Gws 103 Final

Front 1

Nutritional Functions of the Placenta

Back 1

1. allows transfer of oxygen and nutrients from mother to the fetus
2. transfers waste products and carbon dioxide products back from fetus to the mother

Front 2

Metabolic and Endocrine Functions

Back 2

1. Produces hCG that ensures the secretion of estrogen and progesterone
2. Progesterone and estrogen thicken and maintain the uterine lining

Front 3

Immunological Functions of the Placenta

Back 3

1. During the last three months, antibodies from the mother are passed to the fetus (Passive Immunity)

Front 4

Blastocyst

Back 4

Implants in uterus about 6 days after conception

Secretes Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG/hCG) about 48 hours after fertilization (produces high levels of progesterone)

Front 5

Role of Corpus Luteum If Conception occurs

Back 5

Produce high levels of progesterone

Front 6

What does the name of the corpus luteum change to?

Back 6

corpus luteum graviditatis

(also changes color)

Front 7

Stages of Labor

Back 7

1. true labor contractions, cervix dilated 10 cm
2. delivery of baby
3. delivery of placenta and membranes (afterbirth)
4. first hour after labor

Front 8

Prolactin

Back 8

produced by the anterior pituitary gland; causes the synthesis of milk

Front 9

Oxytocin

Back 9

produced by the anterior pituitary gland; causes the release of milk

Front 10

How many times a day must a woman breast feed to prevent ovulation?

Back 10

6-7 times a day

Front 11

How breast feeding prevents ovulation

Back 11

1. High prolactin
2. High prolactin causes negative feedback (Hypothalmus shut down LH and FSH)
3. High prolactin makes the ovaries insensitive to LH and FSH

Front 12

Colostrum

Back 12

"Liquid gold" - first milk during first days after delivery

Contains antibodies to protect baby against specific diseases during the first months of life

Front 13

Induction of labor with Oxytocin/pitocin

Back 13

Necessary sometimes - diabetes, toxemia, extremely overdue
can cause contractions that are too strong
can cause chain reactions leading to other interventions

Front 14

Amniotomy (surgical membrane rupture)

Back 14

- potential increase in infection
- lose protection of fluid around fetal head

Front 15

Fetal Heart Monitor

Back 15

- Internal (scalp of fetus)
- External (around women's abdomen)

Stethoscope works just as well
Inconclusive research on benefits

Front 16

Episiotomy

Back 16

- Increase risk of infection
- can take longer to heal than a small tear
- less invasive things can be done to prevent tear

Front 17

Reasons for C-Section

Back 17

- Malpractice (fear of lawsuits)
- Fetal heart monitor (increases how often)
- Fallacy about vaginal birth after C-section
- Money

Front 18

Epidural

Back 18

- Culture that erases pain
- Research inconclusive on infant
- Takes attention away from woman
- Slows labor and reduces pushing reflex
- False alarms - leads to C-sections

Front 19

HCG/hCG

Back 19

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Front 20

At what week does the placenta begin to produce its own hormones?

Back 20

by the 12 week

Front 21

What are the most important factors in childbirth?

Back 21

Good nutrition, clean water, and a safe environment
-The Importance of Being Born

Front 22

Unsafe Abortion

Back 22

WHO: "A preventable cause of maternal mortality and morbidity"

**Guttmacher Abortion Worldwide "Termination of an unintended pregnancy by persons lacking the necessary skills, or in an environment lacking the minimal medical standard, or both

Front 23

Guttmacher Institute Abortion Conclusion

Back 23

-Preventing the need for abortion entirely is unrealistic
-BUT eliminating unsafe abortion by improving access to contraception and increase pressure to lift abortion restrictions is an achievable goal.
-legal restrictions does not stop abortion from happening

Front 24

Guttmacher Institute Recommendations

Back 24

1. Expand access to modern contraceptions and improve family planning services
2. Expand access to legal abortion
3. Improve coverage and quality of post-abortion care

Front 25

"Global Gag Rule" or Mexico City Policy

Back 25

forced USAID to withhold family planning assistance money from foreign NGOs that used non-USAID funds to engage in advice, counseling, referrals or information regarding abortion

Front 26

Premenopause

Back 26

-years leading up to last period

Front 27

Menopause

Back 27

-no menstruation for one year
-average age = 45-53 (normal 30-60)

