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160 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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housing/husbandry should take into account
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species/strain, physical, physiologic, and behavioral needs allowing them to grow, mature, and reproduce while providing for their health and well-being
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Microenvironment
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physical environment immediately surrounding the animal (primary enclosure). Characterized by: illumination, noise, vibration, temp, humidity, gaseous/particulate composition of the air.
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Macroenvironment
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The physical environment of the secondary enclosure (ex: room)
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What factors are often higher in an animals microenvironment?
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temp, humidity, and concentrations of gases and particulate matter
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What factors are often lower in an animals microenvironment?
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light
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Thermoneutral zone
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ambient temp range in which thermoregulation occurs without the need to increase metabolic heat production or activate evaporative heat loss
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What bounds the thermoneutral zone?
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LCT (lower critical temprature) and UCT (upper critical temprature)
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Mouse TNZ
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26 - 34 C
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What two ways do animals adjust to temps under their LCT?
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Physiologically (metabolism) and behavior
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Rats LCT
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26 - 30 C
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Gerbils LCT
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28 - 32 C
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Cats and dogs LCT
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20 - 25 C
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In relation to the TNZ, what shold the dry-bulb temp. in animal rooms be set to?
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Below the animals lower critical temprature to avoid heat stress and provide adequte resources for thermoragulation to avoid cold stress
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New borns TNZ
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LCT is normally considerably higher than adult conspecifics
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Factors that contribute to variations in temp and humidity between and within enclosures
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housing design, construciton material, enrichment, filter tops, animals in cage (number, age, type and size), forced ventilation, bedding changes
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Exposure to wide variations in temp and humidity may alter
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behavior, phsiology, and morphology … affect research and may be multigenerational
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Temprature ranges for young birds and poikilotherms
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generally require a thermal gradient in their primary enclosure to meet basic physiological processes
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Temprature exceptions for captive wild animals or outdoor animals
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should be given the opportunity to adapt to being exposed to seasonal changes in ambient conditions
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Relative humidity range
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30% - 70%
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Examples of species that may require a high relative humidity
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some NHP, tropical reptiles, amphibians
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Ringtail may occur in rats due to what enviromental change
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Low humidity
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Increase humidity in the microenvrioment of rodents may lead to _____ ammonia levels
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Increased
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Negaitve effects to monitor in humidity extremes
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flaky skin, ecdysis (molting) difficulties in reptiles, desiccation stress in semiaquatic amphibians
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Dry-bulb temp for: Mouse, rat, gerbil, hamster, GP
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20-26 C or 68-79 F
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Dry-bulb temp for: Rabbit
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16-22 C or 61-72 F
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Dry-bulb temp for: Cat, dog, NHP
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18-29 C or 64-84 F
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Dry-bulb temp for: Farm animals or poultry
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16-27 C or 61-81 F
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What does ventilation provide?
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oxygen, remove thermal loads (animal, people, lights, equip), dilutes gas/particulate contaminates (allergens/pathogens), humidity/temp, creates air pressure differentials
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What factors influsence the ventilation of an animal's primary enclosure?
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volume and physical characteristics of the air supplies to ta room and its diffusion pattern
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Drafts should be avoided. Esp. in what animals
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neontal homeotherms, mutants lacking fur, semiaquatic amphibians that can desiccate
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Air changes per hour
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10-15 fresh air changes per hour (macroenvironment)
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Modern HVAC system examples
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variable ir volume systems (VAV); allow ventilation rates to be set in accordance with heat load and other variables
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Ventilation of the macroenvironment in IVC rooms should be sufficient to address
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heat loads, particulates, odor, waste gases
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Static isolation caging ____ventilation
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restricts (change husbandry practices: changes, bedding, secondary enclosure, density, humidity)
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Recycled air should be filtered to at minimum, how?
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With 85-95% ASHRAE efficient filters to remove airborne particles b/f it is recycled … consider filtering volatile substances
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Filtering of air in hazardous containment holding, one should assess
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filter efficiency, loding and intergrity
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Regular preventitive maintenance of HVAC systems should include measurments of …
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supply and exhaust air volumes, fluctuation in temprature and relative humidity, and air pressure differentials between spaces as well as critical mechanical operating parameters
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Light can affect what in an animal?
