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257 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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THR URINARY SYSTEM CONSISTS OF WHAT STRUCTURES
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- TWO KIDNEYS
- TWO URETERS - ONE URINARY BLADDER - ONE URETHRA |
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THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND DISORDERS OF THE KIDNEYS IS CALLED WHAT
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NEPHROLOGY
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THE KIDNEYS HELP REGULATE THE BLOOD LEVELS OF SEVERAL IONS, MOST IMPORTANTLY WHAT
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- SODIUM IONS (Na+)
- POTASSIUM IONS (K+) - CALCIUM IONS (Ca2+) - CHLORIDE IONS (Cl-) - PHOSPHATE IONS (HPO42-) |
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HOW DO THE KIDNEYS ADJUST THE VOLUME OF BLOOD IN THE BODY
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BY RETURNING WATER TO THE BLOOD OR ELIMINATING IT IN THE URINE
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THE KIDNEYS HELP REGULATE BLOOD PRESSURE BY SECRETING WHAT ENZYME WHICH ACTIVATES THE RAAS PATHWAY
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RENIN
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THE KIDNEY PRODUCES WHAT TWO HORMONES? ONE IS THE ACTIVE FORM OF VITAMIN D, AND HELPS REGULATE CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS. THE OTHER STIMULATES THE PRODUCTION OF RBC'S
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CALCITRIOL AND ERYTHROPOIETIN
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BY FORMING URINE, THE KIDNEYS HELP EXCRETE WASTES - SUBSTANCES THAT HAVE NO USEFUL FUNCTION IN THE BODY. THESE INCLUDE WHAT
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- AMMONIA & UREA FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF AMINO ACIDS
- BILIRUBIN FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF HEMOGLOBIN - CREATINE FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF CREATINE PHOSPHATE IN MUSCLE FIBERS - URIC ACID FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF NUCLEIC ACIDS |
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THE KIDNEYS LIE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN BETWEEN THE PERITONEUM AND THE BACK WALL OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY AT WHAT VERTEBRAL LEVEL
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12TH THORACIC, AND FIRST THREE LUMBAR
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WHICH KIDNEY IS SLIGHTLY LOWER THAN THE OTHER, AND WHY
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THE RIGHT BECAUSE THE LIVER OCCUPIES A LARGE AREA ABOVE THE KIDNEY ON THE RIGHT SIDE
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AN ADULT KIDNEY IS ABOUT THE SIZE OF WHAT
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A BAR OF BATH SOAP
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NEAR THE CENTER OF THE MEDIAL BORDER OF THE KIDNEY IS AN INDENTATION CALLED THE WHAT
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RENAL HILUM
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THROUGH WHAT STRUCTURE DOES THE URETER LEAVE THE KIDNEY, AND BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, AND NERVES ENTER AND EXIT
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RENAL HILUM
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WHAT SURROUNDS THE RENAL CAPSULE AND CUSHIONS THE KIDNEY
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ADIPOSE (FATTY) TISSUE
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WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN REGIONS OF THE KIDNEY
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CORTEX, AND MEDULLA
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URINE FORMED BY THE KIDNEY DRAINS INTO A LARGE, FUNNEL-SHAPED CAVITY CALLED THE WHAT
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RENAL PELVIS
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THE RIM OF THE RENAL PELVIS CONTAINS CUPLIKE STRUCTURES CALLED WHAT
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MAJOR AND MINOR CALYCES
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URINE FLOWS FROM SEVERAL DUCTS WITHIN THE KIDNEY INTO A MINOR CALYX, THROUGH A MAJOR CALYX INTO THE RENAL PELVIS, WHICH CONNECTS TO WHAT
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A URETER
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WHAT AMOUNT OF BLOOD FLOWS INTO THE KIDNEYS THROUGH THE LEFT AND RIGHT RENAL ARTERIES PER MINUTE
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ABOUT 20-25% (1200 ML PER MINUTE)
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WHAT IS THE ARTERIAL FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE KIDNEY
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- RENAL ARTERY
- SEGMENTAL ARTERY - INTERLOBAR ARTERY - ARCUATE ARTERY - INTERLOBULAR ARTERY - AFFERENT ARTERIOLES |
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EACH AFFERENT ARTERIOLE DIVIDES INTO A TANGLED CAPILLARY NETWORK CALLED A WHAT
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GLOMERULUS
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THE CAPILLARIES OF THE GLOMERULUS REUNITE TO FORM WHAT
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AN EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
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AFTER LEAVING THE GLOMERULUS, THE EFFERENT ARTERIOLES REUNITE TO FORM PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES, WHICH MERGE INTO WHAT VEINS
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- INTERLOBULAR
- ARCUATE - INTERLOBAR - RENAL VEIN |
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF THE KIDNEYS
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THE NEPHRON
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ABOUT HOW MANY NEPHRONS ARE IN EACH KIDNEY
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ONE MILLION
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A NEPHRON CONSISTS OF WHAT TWO PARTS
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- RENAL CORPUSCLE
- RENAL TUBULE |
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IN WHAT PART OF THE NEPHRON IS BLOOD PLASMA FILTERED
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THE RENAL CORPUSCLE
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IN WHAT PART OF THE NEPHRON DOES FILTERED FLUID, CALLED GLOMERULAR FILTRATE, PASS
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RENAL TUBULE
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WHAT TWO PARTS MAKE UP A RENAL CORPUSCLE
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- GLOMERULUS
- GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN'S) CAPSULE |
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WHAT IS A DOUBLE-WALLED CUP OF EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT SURROUNDS THE GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES
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BLOMERULAR (BOWMAN'S) CAPSULE
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GLOMERULAR FILTRATE FIRST ENTERS THE GLOMERULAR CAPSULE, AND THEN PASSES INTO WHAT
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THE RENAL TUBULE
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IN THE ORDER THAT FLUID PASSES THROUGH THEM, THE THREE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE RENAL TUBULE ARE WHAT
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- PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
- LOOP OF HENLE - DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE |
