Gw Intro To Comm Final

Front 1

acting in the private sphere

Back 1

when we are communicating solely with our own interests in mind

Front 2

acting in the public sphere

Back 2

when we communicate as members of a larger community and our topic is of concern to many

Front 3

Plato and the Gorgias and the Phaedrus

Back 3

Gorgias was written to be against rhetoric
Phaedras is a softened version of the Gorgias

Front 4

5 canons of rhetoric

Back 4

Invention= speaker finds arguments that will allow others to understand the topic

Style= speaker selects arranges wording of message carefully

Arrangement= speaker arranges ideas for max impact

Memory= speaker finds a way to keep message in mind

Delivery= speaker presents speech in a good way

Front 5

Plato forms of proof

Back 5

ethos= through personal character

pathos= ability to arouse emotions

logos= through wording of message

Front 6

4 approaches to theory in modern period

Back 6

1. Classical approach= set out to recover the insights of great philosophers and adapt them to modern period

2. Psychological approach= understand their system of thought in a scientific way

3. Belletristic approach= focused on writing and speaking as art forms

4. Evolutionary approach= systems of instruction to improve speakers verbal skills

Front 7

Empirical vs. Scientific Approach in Contemporary Period

Back 7

Scientific= belief in controlled laboratory experimentation and careful measurement

Empirical= Based on observation

Front 8

Humanistic Approach in Contemporary Period

Back 8

Humanistic= use the historical and critical methods of the humanities in their studies of the ways which symbolic activity shapes public response to political and ethical issues

Front 9

Issues in Defining Communication

Back 9

Breadth- how broad or narrow we want communication to be

Intentionality- what the message sent intentional?

Sender Based or Receiver Based- who is communicating?

Symbolic- do the use of symbols (words, numbers, and graphic designs) make humans unique? are symbols taking place in all communication?

Front 10

Models of Communication

Back 10

1. Psychological= focuses on what happens "inside the heads" of communicators as they transmit and receive messages

2. Social Constructionist= people use the tools of their culture to create representations of reality, communication and culture

3. Pragmatic= system of interlocking, interdependent moves which become patterned over time

Front 11

Constructivism/ Personal Construct Theory

Back 11

People develop constructs as internal ideas of reality in order to understand the world around them

Front 12

Social Judgment Theory

Back 12

SJT is a theory that focuses on the internal processes of an individual's judgment with relation to a communicated message. SJT was intended to be an explanatory method designed to detail when persuasive messages are most likely to succeed. Attitude change is the fundamental objective of persuasive communication. SJT seeks to specify the conditions under which this change takes place and predict the direction and extent of the attitude change. SJT attempts to explain how likely a person might be to change their opinion, the probable direction of that change, their tolerance toward the opinion of others, and their level of commitment to their position

Front 13

Message Strategies/ Design Elements

Back 13

-Elements that capture attention, give them a reason to listen, include vivid message elements

-Elements that guide interpretation, relate new info to old, adapt content to their learning level, ask for feedback

-Elements that ensure acceptance, show evidence of beliefs, offer incentive for acceptance

-Elements that enhance storage and retrieval, use repetition, personalize message

Front 14

Linguistic productivity

Back 14

Ability to understand and create unusual sentences

Front 15

Linguistic determinism

Back 15

theory that language determines thought

Front 16

Linguistic relativity

Back 16

theorizes that people from different language communities perceive the world differently

Front 17

Speech Act Theory

Back 17

act done by the speaker to the hearer, identify speakers intentions

Front 18

CMM theory

Back 18

provides a framework for understanding how individuals use context to assign pragmatic meaning, belief that to communicate successfully we must take into account: episodes (identify purpose of interaction), relationships (identifies who communicators are to each other), life script ( individuals sense of self), and cultural pattern (shared by a culture, how to act in the world)

Front 19

Low context vs high context cultures

Back 19

low= find meanings in the words rather than in shared context, verbal directness= get to the point quickly

high= don't consider it necessary to spell out messages as explicitly, verbal indirectness

