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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Learning
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The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior.
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Classical (or Pavlovian) Conditioning
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The type of learning in which a response naturally excited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral, stimulus.
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Discovered by Ivan Pavlov
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
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A stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way.
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Food in the dog's mouth
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
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A response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs.
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Salivating to the food
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone.
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Ringing a bell before giving the dog food
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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After conditioning, the response an organism produces when a conditioned stimulus is presented.
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Salivating to the bell, before food is even seen
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Intermittent Pairing
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Pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials.
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Desensitization Therapy
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A conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation.
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Joseph Wolpe: If people could be taught to relax in fearful or anxious situations, their anxiety should disappear.
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Preparedness
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A biological readiness to learn certain associations because of their survival advantages.
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Psychologist Martin Seligman: Fear of heights, snakes, and the dark have been "wired into" our species as a survival advantage.
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Conditioned Taste Aversion
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Conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
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A learned association between the taste of a certain food and a feeling of nausea and revulsion. Acquired very quickly in humans.
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Phobias
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Intense, irrational fears of particular things or situations, such as spiders or flying
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Some people learn phobias through classical conditioning. Example, Little Albert and his fear of rats.
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Virtual Reality Stimulation
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Desensitizing therapy. A person with a fear of flying may learn to relax while in a flight simulator rather than actually aboard an airplane.
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Operant (or Instrumental) Conditioning
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The type of learning in which behaviors are emitted (in the presence of specific stimuli) to earn rewards or avoid punishments.
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Operant Behaviors
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Behaviors designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant.
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Reinforcers
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Stimuli that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
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Punishers
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Stimuli that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
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Law of Effect (Principle of Reinforcement)
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Thorndike's theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be "stamped out."
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Skinner box
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A box often used in operant conditioning of animals; it limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur.
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Shaping
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Reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior.
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Positive Reinforcers
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Events whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
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Negative Reinforcers
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Events whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will occur.
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Punishment
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Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
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Avoidance Training
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Learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurance of something unpleasant, such as punishment.
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Learned Helplessness
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Failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli.
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Biofeedback
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A techniques that uses monitoring devices to provide precise information about internal physiological processes, such as heart rate or blood pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over these functions.
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Neurofeedback
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A biofeedback technique that monitors brain waves with the use of an EEG to teach people to gain voluntary control over their brain wave activity.
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Contingency
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A reliable "if-then" relationship between two events, such as a CS and a US.
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Blocking
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A process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously.
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Schedule of Reinforcement
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In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered.
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
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A reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement.
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Variable-Interval Schedule
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A reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcements.
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule
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A reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses.
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Variable-Ratio Schedule
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A reinforcement schedule in which a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented.
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Extinction
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A decrease in the strength or frequency, or stopping, of a learned response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS (classical conditioning) or withholding of reinforcement (operant conditioning).
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Spontaneous Recovery
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The reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without training.
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Stimulus Control
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Control of conditioned responses by cues or stimuli in the environment.
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Stimulus Generalization
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The transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimuli.
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Stimulus Discrimination
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Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli.
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Response Generalization
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Giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus.
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Higher Order Conditioning
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Conditioning based on previous learning; the conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further training.
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Primary Reinforcers
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Reinforcers that are rewarding in themselves, such as food, water, or sex.
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Secondary Reinforcers
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Reinforcers whose value is acquired through associations with other primary or secondary reinforcers.
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Cognitive Learning
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Learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable.
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Latent Learning
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Learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change.
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Cognitive Map
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A learned mental image of a patial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change.
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Insight
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Learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem.
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Learning Set
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The ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved.
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Observational (or Vicarious) Learning
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Learning by observing other people's behavior.
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Social Learning Theorists
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Psychologists whose view of learning emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner.
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Vicarious Reinforcement (or Punishment)
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Reinforcement or punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behaviors they learned by observing those models.
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