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WHAT PART OF THE RENAL TUBULE IS ATTACHED TO THE GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
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PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
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THE RENAL CORPUSCLE AND BOTH CONVOLUTED TUBULES LIE WITHIN WHAT STRUCTURE
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THE RENAL CORTEX
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THE LOOP OF HENLE EXTENDS INTO WHAT
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THE RENAL MEDULLA
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TO PRODUCE URINE, NEPHRONS AND COLLECTING DUCTS PERFORM WHAT THREE BASIC PROCESSES
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- GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
- TUBULAR REABSORPTION - TUBULAR SECRETION |
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WHAT IS THE FIRST STEP ON URINE PRODUCTION
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GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
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BLOOD PRESSURE FORCES WATER AND MOST SOLUTES IN BLOOD PLASMA ACROSS THE WALL OF GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES FORMING WHAT
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GLOMERULAR FILTRATE
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TUBULE AND DUCT CELLS RETURN ABOUT ____ % OF THE FILTERED WATER AND MANY USEFUL SOLUTES TO THE BLOOD FLOWING THROUGH PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
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99%
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WHAT ARE THE CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE INNER WALL OF THE GLOMERULAR CAPSULE CALLED
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PODOCYTES
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WHAT TWO CELL LAYERS FORM A FILTRATION MEMBRANE IN THE GLOMERULUS THAT PERMITS THE PASSAGE OF WATER AND SOLUTES FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE CAPSULAR SPACE
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- PODOCYTES
- GLOMERULAR ENDOTHELIUM |
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WHY DO BLOOD CELLS AND MOST PLASMA PROTEINS REMAIN IN THE BLOOD DURING KIDNEY FILTRATION
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BECAUSE THEY ARE TOO LARGE TO PASS THROUGH THE FILTRATION MEMBRANE
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WHAT TYPE OF CELLS FORM THE OUTER LAYER OF THE GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS
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THE PRESSURE THAT CAUSES FILTRATION IS THE BLOOD PRESSURE IN WHAT AREA OF THE KIDNEY
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GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES
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WHAT TWO OTHER PRESSURES OPPOSE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
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- BLOOD COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE (BCOP)
- GLOMERULAR CAPSULE PRESSURE |
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NET FILTRATION PRESSURE FORCES A LARGE VOLUME OF FLUID INTO THE CAPSULAR SPACE, ABOUT HOW MUCH IN FEMALES AND MALES
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- 150 LITERS DAILY IN FEMALES
- 180 LITERS DAILY IN MALES |
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WHEN BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASES OR DECREASES SLIGHTLY, CHANGES IN WHAT CAN ACTUALLY KEEP NET FILTRATION PRESSURE STEADY TO MAINTAIN NORMAL GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
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AFFERENT AND EFFERENT ARTERIOLES
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THE AMOUNT OF FILTRATE THAT FORMS IN BOTH KIDNEYS EVERY MINUTE IS CALLED WHAT
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THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
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IN ADULTS, THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) IS WHAT
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105 ML/MIN IN FEMALES AND 125 ML/MN IN MALES
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_______ IS A HORMONE THAT PROMOTES LOSS OF SODIUM IONS AND WATER IN THE URINE IN PART BECAUSE IS INCREASES GFR
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ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP)
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CELLS IN THE ATRIA OF THE HEART SECRETE MORE ANP WHEN WHAT HAPPENS TO THE HEART
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IF IT IS STRETCHED MORE, AS OCCURS WHEN BLOOD VOLUME INCREASES
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ANP ACTS ON THE KIDNEYS TO INCREASE THE LOSS OF WHAT IN URINE, WHICH REDUCES THE BLOOD VOLUME BACK TO NORMAL
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SODIUM IONS AND WATER
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RETURNING MOST OF THE FILTERED WATER AND MANY OF THE FILTERED SOLUTES TO THE BLOOD HAPPENS DURING WHAT
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TUBULAR REABSORPTION
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TYPICALLY, ABOUT __ % OF THE FILTERED WATER IS REABSORBED
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99%
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ONLY ___ % OF THE WATER IN GLOMERULAR FILTRATE ACTUALLY LEAVES THE BODY IN URINE
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1%
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PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE CELLS MAKE THE LARGEST CONTRIBUTION, REABSORBING ___% OF THE FILTERED WATER
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65%
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FILTERED GLUCOSE AND AMINO ACIDS, AND LARGE QUANTITIES OF VARIOUS IONS SUCH AS SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE, BICARBONATE, CALCIUM, AND MAGNESIUM ARE REABSORBED WHERE
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PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES
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HOW DOES WATER MOVE INTO THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
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OSMOSIS
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WHAT SUBSTANCES ARE SECRETED INTO THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES
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HYDROGEN IONS, AMMONIA, UREA, CREATININE, AND CERTAIN DRUGS
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AMMONIA IS A POISONOUS WASTE PRODUCT THAT IS PRODUCED WHEN WHAT HAPPENS
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WHEN AMINO GROUPS ARE REMOVED FROM AMINO ACIDS
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LIVER CELLS COVERT MOST AMMONIA TO WHAT, WHICH IS A LESS-TOXIC COMPOUND
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UREA
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ALTHOUGH TINY AMOUNTS OF UREA AND AMMONIA ARE PRESENT IN SWEAT, MOST EXCRETION OF THESE NITROGEN-CONTAINING WASTE PRODUCTS OCCURS HOW
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IN THE URINE
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TO ELIMINATE ACIDS, THE CELLS OF THE RENAL TUBULES SECRETE WHAT INTO THE TUBULAR FLUID, WHICH HELPS MAINTAIN THE PH OF BLOOD IN THE NORMAL RANGE
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HYDROGEN (H+) IONS
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THE MOST IMPORTANT HORMONAL REGULATORS OF ION REABSORPTION AND SECRETION ARE WHAT
