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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 bones of the pelvis?
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2 innominate bones, the sacrum, the coccyx
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What are the 3 parts of the innominate bone?
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pubis, ischium, ilium
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What are the ilium?
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top portion of pelvis, "hip bones" join with sacrum
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What are the ischium?
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medial/lower portions of innominate bones providing landmarks: ischial spines & tuberosity
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Where do the pubis bones join?
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symphysis pubis, form pubic arch
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What forms the sacrum?
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fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae
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what forms the coccyx?
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4 rudimentary movable vertebrae
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What are the 4 basic pelvic types?
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Android
Gynecoid Arthropoid Platypelloid |
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How is the pelvis classified?
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by the charictaristics of the posterior segment of the inlet, most pelvi are mixed types.
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What is the pelvic diaphram?
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2 muscles that form the walls of the cavity and 2 that form the floor.
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What is the urogenital diaphram?
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anterior and superficial muscle groups that are associated with the genitalia
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Where is the urogenital area?
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Lower pelvic area in the hollow of the pubic arch
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What does it consist of?
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transverse perineal muscles.
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What do the transverse perineal muscles do?
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support the anal canal during defecation, support lower vagina during childbirth
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What makes up the transverse perineal muscles?
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transverses perinea, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus
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What forms the pelvic walls?
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Piriformis & obturator internus
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What forms the pelvic floor?
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levator ani muscle & cocygeus muscle
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what muscle forms the perineal body, and where is it?
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Levator Ani located between vagina and rectum. Attaches pubic bone & coccyx (sheet like)
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What does the fan shaped coccygeus muscle do?
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works synergistically to aid the levator ani muscle.
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What small straplike muscles support the pelvic viscera?
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transverse perinei
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what aids in strengthening the pelvic diaphram and constricting the urethra and vaginal openings?
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bulbocavernosus muscles
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What does the ischiocavernous muscle do?
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contracts to cause erection of the clitoris
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What 8 things are included in the vulva?
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mons pubis, labia minora, labia majora, clitoris, urinary meatus, vaginal opening, corpus spongiosium tissue, perineum
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Where is the vestibule?
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inside the labia minora, outside the hymen
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what is on either side of the vestibule?
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Bartholin's gland
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What is the function of the Bartholin's gland?
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secretes lubricating mucous into the introitus during sexual excitement
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What is the mons pubis?
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mound of fatty tissue that protects the syphysis pubis
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Where does the labia majora join together?
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mons veneris (anterior prominence of the symphysis)
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what is the function of the labia majora?
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keeping vaginal introitus closed, keeping out infection
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What is the function of the labia minora?
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Forms hood/prepuce of clitoris & assists in enclosing the opening of urethra and vagina
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What is the clitoris formed from?
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tubercle of undifferentiated tissue in the embryo
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What does the clitoris consist of?
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2 paired erectile chambers
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What are the erectile chambers composed of?
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endothelial lined lacunar spaces,
trabecular smooth muscle, trabecular connective tissue and are surrounded by the tunica albuginea |
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What is the pars intermedia?
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bilateral vestigial bulbs that unite venterally to the uretheral orifice to form the spongiosus erectile tissue
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What is the clitoris capped by?
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the glans, which is then covered by the hood made by the labia minora
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What is blood supplied to the clitoris by?
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dorsal & clitoral cavernosal arteries from the iliohypogastric pudendal bed
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Where is the motor innervation to the clitoris from?
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cavernosal nerve arising from the pelvic/hypogastric plexus.
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What are the periurethral glands?
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skene's glands
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where are skene's glands and what are their function?
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in the vulva, near the urethral opening. They release mucus from the clitoral glans to the upper vaginal rim (caruncle)
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How long is the urethra?
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3-5 cms
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What is the urethra composed of?
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Muscular layer, thin layer of spongy erectile tissue, and a mucousal layer
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Which layer of the urethra contains a plexus of large veins?
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spongy erectile tissue
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What kind of cells are in the mucousal layer of the urethra?
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stratified squamous that contained scattered cells with 5-HT
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What is the Halban's Fascia?
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space between the trigone of the bladder and the anterior part of the vaginal wall.
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what does Halban's fascia contain?
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mesenchymal lamina & elastic muscle fibers
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What do the muscle fibers of Halban's fascia contain?
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Krause bodies (pseudo corpuscular nerve endings), as well as rich vascular nerve supply
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what do the ovaries produce?
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gametes, estrogen, progesterone
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How large are the ovaries?
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2 x 4 cms
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What are the color and texture of the ovaries.
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that depends on age and reproductive stage
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where are the ovaries located?
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in the shallow depression called the ovarian fossa
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What is the ligament that supports all internal genital organs?
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broad ligament
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What 3 ligaments besides the broad, support the ovaries?
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Mesovarium, ovarian, suspensory
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What is the outermost layer of the ovary?
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germinal epithelium
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What is below the germinal epithelium?
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tunia albuginea (collagenous tissue)
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What is the outer region of the ovary called?
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Cortex
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what is the cortex comprised of?
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germinal epithelium with oogenia, and ovarian follicles that # 200,000 at puberty
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What is laced in the cortex & medulla of the ovary?
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stroma
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what is stroma?
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substance in which bloodvessels and follicles are imbedded
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What is in the hilum?
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Nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue since it is the point of entrance in the ovary
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How is circulation provided to the ovaries?
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ovarian artieries via abdominal aorta
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venous drainage for ovaries?
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venous plexus collecting @ adnexa draining to vena cava on R and renal vein on L
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About how long are fallopian tubes?