Front 28

Postmenopause

Back 28

-all years after last period

Front 29

Hormonal changes during Menopause

Back 29

-lower estrogen
-lower progesterone
-high levels of FSH/LH (follicles stop responding to it)
-While estradiol dominates in reproductive years, estrone dominates in postmenopause

Front 30

Estradiol

Back 30

-dominant form of estrogen in reproductive years
-ovaries are main source
-stronger estrogen

Front 31

Estrone

Back 31

-dominant form of estrogen in postmenopause years
-weaker estrogen
-adrenal glands/ovaries convert androgen to estrone

Front 32

Premenopausal effects

Back 32

-shorter/longer periods
-erratic ovulation

Front 33

Potential Menopausal effects

Back 33

-lack of energy
-hot flashes
-depression/anxiety/mood swings
-memory problems
-vaginal dryness
-bone loss

Front 34

"Treatments" for Menopause:
Hormone Therapy (HT)

Back 34

-ERT = estrogen only for women who had hysterectomy
-HRT = estrogen + progestin for women w/ uterus (Premarin/Prempro)

Front 35

"Treatments for Menopause:
Antidepressants

Back 35

-Paxil/Prozac = reduce anxiety/moodiness
-Neurontin = reduce hot flashes

Front 36

"Treatments" for Menopause:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)

Back 36

-synthetically produced/derived from botanical source (phytoserms)
-act as agonist in bones/blood to help prevent osteoporosis/heart disease
-act as antagonist in breast/endometrium to help prevent specific cancers

Front 37

"Treatments" for Menopause:
Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy

Back 37

-chemically identical to those produced by body
-FDA does not approve

Front 38

"Treatments" for Menopause:
Lifestyle Changes

Back 38

-good nutrition/supplements
-exercise
-avoid hot beverages
-avoid spicy foods

Front 39

Intimate Partner (Domestic) Violence (IPV/DV)

Back 39

Patterns of behavior one person uses to gain POWER and CONTROL over another within an intimate relationshop
-physical violence is the "enforcer"
-other behaviors erode the victim's sense of self, self-determination and free will

Front 40

Types of IPV

Back 40

1. Physical (hitting, punching, etc)
2. Emothinal (yelling, name calling, isolation...)
3. Sexual (unwanted touchinig, demanding sex, rape (martial))
4. Stalking

Front 41

Braxton-Hicks

Back 41

false contractions

Front 42

70% of crimes against ____ are done by ____

Back 42

women - relatives or partners
men - strangers

Front 43

T or F? IPV is the leading cause of injury 15-24

Back 43

True

Front 44

A woman is battered every

Back 44

9 seconds

Front 45

IPV kills as many women every 5 years as

Back 45

the total number of American killed in the Vietnam war

Front 46

~50% of all homeless

Back 46

are women and children fleeing IPV

Front 47

women who leave their husbands are ___% more likely to be killed

Back 47

75

Front 48

50% of battered women

Back 48

abuse alcohol/drug treatment

Front 49

Forms of Gender Based Violence

Back 49

-IPV
-Sexual Violence by non-IP
-Trafficking and forced prositution
-forced marriage (mail ordered bride/slavery)
-Dowry-related violence
-sex selective abortion
-female infanticide
-deliberate neglect of girls

Front 50

Honor Killing

Back 50

A murder carried out by a family member to restore honor after the family has been dishonored.

5000 deaths annually (UN)

women embody the "honor" of the males to whom they belong

Front 51

Gender Based Violence

Back 51

-reflection of attitudes shared by a group, community country that permeate all spheres of life
-systematic, widely tolerate, and often explicitly condoned)

Front 52

Types of War Rape

Back 52

1.Genocidal - to destroy an ethnic group
2. Opportunistic - men take advantage of general chaos
3. Political - punishes individuals, families, or communities that hold different political views
4. Forced concubinage - Comfort Women

Front 53

Physical Effects of War Rape

Back 53

Lost virginity (cultural), STI/HIV, pregnancy, Pelvis Inflammatory Disease, Infections (no antibiotics), Vaginal Fistual incontinence

Front 54

Psychological Effects of War Rape

Back 54

fear, helplessness and desperation, shame, depression, PTSS, flashbacks

Front 55

rape & sexual assault against both fellow troops and civilians by US military.

Back 55

10000 Okinawan women in 1945
in Iraq
hard to get figures on

Congress Rep: Women in US military more likely to be raped by the fellow soldiers than killed in Iraq by enemy fire