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ANGIOTENSIN II AND ALDOSTERONE
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IN THE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES, ANGIOTENSIN II ENHANCES REABSORPTION OF WHAT
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SODIUM AND CHLORIDE
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ANGIOTENSIN II STIMULATES THE ADRENAL CORTEX TO RELEASE WHAT
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ALDOSTERONE
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_______ IS A HORMONE THAT STIMULATES THE TUBULE CELLS IN THE LAST PART OF THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES AND THROUGHOUT THE COLLECTING DUCTS TO REABSORB MORE Na+ and Cl- AND SECRETE MORE K+
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ALDOSTERONE
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AN ELEVATED LEVEL OF ____ IN PLASMA CAUSES SERIOUS DISTURBANCES IN CARDIAC RHYTHYM OR EVEN CARDIAC ARREST
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POTASSIUM (K+)
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BESIDES INCREASING GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, THE HORMONE ANP PLAYS A MINOR ROLE IN INHIBITING THE REABSORPTION OF WHAT BY THE RENAL TUBULES
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Na+, Cl-, AND WATER
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THE MAJOR HORMONE THAT REGULATES WATER REABSORPTION DECREASE IS _______ WHICH OPERATES VIA NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
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ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
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WHEN THE CONCENTRATION OF WATER IN THE BLOOD DECREASES BY AS LITTLE AS 1%, OSMORECEPTORS IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS STIMULATE RELEASE OF WHAT FROM THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY
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ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
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A SECOND POWERFUL STIMULUS FOR ADH SECRETION IS WHAT
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A DECREASE IN BLOOD VOLUME, AS OCCURS IN HEMORRHAGING OR SEVER DEHYDRATION
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THE KIDNEYS CAN PRODUCE AS LITTLE AS _____ ML OF VERY CONCENTRATED URINE EACH DAY WHEN ADH CONCENTRATION IS MAXIMAL, FOR INSTANCE DURING SEVERE DEHYDRATION
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400-500 ML
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THE KIDNEYS PRODUCE A LARGE VOLUME OF DILUTE URINE WHEN ADH LEVELS ARE ______
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LOW
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LOWER-THAN-NORMAL LEVELS OF Ca2+ IN THE BLOOD STIMULATES THE PARATHYROID GLANDS TO RELEASE WHAT
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PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
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THE VOLUME OF URINE ELIMINATED PER DAY IN A NORMAL ADULT IS _______
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1 TO 2 LITERS
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WATER ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT ____% OF THE TOTAL VOLUME OF URINE
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95%
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EACH OF THE TWO URETERS TRANSPORT URINE FROM THE RENAL PELVIS OF ONE OF THE KIDNEYS TO WHAT
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THE URINARY BLADDER
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THE URETERS PASS UNDER THE URINARY BLADDER FOR SEVERAL CENTIMETERS, CAUSING THE BLADDER TO COMPRESS THE URETERS THUS PREVENTING WHAT
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BACKFLOW OF URINE WHEN PRESSURE BUILDS UP IN THE BLADDER DURING URINATION
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THE WALL OF THE URETER CONSISTS OF HOW MANY LAYERS
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THREE
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THE INNER LAY OF THE URETER IS THE _____, CONTAINING TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM WITH AN UNDERLYING LAYER OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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MUCOSA
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TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM IS ABLE TO DO WHAT
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STRETCH
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THE OUTER LAYER OF THE URETERS CONSISTS OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAINING WHAT
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BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, AND NERVES
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THE URINARY BLADDER IS A HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN SITUATED WHERE IN THE PELVIC CAVITY
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BEHIND THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
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WHERE IS THE URINARY BLADDER LOCATED IN MALES AND FEMALES
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- IN MALES, IT IS DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF THE RECTUM.
- IN FEMALES, IT IS IN FRONT OF THE VAGINA AND BELOW THE UTERUS |
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THE URINARY BLADDER CAPACITY AVERAGES _____ ML
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700-800 ML
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THE MUSCULAR LAYER OF THE URINARY BLADDER WALL CONSISTS OF THREE LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CALLED THE WHAT
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DETRUSOR MUSCLE
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IN FEMALES, THE URETHRA LIES WHERE
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DIRECTLY BEHIND THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS AND IS EMBEDDED IN THE FRONT WALL OF THE VAGINA
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IN FEMALES, WHERE IS THE OPENING OF THE URETHRA TO THE EXTERIOR
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BETWEEN THE CLITORIS AND VAGINAL OPENING
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IN MALES, THE URETHRA PASSES VERTICALLY THOUGH THE WHAT
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PROSTATE
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THE OPENING AND CLOSING OF THE INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER IS _______
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INVOLUNTARY
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THE MALE URETHRA ALSO SERVES AS THE DUCT FOR WHAT
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SEMEN TO BE EJACULATED
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THE URINARY BLADDER STORES URINE PRIOR TO ITS ELIMINATION AND THEN EXPELS URINE INTO THE URETHRA BY AN ACT CALLED WHAT
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MICTURATION
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WHEN THE VOLUME OF URINE IN THE URINARY BLADDER EXCEEDS _______, PRESSURE ITHIN THE BLADDER INCREASES CONSIDERABLY
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200 TO 200 ML
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IN LEAN ADULT, BODY FLUIDS MAKE UP BETWEEN ___% OF FEMALES AND ___% OF MALE TOTAL BODY MASS
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55% AND 60%
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FLUIDS ARE PRESENT IN _____ MAIN "COMPARTMENTS" INSIDE AND OUTSIDE CELLS.