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10 cm
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what are the 4 segments of the fallopian tubes?
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Pars interstitialis, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum
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What is the pars interstitialis?
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attaches to uterine wall, portion of myometrium responsible for muscularity
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what is the isthmus?
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narrow segment adjacent to uterine wall, contains few mucousal folds.
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What is the ampulla?
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Longest widest portion of tubes, contains a lot of mucousal folds/cillia and is primary site for fertilization
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What is the infundibulum?
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funnel shaped end of tube near ovary that has fimbrae to direct oocyte into tube
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What are the walls of the fallopian tubes comprised of ?
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mucosa, muscularis, and serosa
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What are the 2 main cell types of the mucousal layer?
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ciliated columnar cells & peg cells to secrete mucus
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What is the serosa?
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lubricative layer that is part of the visceral peritoneum
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what type of innervation is there to the ovaries & tubes?
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sympathetic & parasympathetic
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what arteries supply blood to the tubes?
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ovarian & uterine
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How large is a nullaparous uterus?
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7.5cm long, 5cm wide, 2cm thick
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How much does a nulliparous uterus weigh?
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approx 90 gms
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what are the 3 layers of the uterus?
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endometrium, myometrium, and serosa/adventitia
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What is the stratum functionale?
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The temporary layer in the uterus (endometrium) regulated by the cyclic horomones resulting in shedding/thicking
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What is the stratum basale?
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the deeper thinner, permanent layer that contains endometrial glands that protect the raw endometrium during menses
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What layer of the uterus receives a double blood supply?
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endometrium
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What is the myometrium composed of?
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four poorly defined layers of smooth muscle that is thickest at the fundus.
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What is the cervix comprised of?
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connective tissue that is 2.5cms in length
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What types of cells cover the interior portion of the cervix?
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mucous secreting ciliated epithelium
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What type of cells are at the vaginal end of the cervix?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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What is the vagina?
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is a canal that extends from external vulva to the cervix
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About how long is the average vaginal wall anteriorly?
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7.5 cm
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About how long is the average vaginal wall posteriorly?
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9cm
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What does the upper portion of the vagina encircle?
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the vaginal portion of the cervix
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What does the vagina touch on the ventral & superior surface?
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empty bladder
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Inferiorly, what does the vagina adhere to?
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the posterior wall of the urethra
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What is adjacent to the vaginal opening?
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Labia minora
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What is the mucous membrane of the vagina continious with?
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the uterus
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What are the 3 layers of the vaginal walls?
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mucosa, muscle, & adventitia
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What type of epithelium is in the vagina?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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What is the stratified squamous of the vagina supported by?
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a thick lamina propria
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What is in the lamina propria that contributes to the spread of fluid on the epithelium?
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many thin walled blood vessels
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What does the lamina propria of the vagina contain?
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elastic fibers
dense netowork of blood vessels lymph nodes and nerve supplies |
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what slight hormonal changes occur to the vaginal epithelium during the menstrual cycle?
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slight keratinization
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Does the vaginal epithelium secret mucous? why?
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No, it has no glands
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What does estrogen cause the vaginal epithelium to do?
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thicken, differentiate, and accumulate glycogen
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What cx the typically low PH of the vaginal environment?
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when vaginal bacteria metabolize the glycogen to lactic acid
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what is the source for vaginal moisture during sexual stimulation?
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The loose connective tissue layer that is under the Vag. Epithel. that has a subdermal layer rich in capillaries
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What types of muscles are in the muscularis?
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smooth muscle
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How are the muscles in the muscularis lying?
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longitudinally on the outer layer & in circular bundles on the inner layer
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What is the outer layer of the muscularis also called?
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adventitia
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What is the adventita made of? What are 2 of the functions?
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dense connective tissue with many elastic fibers that provides structural support to the vagina & expansion of the vagina during intercourse & childbirth
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What are the breasts & what do they consist of?
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milk producing glands that lie over the pectoral muscles & consist of the nipple, lobes, ducts and fiberous fatty tissue
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How many lobes of glandular tissue are in a breast?
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15-20 lobes
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Is the number of lobes releated to the size of a breast?
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No!
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What do the lobes branch into?
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20-40 lobules, these are subdivided into many secretory alveoli
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What do the alveoli produce?
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Milk & other substances during lactation
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Where does each lobe empty to?
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a single lactiferous duct that travels out through the nipple
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How many lactiferous ducts empty through the nipple?
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15-20
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Where are the slight enlargements to the lactiferous ducts & what are they called?
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behind the nipple, they form small reserviors called lactiferous sinuses.
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How big is each L. sinus?
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2-4mm
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What surrounds the lobes of glandular tissue in the breast?
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fatty & connective tissues
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What does the amount of fatty tissue in the breast depend on?
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Age, % of body fat, & heredity
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What gives the breast it's shape and elasticity & connects the chest wall to the skin of the breast itself?
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Cooper's ligaments
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What do the nipple & areola consist of?
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smooth muscle fibers and a thick network of nerve endings
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What oil producing glands are found in the areola?
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Montgomery's glands
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What happens to the Montgomery's glands during menses?
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they may formed raised bumps and are responsive to menses.
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What is the purpose of the Montgomery's glands?
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to lubricate the nipple during lactation
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What does estrogen promote in the breasts?
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The growth of glands & ducts
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What does progesterone stimulate in the breasts?
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development of milk-producing cells
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What does Prolactin do in the breast?
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stimulates milk production
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What is the function of Oxytocin in the breast?
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In response to suckling, cx milk ejection from the lactating breast
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Where is Prolactin released from? Oxytocin?
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anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary
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