Front 20

Types of info conveyed nonverbally

Back 20

-making initial judgments
-convey relational info and help us to keep track of how others feels about us
-emotional expression

Front 21

Kinesic Code

Back 21

1. Emblems= silent words in a group
2. Illustrators= Use gestures to describe something, gesture when speaking
3. Regulators= act as traffic signals during interaction
4. Affect Displays= body movements that convey emotional states
5. Adaptors= behaviors people use to adapt to stresses such as tapping a pen

Facial Displays- externalizers vs internalizers
Eye Behavior- serves to maintain social position

Front 22

Dyadic approach to interpersonal communication

Back 22

two person, face to face communication
very personal bc we cant hide
quality of feedback is high
most spontaneous

Front 23

Developmental approach to interpersonal communication

Back 23

something special must occur to turn dyadic communication into interpersonal communication

Front 24

Filtering Theory

Back 24

Attraction is a process of elimination, we use a series of filters to judge how close to others we want to become

Front 25

Self- disclosure

Back 25

-occurs when we reveal info to others that they are unlikely to discover on their own, we voluntarily open up to them

-rules: not appropriate in all relationships, consider the effect the disclosure will have on others, choose the right time and place to disclose, should be related to the here and now, should be gradual, should be reciprocated

Front 26

System theory concepts

Back 26

1. interdependence- means that separate individuals have become a functioning whole

2. synergy- idea that groups can pool info, share perspectives, and use one another's ideas as springboards

3. social loafing- occurs when group members get lost in crowd and don't fulfill work potential

Front 27

Task and Maintenance Roles

Back 27

1. task role- behaviors that help the group to accomplish its task

2. Maintenance role- behaviors that enhance the social climate of the group

3. Negative role- personal goals that do not help the group reach either of its basic goals

Front 28

Groupthink

Back 28

a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an incorrect or deviant decision-making outcome. Group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative ideas or viewpoints, and by isolating themselves from outside influences

Front 29

Upward vs Downward Communication

Back 29

Upward: message travels from the bottom of the chart to the top

Downward: someone near the top of an org sends a message to someone near the bottom

Front 30

Network Analysis

Back 30

method of mapping informal communication patterns, can identify who is connected to whom in the org

Front 31

Organizational Culture terms
(metaphors, stories, rites)

Back 31

1. Metaphors= linguistic expressions that allow us to experience one thing in terms of another

2. Stories= help us to make sense of an orgs culture by reflecting company values

3. Rites= publicly performed planned sets of activities in one event

Front 32

Power

Back 32

1. Expert power= possession of info

2. Referent power= ability to offer social rewards through personal characteristics

3. Legitimate power= source represents important
institution

4. Reward Power= individual has a material possession that another values

5. Coercive power= an individual can harm another

Front 33

Motivated sequence= focuses on making the topic and claim relevant to audience needs

Back 33

1. Attention step= goal is to focus audience members on the message and to give them a reason to listen

2. Need step= speaker shows audience members that a present state of affairs is undesirable

3. Satisfaction step= speaker offers a plan to meet the need

4. Visualization step= speaker describes concretely what will happen if the solution is adopted

5. Action step= speaker asks audience to implement the proposal outlined in previous step

Front 34

Characteristics of Mass Communication

Back 34

1. the source is a complex, profit oriented organization rather than a single person

2. receivers are anonymous and different in their interests and backgrounds

3. communication occurs through indirect channels that require specialized encoding and decoding technologies

Front 35

Functions of Mass Communication

Back 35

1. surveillance= gathering and disseminating of info, fulfilled by newspapers, tv, and radio

2. correlation= analysis and evaluation of info, articles that analyze current media issues, editorial pages of newspapers

3. cultural transmission= education and socialization

4. entertainment= media offer receivers an escape from problems of everyday life, hep us to relax

Front 36

Agenda-setting function

Back 36

media gatekeepers select the issues they feel are most worthy of coverage and give those issues wide attention, we accept it without realizing it, media orders our priorities