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TWO
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ABOUT TWO-THIRDS OF BODY FLUID IS _______ OR CYTOSOL, THE FLUID WITHIN THE CELLS
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INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)
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THE _______ OF EACH CELL SEPARATES INTRACELLULAR FLUID FROM THE SURROUNDING INTERSTITIAL FLUID
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PLASMA MEMBRANE
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_______ SEPARATE THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID FROM BLOOD PLASMA
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BLOOD VESSEL WALLS
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ABOUT ___% OF THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF) IS INTERSTITIAL FLUID
|
80%
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ABOUT 20% OF THE ECF IS _______
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BLOOD PLASMA
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OTHER EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS THAT ARE GROUPED WITH INTERSTITAL FLUID INCLUDE WHAT
|
- LYMPH
- CSF - SYNOVIAL FLUID - AQUEOUS & VITREOUS HUMOR - ENDO & PERILYMPH - PLEURAL, PERICARDIAL, AND PERITONEAL FLUIDS |
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WATER IS BY FAR THE LARGEST SINGLE COMPONENT OF THE BODY, MAKING UP _______% OF TOTAL BODY MASS, DEPENDING ON AGE AND GENDER
|
45-75%
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MOST SOLUTES IN BODY FLUIDS ARE _______, INORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT BREAK APART INTO IONS WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER
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ELECTROLYTES
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THE BODY CAN GAIN WATER BY INGESTION AND BY WHAT
|
METABOLIC REACTIONS
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THE MAIN SOURCES OF BODY WATER ARE INGESTED LIQUIDS (ABOUT _____ ML) AND MOIST FOODS (ABOUT _____ ML) ABSORBED FROM THE GI TRACT, WHICH TOTAL ABOUT 2300 ML/DAY
|
1600 AND 700
|
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THE OTHER SOURCE OF WATER IN THE BODY IS _______ WATER THAT IS PRODUCED IN THE BODY DURING CHEMICAL REACTIONS
|
METABOLIC
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METABOLIC WATER GAIN ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT ____ ML/DAY
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200
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EACH DAY THE KIDNEYS EXCRETE ABOUT _____ ML IN URINE.
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1500 ML
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ABOUT _____ ML OF BODY WATER EVAPORATES DAILY FROM THE SKIN SURFACE
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600 ML
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DAILY, THE LUNGS EXHALE ABOUT _____ ML OF WATER AS VAPOR
|
300 ML
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THE GI TRACT ELIMINATES ABOUT _____ ML OF WATER PER DAY IN FECES
|
100 ML
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AN AREA IN THE ______ KNOWN AS THE THIRST CENTER GOVERNS THE URGE TO DRINK
|
HYPOTHALAMUS
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WHEN BODY MASS DECREASES BY ___% DUE TO FLUID LOSS, MILD DEHYDRATION EXISTS.
|
2%
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A DECREASE IN BLOOD VOLUME CAUSES WHAT
|
BLOOD PRESSURE TO FALL
|
|
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THE EXTENT OF ______ LOSS IS THE MAIN FACTOR THAT DETERMINES BODY FLUID VOLUME
|
URINARY SALT (NaCl)
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THE TWO MAIN SOLUTES IN ECF (AND IN URINE) ARE WHAT
|
SODIUM AND CHLORIDE IONS
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|
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WHAT ARE THE THREE HORMONES THAT REGULATE THE EXTENT OF RENAL Na+ AND Cl- REABSORPTION (AND THUS HOW MUCH IS LOST IN THE URINE)
|
- ANP
- ANGIOTENSIN II - ALDOSTERONE |
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WITH LESS ANGIOTENSIS II, THE KIDNEY TUBULES REABSORB LESS WHAT
|
Na+, Cl- AND WATER
|
|
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THE OSMOTIC CONSEQUENCE OF EXCRETING MORE NA+ AND CL- IS LOSS OF MORE WATER IN URINE, WHICH DOES WHAT
|
DECREASES BLOOD VOLUME AND BLOOD PRESSURE
|
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THE MAJOR HORMONE THAT REGULATES WATER LOSS IS WHAT
|
ADH
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AN INCREASE IN THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF BODY FLUIDS (A DECREASE IN THE WATER CONCENTRATION OF THE FLUIDS) STIMULATES THE RELEASE OF WHAT
