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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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National identification is NATURAL, ANCIENT, AND DURABLE |
Primordialism |
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National identification is artificial. It is constructed, modern, and malleable. |
Constructivism |
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elites are those aspiring to nationalism and leading those movements as well as those who are already at the head of a state/nation-state. Process is driven by the elites, not society as a whole. Motives for building peoples include territorial control, electoral majorities, and a mass army. Nationalism is an intended outcome. Constructivist notion. |
Elite Theory |
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is an umbrella category suggesting national identity is a post-industrial phenomenon. Includes Andersen’s theory of print capitalism and Deutsch’s theory of social mobilization. Constructivist notion. |
Modernization Theory |
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Defines “nationalism” as Space separated not only by geography, but language and character. The important thing is not where they draw the lines, but that they must be drawn; these identities are ancient, natural, and durable. Idea from German romanticism. This is the basis of the primordialist theory. |
Von Herder |
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Defines “nationalism” as modern. Within a nation individuals must have common attitudes and a sense of unity. The will to be part of a nation is more important than language and religion. “It is not the soil any more than race which makes a nation.” |
Renan |
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Defines “nation” as imagined impersonal community defined by common history, perceived distinctiveness, exercises right to sovereign control over a given territory. Includes territorially-concentrated ethnic groups. |
Anderson |
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Gellner |
Defines “nationalism” as political principle of congruent political and national units. Nationalism coincides with industrialization. Common conceptual currency as a cultural pre-requisite of industrial society. |
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Defines “nationalism” as a political principle which holds political and national unit should be congruent. Also involves collective action. Believes patriotism does not equal nationalism; patriotism is more of an end state (when the boundaries of nation and state are congruent and people are 100% assimilated). |
Hechter |
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Defines “nationalism” as wide social communication. Society communicates more effectively over a wide range of subjects. It is an unintended consequence of various processes and social mobilization. In modernity there is incentive to move to urban centres. It is caused by industrialization, increased education, and mass communication. Deutsch was a structuralist. |
Deutsch |
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Focused on the rise of print capitalism. |
Anderson |
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Time when there were no national identities. |
Time Zero |
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The classification of groups into the abstract or modern categories of peoplehood must be learned. Identities are not fixed, but they are durable and persistent. Professor labels him a “constructivist primordialist.” |
Darden |
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focuses on nationalism as a proxy for nationalism. METHODOLOGICAL INDIVIDUALISM. Utilizes the “tipping point” model. Payoffs change over time. Each person has a cultural repertoire of identity-laden attributes, identities are fluid and situational. |
Latin |
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the adoption of an identity and placement by oneself in a new social category |
Assimilation |
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acquiring attributes and varies by how each nation/state defines its nationhood |
Acculturation |
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Group affiliation based on social markers (attribtes) that you are believed to have acquired by virtue of your birth and parentage -- fictive kinship. |
ethnicity (Frederick Barth) |
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state existed without nationalist principles. At some point the state decides to “go national” or incorporate/assimilate everyone within its borders. |
State-building nationalism (Hechter) |
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resistance to incorporation. Nationalism borne out of resistance to state-building nationalism. |
Peripheral Nationalism (Hechter) |
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Extending existing borders. (For example, Russia annexing Crimea.) |
Irredentist Nationalism (Hechter) |
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merger of divided but homogenous territories. It generally involves several parts unifying into one. |
Unification Nationalism (Hechter) |
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a correlation between ethnicity and class |
Ranked ethnic system |
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o It assumes commonalities that do not hold up empirically, such as language and race. o It conflates group attributes with group identity. Group identity does not equal political loyalty. o It does not explain the timing of nationalism—why is it not stagnant? |
Problems with Primordialism |
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· Breaks the generational transmission of tradition, increased literacy, standardizes ideas (acculturation), but the key mechanism is a status change. Elders are no longer seen as the wisest. |
Effects of mass Schooling (Darden?) |
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The social category to which you place yourself and are typically placed by others. |
Identity (Erik Erikson) |
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Key Elements of the Nation |
–Impersonal –Territorial –Perceived Commonality/Distinctiveness –Collective Ascription (consciousness) |
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Key elements of nationalism |
–Belief in the nation (division of world into national units) –Primary political loyalty is to the nation –Claim to sovereignty |
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Latin Classification |
•Attributes: –Phenotypical: hair color, eye color, skin color –Language: German-speaking, etc. –Specific religious practices: genuflection, etc. – •Categories: (Identity categories that group attributes) –Protestant, Catholic, Jewish –White, Black –French, German, American – •Dimensions: (Broader organizing principles that group Identity-categories) –Religion –Race –Nation |
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For Hechter, Patriotism... |
Is not a type of nationalism. It is an end state. |
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Primordial causal logic |
Homo Sapiens à Differences of Geography and Climate à Evolution of Proto-nationsà Forging/Cultivation of National Character/Essence through historical events and interaction with alien groupsà National Awakeningà Conflict and Statehood |
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Proposes a theory that explains both the initial fluidity and subsequent fixity of national loyalties. First mover advantage. Schooling creates durable national loyalties. |
Darden |
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Potential Effects of Mass Schooling |
Darden:
Literacy Shift from practical, personal, experience-based categories to abstract, impersonal categorization –Nation as an abstract category Breaks inter-generational transmission of culture Indoctrination –Curricular content –Constitutive Story introduced in History, Geography, Literature Standardization and Homogenization –Of attributes (language, dress, rituals) –Of ideas (history and identity) Status changes –Establishment of “High Culture” –Status reversal in the family Status reversal in the community (breakdown of oral authorities |
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Posen |
Nationalism increases the intensity of warfare, and specifically the ability of states to mobilize soldiers How both the beliefs and the shared culture come to be, and how they come to be in many states more or less simultaneously… |