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physiology, morphology, behavior
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Potential photostressors include
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inappropriate photoperiod, photointensity, spectral quality of the light
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Factors to consider with light
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intensity, wavelength, duration, prior exposure, pigmentation, circadian rhythm, body temp., hormonal status, age, species, sex, stock/strain
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Studies in rodents and primates show that what structure is important for neuroendocrine, circadian and neurobhaviral regulation
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Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (distinct from rods and cones). Respond to light wavelength that may differ from other photoreceptors
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What species won't eat in low light or darkness
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chicken
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Recommended lighting max
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325 lux (30-ft coandles) approx 1 m (3.3 ft) above the floor (no retinal damage in albino rats)
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______lux ablve the light intensity under which an animal was raised may cause retinal damage
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130-270
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Light range for animals that are susceptible to phototoxic retinopathy
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130-325
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Variable-intensity lights may be used for
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research needs, some species, and energy conservation (should be enough to provide for animal care)
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What should you consider with regards to noise affects on animals
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intensity, frequency, rapidity of onset, duration, vibration, hearing range, exposure history, species/stock/strain
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Expsoure to sounds louder than ___ dB can have both auditory and nonauditory effects
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85 (eosinopenia, large adrenal glands, reduced fertility in rodents, increased BP in HHP)
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T/F: Rodents are sensitive to ultrasound?
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TRUE
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3 needs that need to be met with housing
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physical, physiologic, and behavioral needs (if not met it could result in abnormal brain dev., physiologic dysfunction, and behavioral disorders) + Social needs
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Rusting or oxidized equipment
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If it threatens the health or safety of animals then it needs to be repaired or replaced
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Flooring should be
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solid, perforated, or slatted with a slip-resistant surface
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Appropriate housing strategies for a particular species should be developed and implemented by
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animal care management, in consultation with the animal user and vet and reviewed by the IACUC
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What is the aim of environmental enrichment?
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Enhance animal well-being by providing with sensory and motor stimulation though structures and resources that facilitate the expression of species typical behaviors and promote psychological well-being through physical exercise, manipulative activities, and cognitive challenges for the species
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What does well-conceived enrichment provide?
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choices and a degree of control over their environment (cope better to environmental stressors)
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Marbles are used to induce what in mice
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anxiety
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Social stress is most likely to occur when resources are monopolized by _______ animals
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dominate
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Enrichment programs should be reviewed by:
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IACUC, researchers, veterinarian on a regular basis to ensure they are benifical and meet goals on animal use
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Enrichment in a research project
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should be considered an independent variable and appropriately controlled
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Animals maintained in outdoor runs, pens, or other large enclosures MUST…
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have protection from extremes in temprature and other harsh weather conditions and be able to retreat (subordinate animals)
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How can outdoor protection be achieved?
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windbreaks, shelters, shaded areas, reas with forced ventilation ,heat-radiating structures, or conditioned spaced (indoor)
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Outdoor shelters should..
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be large enough to accommodate all animals, accessible at all times, have sufficient ventilation, prevent waste buildup.
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Floors of outdoor housing
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can be dirt, sand, gravel, ect. Material that can be removed and replaced prn
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Successful management of outdoor housing relies on
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stable social groups of compatible animals, sufficient feeding and resting places, acclimation, training to cooperate with vet/PI, and adequate security
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Islands or pastures may result in loss of
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control of nutrition, health care, surveillances, and pedigree management
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Considerations for space needs:
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age/sex, number, duration of housing, use of animal, species-specific needs
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Examples of animals that use vertical space more than the floor
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NHP, cats, arboreal animals
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Performance indices
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health, reproduction, growth, behavior, activity, and use of space
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Who should assess, review, and modify space allocations
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IACUC, who should consider performance inices, special animal needs, and exp. use
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At a minimum animals MUST have enough space to
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(1) express their natural postures and postural adjustments w/o touching the enclosure walls or ceiling, (2) be able to turn around, (3) have ready access to food and water, (4) sufficient space to comfortably rest away from areas soiled by urine or feces
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Floor space taken up by food bowls, water, litter boxes, and enrichment (should/should not) be considered part of floor space
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Should not
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Why is it difficult to compare studies on space needs of animals
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Study design and experiemtnal variables
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Dogs and cat housing (esp. singily) should get what
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exercies and positive human interaction
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Plans for housing and management
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should be developed per species and include enrichment
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Singly housed nhp reasons:
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justified for exp., vet care, incompatible
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Options for singly housed NHP
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Shortest duration possible; let out into larger/enriched enclosure
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Activity in animals includes
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moter, congnitive, and social interaction
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Forced activity should only be used if
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protocol or theraputic (vet care)
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Oppritunity for exercise in large farm animals
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loafting areas, exercise lots, pastures
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If an animal is housed individually what else should be provided
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visual, auditory, olfactory and tactile contact with conspecifics; enrichment (positive human interaction)
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Single housing of social species should be considered the exception and require:
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Justification in a protocol or veterinary related concerns; In addtion it should be reviewed on a regular basis by the IACUC and veterinarian
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What type of training should be used for habituation to reduce stress to a procedure
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operant conditioning
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This council has prepared reports on the nutritional requirements of lab animals
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the National Research Council Committee on Animal Nutrition
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What are some factors to consider with regards to feed
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quality assurance, freedom from chemical or microbial contaminants and natural toxicants, bioavailability of nutrients and palatability
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def: Natural-ingredient diet
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formulated with ag. Products and byproducts, commercially available for all species. The nutrient composition of ingredients vary and natiral ingredients may contain low levels of naturally occuring and artifical contaminants
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What are some natural contaminants that may not affect the animal but could be a exp. Variable
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pesticide residue, heavy metals, toxins, carcinogens, and phytoestrogens
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def: certified diets
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have been assayed for contaminants and are commercially available (GLP studies, preclinical toxicoloy studies)
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def: purified diets
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each ingredient contains a signle nutrient or nutrient class; low chance of chemical contamination and stable nutrient concentration
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def: chemically defined diets
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Contain the most elemental ingredients possible (individual amino acids and specific sugars)
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Down side to purified and chemically defined diets
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cost, lower palatability, and reduced shelf-life (usu. < 6m and need refridgeration)
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How should bagged food be stored? How should open bags be stored?