|
ADH
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|
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SODIUM IONS ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT EXTRACELLULAR IONS, REPRESENTING ABOUT ___% OF EXTRACELLULAR CATIONS
|
90%
|
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_____ PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE BECAUSE IT ACCOUNTS FOR ALMOST HALF OF THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF ECF
|
SODIUM
|
|
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_____ IONS ARE THE MOST PREVELENT ANIONS IN ECF
|
CHLORIDE
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|
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_____ IONS ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT CATIONS IN ICF, THEY PLAY A KEY ROLE IN ESTABLISHING THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND IN THE REPOLARIZATION PHASE OF ACTION POTENTIALS
|
POTASSIUM (K+)
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|
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WHEN K+ MOVES INTO OR OUT OF CELLS, IT OFTEN IS EXCHANGED FOR ___ AND THEREBY HELPS REGULATE THE PH OF BODY FLUIDS
|
H+
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THE LEVEL OF K+ IN BLOOD PLASMA IN CONTROLLED MAINLY BY _______
|
ALDOSTERONE
|
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ABOUT 98% OF THE CALCIUM IN ADULTS IS LOCATED IN THE ______, WHERE IT IS COMBINED WITH PHOSPHATES TO FORM MINERAL SALTS
|
SKELETON AND TEETH
|
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THE TWO MAIN REGULATORS OF CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD PLASMA ARE WHAT
|
PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) AND CALCITROL (THE FORM OF VIT D THAT ACTS AS A HORMONE)
|
|
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THE CHIEF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS IS WHAT
|
- BLOOD PLASMA CONTAINS MANY PROTEIN ANIONS, BUT INTERSTITIAL FLUID HAS VERY FEW
|
|
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IN A HEALTHY PERSON, THE PH OF SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL BLOOD REMAINS BETWEEN WHAT
|
7.35 AND 7.45
|
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THE REMOVAL OF H+ FROM BODY FLUIDS AND ITS SUBSEQUENT ELIMINATION FROM THE BODY DEPEND ON WHAT THREE MAJOR MECHANISMS
|
- BUFFER SYSTEMS
- EXHALATION OF CO2 - KIDNEY EXCRETION OF H+ INTO THE URINE |
|
|
_______ ARE SUBSTANCES THAT ACT QUICKLY TO TEMPORARILY BIND H+, REMOVING THE HIGHLY REACTIVE, EXCESS H+ FROM SOLUTION BUT NOT THE BODY
|
BUFFERS
|
|
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THE TESTES ARE A SYSTEM OF DUCTS INCLUDING:
|
- EPIDIDYMIS
- DUCTUS DEFERENS - EJACULATORY DUCTS - URETHRA |
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THE MALE ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS INCLUDE WHAT
|
- SEMINAL VESICLES
- PROSTATE - BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS |
|
|
THE _______ ARE PAIRED OVAL GLANDS THAT PRODUCE SPERM AND SECRETE HORMONES
|
TESTES
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|
|
_______ ARE TRANSPORTED AND STORED, HELPED TO MATURE, AND CONVEYED TO THE EXTERIOR BY A SYSTEM OF DUCTS
|
SPERM
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THE _______ IS A POUCH THAT SUPPORTS THE TESTES; IT CONSISTS OF LOOSE SKIN, SUPERFICIAL FASCIA, AND SMOOTH MUSCLE
|
SCROTUM
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|
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THE _______ DIVIDES THE SCROTUM INTO TWO SACS, EACH CONTAINING _______ TESTES
|
- SEPTUM
- A SINGLE TESTIS |
|
|
THE PRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL OF SPERM IS OPTIMAL AT A TEMPERATURE THAT IS ABOUT _______ DEG C BELOW NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE
|
2 -3 DEG C
|
|
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WHAT IS THE DENSE WHITE FIBROUS CAPSULE THAT EXTENDS INWARD AND DIVIDES EACH TESTIS INTO INTERNAL COMPARTMENTS
|
LOBULES
|
|
|
_______ PRODUCE SPERM BY A PROCESS CALLED SPERMATOGENESIS.
|
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
|
|
|
SERTOLI CELLS RELEASE WHAT HORMONE, WHICH REGULATE SPERM PRODUCTION
|
INHIBIN
|
|
|
LOCATED BETWEEN THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES ARE CLUSTERS OF _______ CELLS
|
LEYDIG
|
|
|
_______ CELLS SECRETE THE HORMONE TESTOSTERONE
|
LEYDIG
|
|
|
_______ IS A HORMONE THAT PROMOTES THE DEVELOPMENT OF MASCULINE CHARACTERISTICS
|
ANDROGEN
|
|
|
WHAT HORMONE PROMOTES A MAN'S LIBIDO (SEX DRIVE)
|
TESTOSTERONE
|
|
|
THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES OF THE TESTES PRODUCE SPERM IS CALLED WHAT
|
SPERMATOGENESIS
|
|
|
SPERMATOGENESIS CONSISTS OF WHAT THREE STAGES