Front 37

Cultivation theory

Back 37

draws our attention to ways in which individuals come to accept the televised world as an accurate reflection of the real world, media can effect the extent to how comfortable we feel in our world

Front 38

Hegemony

Back 38

an indirect form of government of imperial dominance in which the hegemon (leader state) rules geopolitically subordinate states by the implied means of power, the threat of force, rather than by direct military force

Front 39

Spiral of Silence

Back 39

theory describes the process by which one opinion becomes dominant as those who perceive their opinion to be in the minority do not speak up because they fear isolation from society

Front 40

Selective Processing

Back 40

1. selective exposure= peoples tendency to avoid certain messages and to seek out others

2. selective attention= when we choose to process a message we may only listen to parts of it

3. selective perception= process of assigning meaning to messages in selective ways

4. selective retention= remembering only a small portion of a message

Front 41

Defining Culture

Back 41

-part of the environment made by humans
-includes all material objects that a group has
-includes groups shared customs and values
-cultures are learned
-cultures are shared and multifaceted
-cultures are dynamic and constantly changing

Front 42

Individualism vs. Collectivism

Back 42

I= belief that the most important social unit is the person who acts in his or her own interest

C= people believe it is right to subordinate personal goals for the good of others, shared identity is more important than personal identity

Front 43

Vertical and Horizontal Relationships

Back 43

V= relationships in which some people are afforded more status than others, collectivists culture is ok with this

H= relationships with status equals, individuals are more comfortable with this

Front 44

Cognitive Biases used to maintain prejudices

Back 44

1. Negative= interpreting everything the group does as -

2. Interpretation= we interpret what they do to be bad

3. Discounting= dismissing info that doesn't fit a negative stereotype

4. Fundamental= interpreting ones negative behavior as internal rather than external

5. Attribution Bias= they are rude by nature

6. Exaggeration= making neg. aspects of out group behavior seem more extreme

7. Polarization= looking for differences, ignoring similarities

Front 45

Characteristics of Scholarly Research

Back 45

-question oriented, researcher formulates questions and tries to answer them
-methodological, systematic and ordered, guarantees that the findings will be as accurate as possible
-replicable, must be repeatable
-self-critical, researchers make efforts to disprove their theories
-cumulative and self correcting
-cyclical, begins with a question and ends with one

Front 46

Rhetorical Criticism

Back 46

Describe the studies purpose

Examine the rhetorical strategies employed

Evaluates their effectiveness

Front 47

Ethnography

Back 47

whenever curiosity about human behavior motivates us to observe others

Front 48

Methods of Ethnographic Research

Back 48

1. Covert role= researcher goes undercover by becoming a member of the group being studied, observe people without them being aware of ones presence

2. Overt role= researcher enters the field as a scientist, people know they are being observed, problem is that the people might try to impress the observer

Front 49

Survey Research

Back 49

-chooses a sample of people to question
-decides what to ask them
-decided how to ask it
-administers questions in written or oral form
-codes responses
-looks for meaningful patterns
-survey researcher draws conclusions from data

Front 50

Survey Research sampling techniques

Back 50

1. Probability sampling= allows generalizations, researcher knows the exact prob. that each member of a pop. will be included in a sample

2. Simple random sampling= each member of pop. has an equal chance of being in the sample

3. Non probability sampling= some members of pop. many have no chance of being in sample

4. Accidental sampling= researcher uses the most convenient people

Front 51

Open and Closed Questions in Survey Research

Back 51

Open ended questions= respondent is free to answer in his or her own words, harder to be statistically analyzed, must find a way to categorize and compare responses

Closed ended questions= respondents choose from a finite set of answers provided to them

Front 52

Experimentation- cause and effect

Back 52

Dependent Variable= the effect researchers want to explain

Independent Variable= the suspected cause

Front 53

Reliability and Validity of Experimentation

Back 53

Reliability= must consistently yield same results

Validity= must actually measure the dependent variable