electrons step by step through the system of cell respiration.

Front 16

NADH/FADH2

Back 16

Two molecules that easily gain and lose electrons, assisting in reduction and oxidation in cell respiration.

Hint 16

NAD+ can be reduced to NADH, and NADH can be oxidized into NAD+.

Front 17

Alcoholic Fermentation

Back 17

The process by which yeast ferments molecules into alcohol.

Hint 17

Moonshiners take advantage of alcoholic fermentation.

Front 18

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 18

One by-product of anaerobic respiration, which happens when pyruvate is made into lactic acid.

Hint 18

Happens when there isn't oxygen, it burns.

Front 19

ETS

Back 19

The last stage of aerobic respiration, where almost all of ATP is formed.

Hint 19

This makes 34 ATP molecules.

Front 20

Facultative Aerobes

Back 20

Bacteria that can survive with either anaerobic or aerobic respiration.

Hint 20

They're flexible, switching back and forth.

Front 21

Obligate anaerobes

Back 21

Bacteria that are poisoned by oxygen, making all of their ATP from fermentation.

Hint 21

They are aerophobic!

Front 22

Obligate Aerobes

Back 22

Organisms that cannot make it long without oxygen.

Hint 22

Humans are obligate aerobes.

Front 23

Hydrolysis

Back 23

A process that decomposes molecules by inserting H and OH into the chemical bonds.

Hint 23

Starch to sugars by way of hydrolysis.