|
- MEIOSIS I
- MEIOSIS II - SPERMIOGENESIS |
|
|
_______ CELLS ARE SOMATIC CELLS THAT CONTAIN TWO SETS OF CHROMOSOMES
|
DIPLOID
|
|
|
GAMETES DIFFER FROM SOMATIC CELLS BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN A SINGLE SET OF ___ CHROMOSOMES (HAPLOID)
|
23
|
|
|
THE TIME FROM ON-SET OF CELL DIVISION IN A SPERMATOGONIUM UNTIL THE SPERM ARE RELEASED INTO THE LUMEN OF A SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE IS APPROX HOW LONG
|
65-75 DAYS
|
|
|
THE NET EFFECT OF MEIOSIS I IS THAT EACH RESULTING CELL CONTAINS A _______ SET OF CHROMOSOMES
|
HAPLOID
|
|
|
IN MEIOSIS II THERE IS NO FURTHER REPLICATION OF _______
|
DNA
|
|
|
THE CELLS FORMED FROM MEIOSIS II, TERMED _______, CONTAIN 23 CHROMOSOMES, EACH OF WHICH IS COMPOSED OF A SINGLE CHROMATID
|
SPERMATIDS
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE FINAL STAGE OF SPERMATOGENESIS
|
SPERMIOGENESIS
|
|
|
IN THE FINAL STAGE OF SPERMATOGENESIS, CALL SPERMIOGENESIS EACH HAPLOID SPERMATID DEVELOPS INTO A SINGLE _______
|
SPERM CELL
|
|
|
SPERM ARE PRODUCED AT THE RATE OF ABOUT _______ PER DAY
|
300 MILLION
|
|
|
ONCE EJACULATED, MOST SPERM DO NOT SURVIVE MORE THAN HOW LONG IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
|
48 HOURS
|
|
|
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR PARTS OF THE SPERM
|
THE HEAD AND THE TAIL
|
|
|
THE TAIL OF A SPERM CELL IS SUBDIVIDED INTO HO MANY PARTS
|
FOUR
- NECK - MIDDLE PIECE - PRINCIPAL PIECE - END PIECE |
|
|
THE MIDDLE PIECE OF THE SPERM CONTAINS WHAT THAT PROVIDES ATP FOR LOCOMOTION
|
MITOCHONDRIA
|
|
|
THE EPIDIDYMIS IS A COMMA-SHAPED ORGAN THAT LIES ALONG THE POSTERIOR BORDER OF WHAT
|
THE TESTIS
|
|
|
WHERE IS THE SITE OF SPERM MATURATION
|
DUCTUS EPIDIDYMIS
|
|
|
SPERM MAY REMAIN IN STORAGE IN THE DUCTUS EPIDIDYMIS FOR HOW LONG
|
SEVERAL MONTHS
|
|
|
THE DUCTUS DEFERENS ASCENDS ALONG THE POSTERIOR BORDER OF THE EPIDIDYMIS AND PENETRATED THE _______, A PASSAGEWAY IN THE FRONT ABDOMINAL WALL
|
INGUINAL CANAL
|
|
|
THE DUCTUS DEFERENS HAS A HEAVY COAT OF HOW MANY LAYERS OF MUSCLE
|
THREE
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE TERMINAL DUCT OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, SERVING AS A PASSAGEWAY FOR BOTH SPERM AND URINE
|
THE URETHRA
|
|
|
IN THE MALE, THE URETHRA PASSES THROUGH WHAT STRUCTURES
|
- PROSTATE
- DEEP PERINEAL MUSCLES - PENIS |
|
|
_______ ARE POUCHLIKE STRUCTURES, LYING POSTERIOR TO THE BASE OF THE URINARY BLADDER AND ANTERIOR TO THE RECTUM
|
SEMINAL VESICLES
|
|
|
SEMINAL VESICLES SECRETE AN ALKALINE, VISCOUS FLUID THAT CONTAINS WHAT
|
- FRUCTOSE
- PROSTAGLANDINS - CLOTTING PROTEINS |
|
|
ALKALINE NATURE OF THE FLUID FROM THE SEMINAL VESICLES PROVIDES WHAT FUNCTION
|
IT HELPS TO NEUTRALIZE THE ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE MALE URETHRA AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
|
|
|
THE FRUCTOSE IN THE FLUID SECRETED BY SEMINAL VESICLES IS USED FOR WHAT
|
USED FOR ATP PRODUCTION BY SPERM
|
|
|
FLUID SECRETED BY THE SEMINAL VESICLES NORMALLY CONSTITUTES ABOUT WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE VOLUME OF SEMEN
|
60%
|
|
|
THE PROSTATE IS A SINGLE, DOUGHNUT-SHAPED GLAND ABOUT WHAT SIZE
|
THE SIZE OF A GOLF BALL
|
|
|
PROSTATE SECRETIONS MAKE UP ABOUT WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE VOLUME OF SEMEN
|
25%
|
|
|
WHERE ARE THE BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS LOCATED
|
INFERIOR TO THE PROSTATE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE URETHRA
|
|
|
SEMEN IS A MIXTURE OF FLUIDS FROM WHAT
|
- SEMINAL VESICLES
- PROSTATE - BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS |
|
|
THE VOLUME OF SEMEN IN A TYPICAL EJACULATION IS WHAT
|
2.5 TO 5 ML, WITH 50 TO 150 MILLION SPERM PER ML
|
|
|
WHEN THE NUMBER OF SPERM PER ML OF SEMEN FALLS BELOW WHAT NUMBER IS THE MALE LIKELY TO BE FERTILE
|
20 MILLION
|
|
|
THE BODY OF THE PENIS IS COMPOSED OF _______ CYCLINDRICAL MASSES OF TISSUE
|
THREE
|
|
|
WHAT ARE THE NAMES OF THE CYLINDRICAL MASSES OF TISSUE THAT COMPOSE THE PENIS
|
- CORPORA CAVERNOSA (TWO DORSOLATERAL MASSES)
- CORPUS SPONGIOSUM (SMALLER MIDVENTRAL MASS) |
|
|
THE DISTAL END OF THE CORPUS SPONGIOSUM PENIS IS A SLIGHTLY ENLARGED REGION CALLED WHAT
|
THE GLANS PENIS
|
|
|
THE INTERNAL ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM INCLUDE WHAT
|
- OVARIES
- UTERINE (FALLOPIAN) TUBES - UTERUS - VAGINA |
|
|
THE EXTERNAL ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM INCLUDE WHAT
|
- VULVA
- PUDENDUM - MAMMARY GLANDS |
|
|
THE OVARIES ARISE FROM THE SAME EMBRYONIC TISSUE AS WHAT
|
THE TESTES
|
|
|
THE CORPUS LUTEUM PRODUCES WHAT HORMONES UNTIL IS DEGENERATES AND TURNS INTO FIBROUS TISSUE CALLED A CORPUS ALBICANS (WHITE BODY).