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off the floor for sanitation…..in vermin0proof containers
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Ideal enviro. For natural-ingredient diets
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21 degrees C and < 50% humidity
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How logn can most natural-ingredient, dry lab diet be stored for after manufacture
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6 months
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Shelf-life of non-stable vit C
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3 months
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Autoclaved diets
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Should be fortified and the date of sterilization should be recorded
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What are some benefits of moderate caloric restication
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increased longevity and reproduction, decreased obesity, cancer rates and neurogenerative disorders
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Abrupt changes in diet should be avoided because they can lead to
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digestive and metabolic disturbances; herbivores are especially sensitive
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Water quality
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potable and uncontaminated
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What compontents of water should be measured periodically
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pH, hardness, microbial/chemical contamination
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Why is it better to replace water bottles than to refill them?
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potential for microbial cross contamination
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How should automated watering be maintained
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flushed and disinfected regularly
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Accessory outdoor water
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Should not be a hazard; make sure outdoor water doesn't freeze
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def: fines
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very small partilces found in certain types of bedding
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T/F: nude or hairless mice can get periorbital abcesses from fines
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TRUE
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detrimental things that bedding can lead to
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conjunctivitis (white cotton nestlets), mucosal immunity, endocytosis
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untreated softwood bedding can …
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affect metabolism
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Cedar shavings are not recommended because they…
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emit aromatic hydrocarbons that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes and cytotoxicity and may increase cancer
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How can cedar shavings be treated to decrease their negative effects?
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high heat (kiln or autoclaving)
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storage of bedding
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off floor and away from walls for sanitization
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Autoclaving bedding can
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increase moisture and decrease absorbency and increase microoganism growth
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Recommended amount of bedding
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sufficient to keep animals dry b/t cage changes and prevent contact from lixits/sippers
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def: cleaning
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remove excessive amoungs of excrement, dirt, and debris
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def: disinfection
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reduce or eliminate unacceptable concentrations of microoganisms
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Goal of the sanitation program
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maintain sufficientlyclean and dry bedding, adequate air quality, and clean cage surfaces and accessories
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frequency and intensity of cleaning and sanitaiton will vary with…
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animals physiology and behavior, type of enclosure, number/repro./size of the animal, bedding material, temp. and humidity, materials that need to be sanitized, rate of soiling
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Agents used to mask odors should not be used, why?
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they cannot substitute good sanitation and they may expose the animal to chemical variables
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Frequency of bedding changes
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should be removed and replaced as often as necessary to keep the animals clean and dry and keep pollutants (ammonia) below irritating levels (range from daily to weekly)
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Examples of when frequent bedding changes would be contraindicated
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pre- or postpartum, research objectives, species where sent marking is critical and successful reproduction is pheromone dependent
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Frequency of sanitation of microenvironment
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(1) enclosures and accessories (tops) should be sanitized every 2 weeks (2) solid-bottom caging, bottles, sipper tubes shold be sanitized every week
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Situations for less frequent cage sanitization
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large cage with freq bedding changes and few animals, gnotobiotic with frequent bedding changes, IVC
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Situations for more frequent cage sanitization
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excessive urination or high animal density
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How can microenviro. Conditions be verified?
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measure pollutants (ammonia, CO2), microbiologic load, observation of animals behavior/appearance, condition of the bedding and cage surface
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What is the cumulative heat factor
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combined effect the temprature and contact time of water to sanitize equipment
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For water disinfection, what is an effective temp range?