|
- PROGESTERONE
- ESTROGENS - RELAXIN - INHIBIN |
|
|
WHAT IS THE OPEN, FUNNEL SHAPED END OF EACH UTERINE (FALLOPIAN) TUBE
|
INFUNDIBULUM
|
|
|
THE INFUNDIBULUM END IN A FRINGE OF FINGERLIKE PROJECTIONS CALLED WHAT
|
FIMBRIAE
|
|
|
THE USUAL SITE FOR FERTILIZATION OF A SECONDARY OOCYTE BY A SPERM CELL IS WHERE
|
IN THE UTERINE TUBE
|
|
|
FERTILIZATION MAY OCCUR UP TO ABOUT HOW LONG AFTER OVULATION
|
24 HOURS
|
|
|
WHAT SERVES AS PART OF THE PATHWAY FOR SPERM DEPOSITED IN THE VAGINA TO REACH THE UTERINE TUBES
|
UTERUS (WOMB)
|
|
|
THE _______ IS SITUATED BETWEEN THE URINARY BLADDER AND THE RECTUM AND IS SHAPED LIKE AN INVERTED PEAR
|
THE UTERUS
|
|
|
THE MIDDLE MUSCULAR LAYER OF THE UTERUS, THE _______, CONSISTS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE AND FORMS THE BULK OF THE UTERINE WALL
|
MYOMETRIUM
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE INNERMOST PART OF THE UTERINE WALL
|
ENDOMETRIUM
|
|
|
WHAT IS SHED EACH MONTH DURING MENSTRUATION IF FERTILIZATION FOES NOT OCCUR
|
THE ENDOMETRIUM
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE TUBULAR CANAL THAT EXTENDS FROM THE EXTERIOR OF THE BODY TO THE UTERINE CERVIX
|
THE VAGINA
|
|
|
THE MUCOSA OF THE VAGINA CONTAINS LARGE STORES OF _______, THE DECOMPOSITION OF WHICH PRODUCES ORGANIC ACIDS
|
GLYCOGEN
|
|
|
THE TERM VULVA, OR PUDENDUM REFERS TO WHAT
|
THE EXTERNAL GENITALS OF THE FEMALE
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE ELEVATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE COVERED BY COARSE PUBIC HAIR, WHICH CUSHIONS THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
|
THE MONS PUBIS
|
|
|
FROM THE MONS PUBIS, TWO LONGITUDINAL FOLDS OF SKIN CALLED WHAT EXTEND DOWN AND BACK
|
LABIA MAJORA
|
|
|
MEDIAL TO THE LABIA MAJORA ARE TWO FOLDS OF SKIN CALLED WHAT
|
THE LABIA MINORA
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE SMALL, CYLINDRICAL MASS OF ERECTILE TISSUE AND NERVES LOCATED AT THE ANTERIOR JUNCTION OF THE LABIA MINORA
|
THE CLITORIS
|
|
|
THE BREASTS LIE OVER WHAT MUSCLES AND ARE ATTACHED TO THEM BY A LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
|
- PECTORALIS MAJOR
- SERRATUS ANTERIOR |
|
|
WITH THE ONSET OF PUBERTY, UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF WHAT HORMONES DO THE FEMALE BREASTS BEGIN TO DEVELOP
|
ESTROGENS & PROGESTERONE
|
|
|
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS
|
SYNTHESIS, SECRETION, AND EJECTION OF MILK
|
|
|
MILK PRODUCTION IS STIMULATED LARGELY BY WHAT HORMONE FROM THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY, WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGENS
|
PROLACTIN
|
|
|
FSH AND TESTOSTERONE ACT TOGETHER TO STIMULATE WHAT
|
SPERMATOGENESIS
|
|
|
IF FERTILIZATION DOES NOT OCCURS, WHAT HAPPENS THAT CAUSES PART OF THE ENDOMETRIUM TO SLOUGH OFF
|
THE LEVELS OF OVARIAN HORMONES DECREASE
|
|
|
WHAT HORMONE SECRETED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS OVARIAN AND UTERINE CYCLES
|
GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GNRH)
|
|
|
GNRH STIMULATES THE RELEASE OF WHAT FROM THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY
|
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) & LUTENIZING HORMONE (LH)
|
|
|
THE DURATION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE VARIES FROM ___ TO ___ DAYS
|
24 TO 35 DAYS
|
|
|
ROUGHLY HOW LONG DOES THE MENSTRUAL PHASE LAST FOR
|
THE FIRST 5 DAYS
|
|
|
THE PREOVULATORY PHASE IS THE TIME BETWEEN WHEN
|
THE END OF MENSTRUATION AND OVULATION
|
|
|
HOW LONG DOES THE PREOVULATORY PHASE LAST FOR
|
6 TO 13 DAYS
|
|
|
ESTROGENS LIBERATED INTO THE BLOOD BY GROWING OVARIAN FOLLICLES STIMULATE THE REPAIR OF WHAT
|
THE ENDOMETRIUM
|
|
|
OCULATION USUALLY OCCURS ON WHAT DAY IN A 28-DAY CYCLE
|
14
|
|
|
WHAT PHASE OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IS BETWEEN OVULATION AND ONSET OF THE NEXT MENSTRUATION
|
POSTOVULATORY PHASE
|
|
|
HOW LONG DOES THE POSTOVULATORY PHASE LAST FOR
|
14 DAYS (DAYS 15-28)
|
|
|
THE PRESENCE OF WHAT HORMONE IN THE BLOOD OR URINE IS AN INDICATOR OF PREGNANCY
|
HCG (HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN)
|
|
|
WHAT IS A PROCEDURE THAT RENDERS AN INDIVIDUAL INCAPABLE OF REPRODUCTION
|
STERILIZATION
|
|
|
PENILE FRACTURES, WHICH ARE RUPTURES OF THE CORPUS CAVERNOSUM, OCCUR MOST OFTEN DURING WHAT
|
SEXUAL ACTIVITY
|
|
|
WITH A TESTICULAR TORSION, TESTICULAR SALVAGE DROPS FROM 80-100% IN HOW LONG
|
6-8 HOURS
|
|
|
AFTER 12 HOURS, THE TESTICULAR SALVAGE RATE WITH TESTICULAR TORSION DECREASES TO WHAT PERCENTAGE
|
ZERO
|
|
|
MICROSPCOPIC HEMATURIA IN THE MALE IS MOST COMMONLY FROM WHAT
|
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE MAIN SYMPTOM ASSOCIATED ITH CYSTITIS
|
DYSURIA
|
|
|
GROSS HEMATURIA IS A PHYSICAL FINDING IN WHAT PERCENTAGE OF PATIENTS
|
30%
|
|
|
UA FINDINGS FOR A PT WITH CYSTITIS WOULD INCLUDE WHAT
|
- POSITIVE LE
- POS NITRITES - WBC'S IN URINE |
|
|
WHAT ARE SOME DDX FOR CYSTITIS
|
- BLADDER NEOPLASM
- BLADDER STONE - NUEROGENIC BLADDER - PROSTATITIS - STI'S - ENDOMETRIOSIS |
|
|
WHAT IS A URINARY ANALGESIC THAT CAN BE GIVEN TO A PT WITH CYSTITIS
|
PHENAZOPYRIDINE (PYRIDIUM)
|
|
|
WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS WITH CYSTITIS
|
- PYELONEPHRITIS/SEPSIS
- RENAL ABSCESS - ACUTE URINARY OUTLET OBSTRUCTION |
|
|
ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS IS AN INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY DISEASE INVOLVING WHAT
|
THE KIDNEY PARENCHYMA AND RENAL PELVIS
|
|
|
SOME DDX'S POSSIBLE WITH ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS ARE WHAT
|
- APPENDICITIS
- CHOLECYSTITIS - PANCREATITIS - DIVERTICULITIS - LOWER LOBE PNEUMONIA |
|
|
CBC ON A PT WITH ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS WILL SHOW WHAT
|
LEUKOCYTOSIS AND A LEFT SHIFT
|
|
|
WHAT ARE THE DRUGS OF CHOICE FOR TX OF CYSTITIS
|
FLUOROQUINALONES AND NITROFURANTOIN
|
|
|
COSTOVERTEBRAL ANGLE TENDERNESS IS USUALLY PRONOUNCED IN A PT WITH WHAT
|
ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
|
|
|
FOR A PT WITH ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS, URINALYSIS MAY SHOW WHAT
|
PYURIA, BACTERIURIA AND VARYING DEGREES OF HEMATURIA
|
|
|
IN THE OUTPATIENT SETTING FOR ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS, WHAT MEDICATIONS MAY BE INITIATED FOR TX
|
- FLUOROQUINALONES (CIPRO/OFLOXACIN) AND NITROFURANTOIN
|
|
|
ACUTE BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS IS USUALLY CAUSED BY WHAT
|
GRAM-NEGATIVE RODS, ESPECIALLY E COLI
|
|
|
PROSTATIC MASSAGE IS CONTRAINDICATED IN WHAT CONDITION
|
ACUTE PROSTATITIS
|
|
|
WHAT TYPE OF LAB FINDINGS CAN YOU EXPECT TO SEE WITH A PT WITH ACUTE PROSTATITIS
|
- CBC SHOWS LEUKOCYTOSIS AND A LEFT SHIFT
- UA SHOWS PYURIA, BACTERIURIA AND VARYING DEGREES OF HEMATURIA |
|
|
WHAT ARE SOME DDX'S ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE PROSTATITIS
|
- CYSTITIS
- URETHRITIS - PYELONEPHRITIS - MALIGNANCY - OBSTRUCTIVE CALCULUS |
|
|
IF SEPSIS IS NOT SUSPECTED IN A PT WITH ACUTE PROSTATITIS, WHAT IS YOUR MEDICATION OF CHOICE FOR A PT OVER 35 Y/O
|
CIPRO 500MG PO BID x 10 OR SEPTRA DS 1 PO BID x 14
|
|
|
IF YOU HAVE A PT UNDER 35 Y/O WITH ACUTE PROSTATITIS, WHAT DO YOU WANT TO TREAT FOR
|
GC AND CLAMYDIA
|
|
|
WHAT ARE SOME COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE PROSTATITIS
|
- SEPSIS
- URINARY RETENTION - EPIDIDYMITIS - CHRONIC BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS |
|
|
A PT WITH CHRONIC PROSTATITIS MAY HAVE INTRACTABLE DYSURIA, FREQUENCY, AND PELVIC DISCOMFORT FOR > HOW LONG
|
3 MONTHS
|
|
|
PROSTATE SECRETIONS WITH CHRONIC PROSTATITIS MAY SHOW ELEVATED WHAT
|
WBC'S
|
|
|
SOME POSSIBLE DDX'S WITH CHRONIC PROSTATITIS COULD BE WHAT
|
- CYSTITIS
- CHRONIC URETHRITIS - ANAL DISEASE |
|
|
WHAT IS YOUR TX OF CHOICE FOR A PT WITH CHRONIC PROSTATITIS
|
CIPRO 250-500 MG BID x 1-3 MONTHS
|
|
|
WHAT ARE SOME PT EDUCATION POINTS THAT YOUR PT CAN BE INFORMED OF
|
- AVOID CAFFEINE
- INCREASE H2O INTAKE - SITZ BATH FOR COMFORT |
|
|
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON BENIGN TUMOR IN MEN
|
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
|
|
|
AT AGE 55 YEARS, APPROX WHAT PERCENTAGE OF MEN REPORT OBSTRUCTIVE SYMPTOMS
|
25%
|
|
|
AT AGE 75, WHAT PERCENTAGE OF MEN REPORT A DECREASE IN THE FORCE AND CALIBER OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
|
50%
|
|
|
BPH USUALLY RESULTS IN WHAT CONDITION OF THE PROSTATE
|
SMOOTH, FIRM, ELASTIC ENLARGEMENT
|
|
|
WITH PROSTATE CANCER, OBSTRUCTIVE VOIDING SYMPTOMS ARE MOST OFTEN DUE TO WHAT
|
BPH
|
|
|
WHAT ARE SOME DDX'S THAT YOU MAY HAVE ASSOCIATED WITH PROSTATE CANCER
|
- BPH
- PROSTATITIS |
|
|
YOU MAY SEE HEMATURIA ON URINALYSIS IN WHAT PERCENTAGE OF CASES
|
80%
|