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143-180 degrees F
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what does the traditional 180 degree temp required for rinsing refer to?
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the water in the tank or in the sprayer maifold
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3 methods for disinfection
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chemicals, hot water, or combination of both
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Small pieces of equipment (sipper tubes, water bottles, etc.) should be washed with …
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consider ultrasound
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What species produce urine with high concentrations of proteins and minerals that often adhere to the cage surface and necesitate treatment with an acid solution for washing
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rabbit, guinea pigs, hamsters
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Sterilization of housing equipment may be necessary for SPF or immunocompromised animals. Sterilizers should be …
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regularly evaluated and monitored to ensure safety and effectiveness
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If flushing of pens/runs is used for cleaning how should it be done and how frequently?
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Daily, animals should be kept dry and timing should take into account behavioral and physiologi processes (example: defecation after food consumption)
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Cleaning frequency of the macroenviroment?
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all components of the animal facility should be regularly cleaned and disinfected as appropriate
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Methods recommended to clean the microenvironment
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Vaporized hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide
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Cleaning implements should be
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durable, not moved to areas that may risk contamination, and stored to max. drying and min. contamiantion and vermin.
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What method should not be used as a method of monitoring sanitation?
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Intensity of odor (ammonia)
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The decision to change washing frequency should be based on what?
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factors such as ammonia concentration, bedding condition, appearance of the cage/animal, animal density
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Ways to monitor effectiveness of sanitation?
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culture, organic material detection, or removal of artifical soil applied to the equipment
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Components of a waste container
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leak-proof with a tight fitting lid (trash bags and routine sanitation is recommended)
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Waste storage area
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Should be dedicated and kept free of insects and vermin. If cold storage is used it should be labeled and readily sanitized
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Ways to render hazardous waste safe…
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containment, sterilization. Compliance with disposal and laws is an institutional responsibility (occ health)
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Disposal of infectious carcasses
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Incineration on site or licensed contractor; chemical digesters (alkaline hydrolysis) may be used (situational)
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What categories of waste needs to be properly labeled and disposed of with recommendations of OHS
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toxic, carcinogenic, flammable, corrosive, reactive, or unstable
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Pest control should be
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regularly scheduled and documented. Outdoor should be geared at minimizing risk
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Use of pesticides
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can induce toxic effect in animals; minimize, consult with PI, record and coordinate (laws/regulations)
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nontoxic pest control
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insect growth regulators, amorphous silica gel, humane traps
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who shold be a member of the safety committee, an "offical repsonder" for an emergency, and participate in the response to a disaster?
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the colony manager or veterinarian responsible for the animals
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Identification cards should include
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source of animal, stock/strain, names/contacts of PI, pertinent dates (arrival, birth), protocol number, and genotype when necessary (consistent, unambiguous abbreviations are fine)
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Other means of ID
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wearing collars, bands, plages or tabs; marked with color stains; ear notch/punches/tags; tattoos; SQ transponders/microchips; freeze brands
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When is toe clipping an ok form of ID
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when no other individual ID is feasible; in neonatal mice up to 7 days of age it appears to have no adverse effects on behavior and well-being (esp. if combined with genotyping). Aseptic procedures and A&A (with age) are necessary
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Records are essential for management of colonies of large long-lived animals and should be maintained for each animal. What do these records typically include?
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species, ID, sire/dam, sex, DOB/arrival, source, exit date, final disposition
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Medical records are valuable (esp. for dogs, cats, and NHP). They should include
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clinical and diagnostic information, date of inoculations, Hx of Sx procedures and post-op care, exp. Use, and necropsy findings
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Records should be ______ accessible
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readily
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Pedigree information allows for
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appropriate selection of breeding pairs and exp. Animals that are related vs unrelated
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Maintaining outbred animals
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populations should be large enough to ensure long-term genetic heterogenicity; maintain genetic variability and equalize founder representations
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Genetic variability can be monitored with
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computer simulations, biochemical markers, DNA markers/sequencing, immunologic markers, or quantitative
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when inbred strains or F1 progeny are used it is important to
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monitor genetic authenticity
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Monitoring inbred animals
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use immunologic, biochemical, or molecular techniques; management should minimize genetic contamination
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Each genetically modified animal (GMA) should be considered
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a unique resource and managed with detailed predigree records and genetic monitoring to verify the presency and zygosity of transgenes
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Back-up of GMA
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cryoperservation of embryos, ova, ovaires, sperm
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New genotypes should be carefully monitored and negative pheotypes shoud be
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reported to the IACUC and managed to ensure health and well-being
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committees that maintain guidelines for nomenclature of mice and rats
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the international committee on standardized genetic nomenclature for mice AND the rat genome and nomenclature committee
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